Human CD8 T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus in healthy donors and melanoma patients

Summary The mechanisms regulating the protective immune T-cell responses generated against the persistent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegaloviru_s (CNIV) remain poorly understood. We analyzed the dynamics of cellular differentiation and T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotype selection of EBV- and CMV-specific T-cells in healthy adults and melanoma patients. While these responses could be subdivided into four T lymphocyte populations, théir proportions varied between EBV and CMV specific responses. Phenotypic and TCR clonotypic analyses supported a linear model of differentiation from the early-differentiated (EM/CD28pos) subset to the late-differentiatdc (EMRA/CD28neg) subset. In-depth clonal composition analyses revealed TCR repertoires, which were highly restricted for CMV- and relatively diverse for EBV-specific cells. Virtually all virus-specific clonotypes identified in the EMRA/CD28neg subset were also found within the pool of less differentiated "memory" cells. However, striking differences in the patterns of dominance were observed among these subsets, as some clonotypes were selected with differentiation, while others were not. Latedifferentiated CMV-specific clonotypes were mostly characterized by TCRs with lower dependency on CD8 co-receptor interaction. Yet all clonotypes displayed similar functional avidities, suggesting a compensatory role of CD8 in the clonotypes of lower TCR avidity. Importantly, clonotype selection and composition of each virus-specific subset upon differentiation was highly preserved over time, with the presence of the same dominant clonotypes at specific differentiation stages within a period of four years. This work was extended to the study of EBV-specific CD8 T-cell responses in melanoma patients undergoing transient lymphodepletion, followed by adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and immune reconstitution for thè treatment of their tumors. Following treatment regimen, we first observed an increase in the proportion of virus-specific T-cells in 3 out of 5 patients, accompanied by a more differentiated phenotype (EMRA/CD28neg), compared to specific cells of healthy individuals. Yet, similarly to healthy donors, clonotype selection and composition of virus-specific T-cells varied along the pathway of cellular differentiation, with some clonotypes being selected with differentiation, while others were not. Intriguingly, no novel clonotypes emerged following transient immuno-suppression and homeostatic proliferation, finding which was subsequently explained by the absence of EBV reactivation. The distribution of each clonotype within early- and late-differentiated T-cell subsets in 4 out 5 patients was highly stable over time, with those clonotypes initially found before the start of treatment that were again present at specific differentiation stages after transient lymphodepletion and ACT. These findings uncover novel features of the highly sophisticated control of steady state protective T-cell immune responses against persistent herpesviruses in healthy adults. Furthermore they reveal the striking stability of these responses in terms of clonotype selection and composition with T-cell differentiation even in situations where the immune system has been. challenged. Résumé : Les mécanismes qui régulent les réponses immunitaires de type protectrices, générées contre les virus chroniquement persistants tels que l'Epstein-Barr (EBV) ou le Cytomegalo (CMV) restent largement inconnus. Nous avons analysé la différenciation des lymphocytes T spécifiques pour ces virus, ainsi que la composition des clonotypes T (par leur récepteur T) chez les donneurs sains. Les réponses immunes peuvent être classifiées en quatre souspopulations majeures de lymphocytes T, cependant, leur proportion varie entre les réponses spécifiques contre EBV ou CMV. Ces analyses soutiennent le modèle linéaire de différenciation, à partir de la population non différenciée (EM/CD28pos) vers la population plus différenciée (ENIIZA/CD28neg). De plus, nos données sur la composition clonale de ces cellules T spécifiques ont révélé des répertoires TCR restreints, pour la réponse anti-CMV, et relativement diversifiés contre EBV. Tous les clonotypes spécifiques de ces virus identifiés dans la sous-population différenciée EMRA/CD28neg, ont également été retrouvés dans la population de cellules "mémoires". Toutefois, de fortes différences ont été observées dans les schémas de domination de ces sous-populations, en effet, certains clonotypes étaient sélectionnés avec la différenciation, alors que d'autres ne l'étaient pas. Nous avons également démontré que ces clonotypes différenciés et spécifiques pour le CMV sont caractérisés par des TCRs à faible dépendance en regard de la coopération du corécepteur CD8. Néanmoins, tous les clonotypes affichent une avidité fonctionnelle similaire, suggérant un rôle compensatoire du CD8, dans le cas des clonotypes avec une faible avidité du TCR En définitive, la composition et la sélection des clonotypes spécifiques pour chaque virus et pour chaque sous-population suit un schéma de différenciation hautement conservé au cours du temps, avec la présence de ces mêmes clonotypes au même stade de différenciation sur une période de quatre ans. Ce travail a été étendu à l'étude des réponses T CD8+ spécifiques pour le virus EBV chez les patients atteints de mélanome et recevant dans le cadre du traitement de leurs tumeurs une lymphodéplétion transitoire, suivie d'un transfert adoptif de cellules et d'une reconstitution immunitaire. Au cours de cette thérapie, nous avons en premier lieu observé pour 3 des 5 patients une augmentation de la proportion de cellules T spécifiques pour le virus, accompagné d'un phénotype plus différencié (EMRA/CD28neg), et ceci comparativement à des cellules spécifiques d'individus sains. Pourtant, comme nous l'avons observé chez les donneurs sains, la sélection et la composition des clonotypes T spécifiques varient tout au long de la différenciation cellulaire, avec certains clonotypes sélectionnés et d'autres qui ne le sont pas. Étonnamment, aucun nouveau clonotype n'a émergé après l'immuno-suppression transitoire et la prolifération homéostatique. Cette observation trouve son explication par une absence de réactivation du virus EBV chez ces patients, et ce malgré leur traitement. De plus, la distribution de chaque clonotype parmi ces sous-populations non-différenciées et différenciées reste stable au cours du traitement. Ainsi, les mêmes clonotypes initialement identifiés avant le début du traitement sont présents aux mêmes stades de différenciation après la lymphodéplétion et la prolifération homéostatique. Ces résultats ont permis d'identifier de nouveaux mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation hautement «sophistiquée » des réponses immunitaires T contre les virus persistants EBV et CMV chez les donneurs sains. En particulier, ils révèlent la grande stabilité de ces réponses en termes de sélection et de composition des clonotypes avec la différenciation cellulaire, et ce dans les situations chroniques, ainsi que dans les situations dans lesquelles le système immunitaire a été profondément perturbé.

