Revelation of a Functional Dependence of the Sum of Two Uniaxial Strengths/Hardness on Elastic Work/Total Work of Indentation

Dimensional and finite element analyses were used to analyze the relationship between the mechanical properties and instrumented indentation response of materials. Results revealed the existence of a functional dependence of (engineering yield strength sigma(E,y) + engineering tensile strength sigma(E,b))/Oliver & Pharr hardness on the ratio of reversible elastic work to total work obtained from an indentation test. The relationship links up the Oliver & Pharr hardness with the material strengths, although the Oliver & Pharr hardness may deviate from the true hardness when sinking in or piling up occurs. The functional relationship can further be used to estimate the SUM sigma(E,y) + sigma(E,b) according to the data of an instrumented indentation test. The sigma(E,y) + sigma(E,b) value better reflects the strength of a material compared to the hardness value alone. The method was shown to be effective when applied to aluminum alloys. The relationship can further be used to estimate the fatigue limits, which are usually obtained from macroscopic fatigue tests in different modes.

The ensemble statistics of the energy of a random system subjected to harmonic excitation

This paper is concerned with the ensemble statistics of the response to harmonic excitation of a single dynamic system such as a plate or an acoustic volume. Random point process theory is employed, and various statistical assumptions regarding the system natural frequencies are compared, namely: (i) Poisson natural frequency spacings, (ii) statistically independent Rayleigh natural frequency spacings, and (iii) natural frequency spacings conforming to the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE). The GOE is found to be the most realistic assumption, and simple formulae are derived for the variance of the energy of the system under either point loading or rain-on-the-roof excitation. The theoretical results are compared favourably with numerical simulations and experimental data for the case of a mass loaded plate. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Efectos de la combinación de abonos orgánicos y fertilizante químico sobre la densidad aparente y el espacio poroso total de un suelo volcánico Nicaragüense

Se realizó un muestreo de suelos en parcelas experimentales de un ensayo de campo, con el fin de evaluar los efectos de la aplicación de tres dosis de Abonos Orgáníeos (AO), combinadas con fertilizante químico, sobre la densidad aparente (á) y el espacio poroso total (FPT) de un suelo volcánico nicaragüense. El ensayo se realizó durante la época de Postrera (Septiembre -Diciembre) de 1989, en la Finca Experimental La Compañía, Carazo, Nicaragua; sobre un suelo franco - arenoso derivado de cenizas volcánicas (Typic Durandepts). Se utilizó un experimento Bifactorial en diseño de parcelas divididas en Bloques completos al azar, con cuatro réplicas. Los AO empleados fueron Gallinaza, Compost y Pulpa de café, siendo las dosis ensayadas de 5, 10 y 15 ton.ha 1 de cada uno, combinadas con Fosfato Díamónico a razón de 64.8 kg.ba· 1• Se observó una disminoción de la d y un aumento del EPT con la aplícacion de los AO, siendo este efecto influido por las dosis incorporadas. Las parcelas que presentaron la menor d y el mayor EPT, fueron aquellas donde se incorporó el Compost.

Dynamical symmetry of screened Coulomb potential and isotropic harmonic oscillator

It is shown that for the screened Coulomb potential and isotropic harmonic oscillator, there exists an infinite number of closed orbits for suitable angular momentum values. At the aphelion (perihelion) points of classical orbits, an extended Runge-Lenz vector for the screened Coulomb potential and an extended quadrupole tensor for the screened isotropic harmonic oscillator are still conserved. For the screened two-dimensional (2D) Coulomb potential and isotropic harmonic oscillator, the dynamical symmetries SO3 and SU(2) are still preserved at the aphelion (perihelion) points of classical orbits, respectively. For the screened 3D Coulomb potential, the dynamical symmetry SO4 is also preserved at the aphelion (perihelion) points of classical orbits. But for the screened 3D isotropic harmonic oscillator, the dynamical symmetry SU(2) is only preserved at the aphelion (perihelion) points of classical orbits in the eigencoordinate system. For the screened Coulomb potential and isotropic harmonic oscillator, only the energy (but not angular momentum) raising and lowering operators can be constructed from a factorization of the radial Schrodinger equation.

