Vesien tila hyväksi yhdessä : Keski-Suomen vesienhoidon toimenpideohjelma vuosille 2016-2021

Vesienhoidon tavoitteena on saada pinta- ja pohjavedet vähintään hyvään tilaan ja estää hyvälaatuisten vesien tilan heikkeneminen. Tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi on laadittu vesienhoitosuunnitelmat ja niiden tausta-aineistona olevat yksityiskohtaisemmat toimenpideohjelmat. Keski-Suomen vesienhoidon toimenpideohjelma vuosille 2016–2021 tarkentaa Kymijoen-Suomenlahden ja Kokemäenjoen-Saaristomeren-Selkämeren-vesienhoitosuunnitelmia Keski-Suomen osalta. Toimenpideohjelmassa on kuvattu Keski-Suomen pinta- ja pohjavesien nykytila, vesiä muuttavat tekijät, vesien parantamistarpeet sekä esitetty tarvittavat toimenpiteet vesien tilan parantamiseksi ja ylläpitämiseksi. Toimenpideohjelmassa on arvioitu yli 460 pintavesimuodostuman tila sekä 45 pohjavesialueen pohjaveden tila. Maakunnan luokiteltujen järvien pinta-alasta 22 % on erinomaisia, 71 % hyviä ja 7 % alle hyvän tilan. Luokiteltujen jokien pituudesta 7 % on erinomaisia, 41 % hyviä ja 52 % alle hyvän tilan. Ekologista tilaa heikentää erityisesti hajakuormitus, joka on pääosin peräisin maa-ja metsätaloudesta ja haja-asutuksesta. Paikoitellen myös pistekuormitus heikentää vesientilaa. Joet ovat järviä huonommassa tilassa muun muassa ihmistoiminnan aiheuttamien rakenteellisten ja hydrologisten muutosten vuoksi. Hyvässä kemiallisessa tilassa on 40 % järvipinta-alasta ja 41 % jokipituudesta. Huono kemiallinen tila johtuu kalojen elohopeasta, jonka on arvioitu olevan peräisin pääosin ilman kautta tulevasta laskeumasta. Maakunnassa on luokiteltu 239 I ja II luokan pohjavesialuetta. Pohjaveden kemiallista tai määrällistä tilaa uhkaavaa toimintaa on arvioitu olevan 45 pohjavesialueella. Näistä riskinalaisiksi on todettu 28 pohjavesialuetta, joista huonotilaisiksi on arvioitu 24 ja hyvätilaisiksi 4. Kaikilla huonotilaisilla pohjavesialueilla huonon tilan aiheuttaa pohjaveden kemiallinen tila. Teollisuus- ja yritystoiminta ja näiden synnyttämät pilaantuneet alueet, liikenne ja tienpito sekä maatalous aiheuttavat merkittävimmät uhkat pohjavedelle. Lisäselvityksiä riskinalaisuudesta ja tilasta on tarpeen tehdä 17 pohjavesialueella Maa- ja metsätalouden vesienhoitotoimenpiteillä pyritään erityisesti ravinne- ja kiintoainekuormituksen vähentämiseen. Esimerkiksi maatalouden suojavyöhykkeitä ja kosteikkoja on esitetty nyt selvästi enemmän kuin 1. kaudella. Kunnostusojituksen vesiensuojelua tehostetaan perusvesiensuojelutason lisäksi muun muassa putkipadoilla ja vanhojen ojitusten aiheuttamia eroosiohaittoja torjutaan erillishankkeiden kautta. Pistekuormituksen vähentämiskesi esitetään muun muassa kahdeksan jätevedenpuhdistamon perusparantamista sekä turvetuotannon vesiensuojelua tehostetaan viidesosalla olemassa olevasta turvetuotantopinta-alasta. Vesistöjen rakentamiseen, säännöstelyyn ja kunnostukseen liittyviä toimenpiteitä on esitetty yhteensä 22 jokimuodostumalle ja 14 järvelle.. Pohjavesialueilla keskeisiä vesienhoitotoimenpiteitä ovat erityisesti pilaantuneiden alueiden kunnostukset, teiden talvisuolauksen vähentäminen ja suolaa vähemmän haitallisen aineen käyttöönotto sekä pohjavesisuojausten rakentaminen liikennealleille ja -väylille. Toimenpideohjelma on valmisteltu yhteistyössä vesienhoidon yhteistyöryhmän kanssa. Kansalaisia, viranomaisia ja sidosryhmiä on kuultu useissa suunnittelun eri vaiheissa