The curcumin analog DM-1 induces apoptotic cell death in melanoma

The main difficulty in the successful treatment of metastatic melanoma is that this type of cancer is known to be resistant to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy remains the treatment of choice, and dacarbazine (DTIC) is the best standard treatment. The DM-1 compound is a curcumin analog that possesses several curcumin characteristics, such as antiproliferative, antitumor, and antimetastatic properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the signaling pathways involved in melanoma cell death after treatment with DM-1 compared to the standard agent for melanoma treatment, DTIC. Cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry for annexin V and iodide propide, cleaved caspase 8, and TNF-R1 expression. Hoechst 33342 staining was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy; lipid peroxidation and cell viability (MTT) were evaluated by colorimetric assays. The antiproliferative effects of the drugs were evaluated by flow cytometry for cyclin D1 and Ki67 expression. Mice bearing B16F10 melanoma were treated with DTIC, DM-1, or both therapies. DM-1 induced significant apoptosis as indicated by the presence of cleaved caspase 8 and an increase in TNF-R1 expression in melanoma cells. Furthermore, DM-1 had antiproliferative effects in this the same cell line. DTIC caused cell death primarily by necrosis, and a smaller melanoma cell population underwent apoptosis. DTIC induced oxidative stress and several physiological changes in normal melanocytes, whereas DM-1 did not significantly affect the normal cells. DM-1 antitumor therapy in vivo showed tumor burden decrease with DM-1 monotherapy or in combination with DTIC, besides survival rate increase. Altogether, these data confirm DM-1 as a chemotherapeutic agent with effective tumor control properties and a lower incidence of side effects in normal cells compared to DTIC.

A novel approach to characterize clonality and differentiation of human melanoma-specific T cell responses: spontaneous priming and efficient boosting by vaccination.