First-passage time of Duffing oscillator under combined harmonic and white-noise excitations

The first-passage time of Duffing oscillator under combined harmonic and white-noise excitations is studied. The equation of motion of the system is first reduced to a set of averaged Ito stochastic differential equations by using the stochastic averaging method. Then, a backward Kolmogorov equation governing the conditional reliability function and a set of generalized Pontryagin equations governing the conditional moments of first-passage time are established. Finally, the conditional reliability function, and the conditional probability density and moments of first-passage time are obtained by solving the backward Kolmogorov equation and generalized Pontryagin equations with suitable initial and boundary conditions. Numerical results for two resonant cases with several sets of parameter values are obtained and the analytical results are verified by using those from digital simulation.

Optimal bounded control of first-passage failure of strongly non-linear oscillators under combined harmonic and white-noise excitations

A procedure for designing the optimal bounded control of strongly non-linear oscillators under combined harmonic and white-noise excitations for minimizing their first-passage failure is proposed. First, a stochastic averaging method for strongly non-linear oscillators under combined harmonic and white-noise excitations using generalized harmonic functions is introduced. Then, the dynamical programming equations and their boundary and final time conditions for the control problems of maximizing reliability and of maximizing mean first-passage time are formulated from the averaged Ito equations by using the dynamical programming principle. The optimal control law is derived from the dynamical programming equations and control constraint. Finally, the conditional reliability function, the conditional probability density and mean of the first-passage time of the optimally controlled system are obtained from solving the backward Kolmogorov equation and Pontryagin equation. An example is given to illustrate the proposed procedure and the results obtained are verified by using those from digital simulation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determinación de la relación sólidos solubles/acidez total en muestras de frutos de cuatro especies de cítricos

Este trabajo fue realizado en el laboratorio químico de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Calera en la terminación del año de 1964 y principios de 1965 con las especies: naraja dulce (Citrus sinensis); grape fruit (Citrus paradisi); mandarina (Citrus reticulata) y limón agrio (Citrus limonum). El objeto del trabajo fue el investigar la relación sólidos totales solubles sobre acidez total en base a un tamaño promedio del fruto (los cuales están especificados para cada especie en el cuadro V) y comparar estos resultados con los encontrados en otros países que consideran a esta relación como indice para la cosecha en la industrialización de los cítricos. Se utilizaron tras arboles de naranja dulce criolla, identificados en este trabajo como : No. 28, 29 y 30; dos variedades de grape fruit: DUNCAN y FOSTER, dos variedades de mandarina; variedad carazo, cascara roja y variedad criolla, cascara amarilla y dos variedades de limón agrio: Criollo y Bear's Seedless. Los valores obtenidos de la relación sólidos totales solubles sobre acidez total son: naranja dulce del 9.2:1 a 9.3:1 (cuadro No. I), para la grape fruit FOSTER fue de 3.78:1, para la DUNCAN 6.6:1 (cuadro No. II); para la mandarina se obtuvo una relación de 21.1:1 a 18.6:1 (cuadro No. III) y para el limón ácido un porcentaje de ácido cítrico de 6.81 a 6.89 (cuadro No. IV). Estos resultados coinciden con los encontrados por Chandler (2) haciendo mención que en la naranja dulce, la relación sólidos/ácidos de este ensayo es mayor que la relación 8:1 encontrada en los Estados Unidos, debido quizás al mayor periodo cálido en que se desarrollan nuestros cítricos. Con respecto a la mandarina, la relación mencionada es mayor en la variedad Carazo, de color de cascara mas intenso. Este resultado coincide con el encontrado por Chandler (2). Esta relación no se encontró con la grape fruit. Con respecto al limon agrio, el porcentaje de ácido cítrico fue menor que el promedio de los resultados de FELIU (4), pudiendo deberse la diferencia al factor climático, tal como se explico con la naranja dulce. Finalmente se recomienda que estos resultados sean acompañados con un estudio de la palatabilidad de las frutas.

Dádiva ou maldição de um bem mineral : o conflito entre o uso controlado e seguro do amianto e o seu banimento total

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial e Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

A definição do número total de representantes na Câmara dos Deputados em face da possível criação de novos Estados

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XIX - Ciência Política.

Systhema de medidas adoptaveis para a progressiva e total extincção do trafico, e da escravatura no Brasil

Proposta da Sociedade ao Governo Imperial para a gradual e total extinção da escravatura no Brasil.