Managing non-standard international experience: evidence from a Finnish company

Purpose – This paper extends the increasing debates about the role of international experience through mechanisms other than standard expatriation packages, in particular through the use of short-term assignments. It explores the different forms of short-term assignments (project work, commuter assignments, virtual international working and development assignments) and the different sets of positive and negative implications these can have for the company and the individuals concerned. The integration-differentiation debate is reflected here as elsewhere in IHRM, with the company moving towards greater centralization and control of its use of these assignments. Design/methodology/approach – Since the research is exploratory, we adopted a qualitative approach to get a more in-depth understanding on the realities the corporations and the assignees are facing. The study was implemented through a single case study setting in which the data were collected by interviewing (n=20) line managers, human resource management (HRM) staff and assignees themselves. In addition corporate documentation and other materials were reviewed. Findings – The present case study provides evidence about the characteristics of short-term assignments as well as the on the management of such assignments. The paper identifies various benefits and challenges involved in the use of short-term assignments both from the perspectives of the company and assignees. Furthermore, the findings support the view that a recent increase in the popularity of short-term assignments has not been matched by the development of HRM policies for such assignments. Research limitations/implications – As a single case study, limitations in the generalizability of the findings should be kept in mind. More large-scale research evidence is needed around different forms of international assignments beyond standard expatriation in order to fully capture the realities faced by international HRM specialists Practical implications – The paper identifies many challenges but also benefits of using short-term assignments. The paper reports in-depth findings on HR development needs that organizations face when expanding the use of such assignments. Social implications – The paper identifies many challenges but also benefits of using short-term assignments. The paper reports in-depth findings on HR development needs that organizations face when expanding the use of such assignments. Originality/value – Empirical research on short-term assignments is still very limited. In that way the paper provides much needed in-depth evidence on why such assignments are used, what challenges are involved in the use of such assignments and what kinds of HR-development needs are involved.

Determination of anthropogenic and biogenic compounds on atmospheric aerosol collected in urban, biomass burning and forest areas in Sao Paulo, Brazil

This study was conducted at three sites of different characteristics in Sao Paulo State Sao Paulo (SPA), Piracicaba (PRB) and Mate Atlantica Forest (MAT) PM(10), n-alkanes. pristane and phytane, PAHs, water-soluble ions and biomass burning tracers like levoglucosan and retene, were determined in quartz fiber filters. Samplings occurred on May 8th to August 8th, 2007 at the MAT site; on August 15th to 29th in 2007 and November 10th to 29th in 2008 at the PRB site and, March 13th to April 4th in 2007 and August 7th to 29th in 2008 at the SPA site Aliphatic compounds emitted biogenically were less abundant at the urban sites than at the forest site, and its distribution showed the influence of tropical vascular plants Air mass transport front biomass burning regions is likely to impact the sites with specific molecular markers The concentrations of all species were variable and dependent of seasonal changes In the most dry and polluted seasons, n-alkane and canon total concentrations were similar between the megacity and the biomass burning site PAHs and inorganic ion abundances were higher at Sao Paulo than Piracicaba, yet, the site influenced by biomass burning seems lobe the most impacted by the organic anion abundance in the atmosphere Pristane and phytane confirm the contamination by petroleum residues at urban sites, at the MAT site, biological activity and long range transport of pollutants might influence the levels of pristane (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

La división internacional del trabajo industrial y el concepto centro-periferia

Incluye Bibliografía

The international division of industrial labour and the core-periphery concept

Includes bibliography

Genetic association study of QT interval highlights role for calcium signaling pathways in myocardial repolarization