Despite major progress in T lymphocyte analysis in melanoma patients, TCR repertoire selection and kinetics in response to tumor Ags remain largely unexplored. In this study, using a novel ex vivo molecular-based approach at the single-cell level, we identified a single, naturally primed T cell clone that dominated the human CD8(+) T cell response to the Melan-A/MART-1 Ag. The dominant clone expressed a high-avidity TCR to cognate tumor Ag, efficiently killed tumor cells, and prevailed in the differentiated effector-memory T lymphocyte compartment. TCR sequencing also revealed that this particular clone arose at least 1 year before vaccination, displayed long-term persistence, and efficient homing to metastases. Remarkably, during concomitant vaccination over 3.5 years, the frequency of the pre-existing clone progressively increased, reaching up to 2.5% of the circulating CD8 pool while its effector functions were enhanced. In parallel, the disease stabilized, but subsequently progressed with loss of Melan-A expression by melanoma cells. Collectively, combined ex vivo analysis of T cell differentiation and clonality revealed for the first time a strong expansion of a tumor Ag-specific human T cell clone, comparable to protective virus-specific T cells. The observed successful boosting by peptide vaccination support further development of immunotherapy by including strategies to overcome immune escape.

Breast cancer suppressor candidate-1 (BCSC-1) is a melanoma tumor suppressor that down regulates MITF.

Understanding the molecular aberrations involved in the development and progression of metastatic melanoma (MM) is essential for a better diagnosis and targeted therapy. We identified breast cancer suppressor candidate-1 (BCSC-1) as a novel tumor suppressor in melanoma. BCSC-1 expression is decreased in human MM, and its ectopic expression in MM-derived cell lines blocks tumor formation in vivo and melanoma cell proliferation in vitro while increasing cell migration. We demonstrate that BCSC-1 binds to Sox10, which down regulates MITF, and results in a switch of melanoma cells from a proliferative to a migratory phenotype. In conclusion, we have identified BCSC-1 as a tumor suppressor in melanoma and as a novel regulator of the MITF pathway.

Thin Bonded Overlay Evaluation, HR-559, Final Report, 2001

In 1994 the Iowa Department of Transportation constructed a 7.2-mile Portland Cement Concrete overlay project in Iowa County on Iowa Highway 21. The research work was conducted in cooperation with the Department of Civil Engineering and the Federal Highway Administration under the Iowa Highway Research Board project HR-559. The project was constructed to evaluate the performance of an ultrathin concrete overlay during a 5-year period. The experiment included variables of base surface preparation, overlay depth, joint spacing, fiber reinforcement, and the sealed or non-sealed joints. The project was instrumented to measure overlay/base interface temperatures and strains. Visual distress surveys and deflection testing were also used to monitor performance. Coring and direct shear testing was accomplished 3 times during the research period. Results of the testing and monitoring are identified in the report. The experiment was very successful and the results provide an insight into construction and design needs to be considered in tailoring a portland cement concrete overlay to a performance need. The results also indicate a method to monitor bond with nondestructive methods.

Thin Asphalt Concrete Pavement on Crushed Rock Base, HR-2075, 2001

The road paving cost continues to increase and the backlog of projects waiting for funding is growing. Finding a more cost-effective way to use the available money to pave roads will result in more miles of road being paved with the same amount of money. This project is in Cass County on G35 between US 71 and Norway-Center. It consists of a thin layer of asphalt over a base designed to achieve stability while having some permeability. This project was paved in 1996. An asphalt cement concrete pavement was chosen for the project based on cost, convenience, and historic portland cement concrete problems in Cass County. The new pavement gives quicker access time to farms and residences.

Thin Maintenance Surfaces for Municipalities, TR-507, 2007

As streets age, officials must deal with rehabilitating and reconstructing these pavements to maintain a safe and comfortable ride. In light of nationwide budget shortfalls, cost-effective methods of extending pavement service life must be developed or the overall condition of street systems will continue to fall. Thin maintenance surfaces (TMSs) are a set of cost-effective preventive maintenance surfacing techniques that can be used to extend the life of bituminous pavement—pavement built with hot mix asphalt, hot mix asphalt overlays of portland cement concrete pavements, built-up seal coat (chip seal), stabilized materials, or a combination of these. While previous phases of TMS research have provided information about the uses of thin maintenance surfaces in rural settings, urban areas have different road maintenance challenges that should be considered separately. This research provides city street officials with suggestions for TMS techniques that street departments can easily test and include into their current programs. This research project facilitated the construction of TMS test sections in Cedar Rapids, Council Bluffs, and West Des Moines (all urban settings in Iowa). Test section sites and surfaces were selected to suit the needs of municipalities and were applied to roads with an array of various distresses and maintenance needs. Condition surveys of each test section were performed before construction, after construction, and after the first winter to record the amount and severity of existing distress and calculate the pavement condition index. Because conditions of the test sections varied greatly, determining which surface was most successful by comparing case studies was not feasible. However, some general conclusions can be made from this research. TMSs are suitable preventive maintenance techniques for a municipal street department’s program for preserving existing pavements. Careful attention should be paid to proper planning, quality control during construction, aggregate and binder selection, and aggregate embedment in order to support successful TMS application.

Aggregates for Thin Maintenance Surfaces, TR-435, 2003

Important qualities of aggregates used for thin maintenance surface (TMS) include an aggregates wear and skid resistance, shape, gradation, and size. The wear and skid resistance of an aggregate influences the lifetime of the individual aggregate particles, and thus the lifetime of the TMS. A TMS’s effectiveness is impacted by the shape, gradation, and size of the aggregate used for the surfacing material along with the lifetime of the aggregate.

Asphalt Binders for Thin Maintenance Surfaces, TR-435, 2003

Asphalt is used as a binder for thin maintenance surface (TMS) applications because of two key properties, it is waterproof and it adheres relatively well to the aggregate. Since asphalt is too stiff at room temperature to apply to the road surface, it is usually applied as either a cutback asphalt or an asphalt emulsion. The asphalt emulsions can be further divided into high float emulsions, cationic emulsions or polymer-modified binders, which are emulsions with polymers added to them. These types of binders are discussed further below.

Melan-A/MART-1-specific CD4 T cells in melanoma patients: identification of new epitopes and ex vivo visualization of specific T cells by MHC class II tetramers.

Over the past decade, many efforts have been made to identify MHC class II-restricted epitopes from different tumor-associated Ags. Melan-A/MART-1(26-35) parental or Melan-A/MART-1(26-35(A27L)) analog epitopes have been widely used in melanoma immunotherapy to induce and boost CTL responses, but only one Th epitope is currently known (Melan-A51-73, DRB1*0401 restricted). In this study, we describe two novel Melan-A/MART-1-derived sequences recognized by CD4 T cells from melanoma patients. These epitopes can be mimicked by peptides Melan-A27-40 presented by HLA-DRB1*0101 and HLA-DRB1*0102 and Melan-A25-36 presented by HLA-DQB1*0602 and HLA-DRB1*0301. CD4 T cell clones specific for these epitopes recognize Melan-A/MART-1+ tumor cells and Melan-A/MART-1-transduced EBV-B cells and recognition is reduced by inhibitors of the MHC class II presentation pathway. This suggests that the epitopes are naturally processed and presented by EBV-B cells and melanoma cells. Moreover, Melan-A-specific Abs could be detected in the serum of patients with measurable CD4 T cell responses specific for Melan-A/MART-1. Interestingly, even the short Melan-A/MART-1(26-35(A27L)) peptide was recognized by CD4 T cells from HLA-DQ6+ and HLA-DR3+ melanoma patients. Using Melan-A/MART-1(25-36)/DQ6 tetramers, we could detect Ag-specific CD4 T cells directly ex vivo in circulating lymphocytes of a melanoma patient. Together, these results provide the basis for monitoring of naturally occurring and vaccine-induced Melan-A/MART-1-specific CD4 T cell responses, allowing precise and ex vivo characterization of responding T cells.

The prognostic value of minimally involved melanoma sentinel lymph nodes

Introduction: la biopsie du ganglion sentinelle (GS) est une procédure reconnue et fiable pour établir le stade ganglionnaire du mélanome cutané. Le GS est le facteur pronostique le plus puissant pour la survie des patients atteints d'un mélanome à risque intermédiaire, cliniquement localisé. Celui-ci est métastatique dans environ 15-30% des cas. Lorsque le GS est positif, un curage de l'aire ganglionnaire concernée est généralement entrepris. Néanmoins, seuls 20-25% de ces patients présentent des ganglions non-sentinelles (GNS) métastatiques. Ces données suggèrent que le curage, et les risques opératoires qui y sont associés, n'est peut-être pas nécessaire chez le trois-quarts de ces patients. Un autre aspect est que l'impact sur la survie des curages basé sur le résultat du GS n'est pas clairement démontré. La nécessité de ce curage d'emblé est actuellement en cours d'évaluation par un protocole international (Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial II : MSLT II). Plusieurs auteurs ont essayé de classifier la charge tumorale du GS afin d'évaluer s'il était possible d'épargner le curage à certains patients et de mieux affiner ce facteur pronostic sans succès. En 2009, le Groupe Mélanome de l'EORTC (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer) a recommandé un protocole d'évaluation anatomopathologique du GS-positif en trois items: (1) la localisation micro-anatomique des métastases à l'intérieur du ganglion selon Dewar (A = sous-capsulaire, B = combinée sous-capsulaire and parenchymateuse, C = parenchymateuse, D = multifocale, and'E = extensive) ; (2) la mesure de la taille tumorale dans le ganglion selon les critères de Rotterdam pour le diamètre maximal. Le diamètre de la plus grande métastase est exprimé en nombre absolu et (3) la taille tumorale stratifiée par catégories : <0.1mm, 0.1-1.0mm et >1.0 mm. Le but de cette étude rétrospective d'une cohorte de patients, était d'investiguer les résultats des GS-positifs et d'analyser les facteurs pronostiques de la survie à la lumière des recommandations de l'EORTC. Ainsi que de comparer les sous-groupes du GS-positif avec une invasion minimale (taille tumorale <0.1mm et/ou atteinte sous-capsulaire) avec le GS-négatif. Les facteurs pouvant prédire la présence de GNS- positif ont également été analysés. Matériel et méthode : une étude des dossiers a été réalisée pour les 499 patients consécutifs entre 1997 et 2008 qui ont eu une biopsie du GS dans notre institution. Le dégrée d'envahissement du GS-positif a été entièrement revue par l'équipe référente de l'Institut de Pathologie (Dresse E. Saiji et Dresse H. Bouzourène) selon les recommandations de l'EORTC. Des analyses univariées et multivariées des potentiels facteuis pronostics ont été réalisées. Des analyses de survie ont également été effectuées avec des courbes d'estimation de Kaplan-Meier combinées à une régression de Cox. Le protocole a été accepté par la Commission d'Ethique. Résultats: un GS-positif a été trouvé chez 123 (25%) patients panni les 499 qui ont bénéficié d'une biopsie. Avec un suivi médian de 52 mois, la survie à 5 ans sans récidive (SSR), spécifique à la maladie (SS) et globale (SG) étaient de 88%, 94%, et 90% respectivement pour les patients avec GS-négatif. Concernant les GS avec invasion minimale, 21 patients étaient dans le sous-groupe <0.1 mm selon les critères de Rotterdam et 52 patients dans le sous-groupe sous-capsulaire selon Dewar. La survie dans ces deux sous-groupes était de 80% et 57% pour la SSR, 87% et 70% pour la SS, 87% et 68% pour la SG, respectivement. L'analyse multivariée des GS-positifs a montré que les facteuis suivants influençaient significativement la survie (SSR, SS et SG): l'épaisseur selon Breslow de la tumeur primaire (p=0.002, 0.006, 0.004), la taille tumorale du GS-positif >0.1 mm (p= 0.01, 0.04, 0.03), le genre masculin (p=0.06, 0.005, 0.002) et l'ulcération de la tumeur primaire (p=0.05, 0.03, 0.007). L'analyse des sous-groupes avec invasion minimale n'a pas permis d'établir de facteur pour prédire la négativité des GNSs. Conclusion: La classification du GS-positif par la taille tumorale selon les critères de Rotterdam est un facteur pronostique simple et utile pour évaluer la survie des patients atteints de mélanome. Nous avons observé une tendance (non statistiquement significative) d'une survie diminuée pour le sous-groupe des patients avec GS-positif et une taille de la métastase <0.1 mm comparée à celle des patients avec GS-négatif. Ceci nous incite à conclure que ce sous-groupe de patients ne devrait pas être assimilé et traité comme ceux qui ont un GS-négatif. D'autre part nos résultats montrent que la localisation micro-anatomique selon Dewar n'est pas un outil pronostique utile pour évaluer la survie, ni pour prédire le status des GNSs.

Frequent cytolytic T-cell responses to peptide MAGE-A10(254-262) in melanoma.

MAGE genes encode tumor-specific shared antigens that are among the most interesting candidates for cancer vaccines. Despite extensive studies, however, CD8+ T-cell responses to MAGE-derived epitopes have been detected only occasionally in cancer patients, even after vaccination. In contrast with these findings, we report here that HLA-A2 melanoma patients respond frequently to the recently identified peptide MAGE-A10(254-262). Indeed, as assessed by staining with fluorescent HLA-A2/peptide MAGE-A10(254-262) tetramers, CD8+ T cells directed against this peptide were readily detectable in a large proportion of HLA-A2+ melanoma patients. These results provide new insight into the immunogenicity of MAGE antigens and underline the potential usefulness of MAGE-A10 peptide-based cancer vaccines.

Selecting highly affine and well-expressed TCRs for gene therapy of melanoma.

A recent phase 1 trial has demonstrated that the generation of tumor-reactive T lymphocytes by transfer of specific T-cell receptor (TCR) genes into autologous lymphocytes is feasible. However, compared with results obtained by infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the response rate observed in this first TCR gene therapy trial is low. One strategy that is likely to enhance the success rate of TCR gene therapy is the use of tumor-reactive TCRs with a higher capacity for tumor cell recognition. We therefore sought to develop standardized procedures for the selection of well-expressed, high-affinity, and safe human TCRs. Here we show that TCR surface expression can be improved by modification of TCR alpha and beta sequences and that such improvement has a marked effect on the in vivo function of TCR gene-modified T cells. From a panel of human, melanoma-reactive TCRs we subsequently selected the TCR with the highest affinity. Furthermore, a generally applicable assay was used to assess the lack of alloreactivity of this TCR against a large series of common human leukocyte antigen alleles. The procedures described in this study should be of general value for the selection of well- and stably expressed, high-affinity, and safe human TCRs for subsequent clinical testing.

Compositional influence on the electrical performance of zinc indium tin oxide transparent thin-film transistors

In this work, zinc indium tin oxide layers with different compositions are used as the active layer of thin film transistors. This multicomponent transparent conductive oxide is gaining great interest due to its reduced content of the scarce indium element. Experimental data indicate that the incorporation of zinc promotes the creation of oxygen vacancies. In thin-film transistors this effect leads to a higher threshold voltage values. The field-effect mobility is also strongly degraded, probably due to coulomb scattering by ionized defects. A post deposition annealing in air reduces the density of oxygen vacancies and improves the fieldeffect mobility by orders of magnitude. Finally, the electrical characteristics of the fabricated thin-film transistors have been analyzed to estimate the density of states in the gap of the active layers. These measurements reveal a clear peak located at 0.3 eV from the conduction band edge that could be attributed to oxygen vacancies.

Optoelectronic properties of CuPc thin films deposited at different substrate temperatures

Structural and optical characterization of copper phthalocyanine thin film thermally deposited at different substrate temperatures was the aim of this work. The morphology of the films shows strong dependence on temperature, as can be observed by atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, specifically in the grain size and features of the grains. The increase in the crystal phase with substrate temperature is shown by x-ray diffractometry. Optical absorption coefficient measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy and optical transmittance reveal a weak dependence on the substrate temperature. Besides, the electro-optical response measured by the external quantum efficiency of Schottky ITO/CuPc/Al diodes shows an optimized response for samples deposited at a substrate temperature of 60 °C, in correspondence to the I-V diode characteristics.