The QT interval, an electrocardiographic measure reflecting myocardial repolarization, is a heritable trait. QT prolongation is a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) and could indicate the presence of the potentially lethal mendelian long-QT syndrome (LQTS). Using a genome-wide association and replication study in up to 100,000 individuals, we identified 35 common variant loci associated with QT interval that collectively explain ∼8-10% of QT-interval variation and highlight the importance of calcium regulation in myocardial repolarization. Rare variant analysis of 6 new QT interval-associated loci in 298 unrelated probands with LQTS identified coding variants not found in controls but of uncertain causality and therefore requiring validation. Several newly identified loci encode proteins that physically interact with other recognized repolarization proteins. Our integration of common variant association, expression and orthogonal protein-protein interaction screens provides new insights into cardiac electrophysiology and identifies new candidate genes for ventricular arrhythmias, LQTS and SCD.

Religious Diversity and Religious Vitality: New Measuring Strategies and Empirical Evidence

Quantitative studies of the conditions and consequences of religious diversity are based mostly on indices that measure the variety of religious membership in a particular region. However, this line of research has become stagnant, and the question of whether diversity affects religious vitality remains unanswered. This article attempts to shed new light on the discussion by measuring religious diversity differently and capturing religious vitality independently of membership figures. In particular, it contrasts the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index based on membership proportions with a second measure of diversity: an index of organizational diversity. Conversely, the dependent variable religious vitality is measured not by using rates of participation in religious organizations but via the Centrality of Religion Scale. Based on ecological and individual level data of forty-three local regions in Finland, Germany, and Slovenia and using multilevel analysis, our results suggest that religious diversity is related to religious vitality. However, the nature of this association differs across subgroups.

New particle formation at the coastal Antarctic site Neumayer in 2012 and 2014

We measured condensation particle (CP) concentrations and particle size distributions at the coastal Antarctic station Neumayer (70°39'S, 8°15'W) during two summer campaigns (from 20 January to 26 March 2012 and 1 February to 30 April 2014) and during polar night between 12 August and 27 September 2014 in the particle diameter (Dp) range from 2.94 nm to 60.4 nm (2012) and from 6.26 nm to 212.9 nm (2014). During both summer campaigns we identified all in all 44 new particle formation (NPF) events. From 10 NPF events, particle growth rates could be determined to be around 0.90±0.46 nm/h (mean ± std; range: 0.4 nm/h to 1.9 nm/h). With the exception of one case, particle growth was generally restricted to the nucleation mode (Dp < 25 nm) and the duration of NPF events was typically around 6.0±1.5 h (mean ± std; range: 4 h to 9 h). Thus in the main, particles did not grow up to sizes required for acting as cloud condensation nuclei. NPF during summer usually occurred in the afternoon in coherence with local photochemistry. During winter, two NPF events could be detected, though showing no ascertainable particle growth. A simple estimation indicated that apart from sulfuric acid, the derived growth rates required other low volatile precursor vapours.

Type 2 diabetes: Evidence for linkage on chromosome 20 in 716 Finnish affected sib pairs

We are conducting a genome scan at an average resolution of 10 centimorgans (cM) for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in 716 affected sib pairs from 477 Finnish families. To date, our best evidence for linkage is on chromosome 20 with potentially separable peaks located on both the long and short arms. The unweighted multipoint maximum logarithm of odds score (MLS) was 3.08 on 20p (location, x̂ = 19.5 cM) under an additive model, whereas the weighted MLS was 2.06 on 20q (x̂ = 57 cM, recurrence risk, λ̂s = 1.25, P = 0.009). Weighted logarithm of odds scores of 2.00 (x̂ = 69.5 cM, P = 0.010) and 1.92 (x̂ = 18.5 cM, P = 0.013) were also observed. Ordered subset analyses based on sibships with extreme mean values of diabetes-related quantitative traits yielded sets of families who contributed disproportionately to the peaks. Two-hour glucose levels in offspring of diabetic individuals gave a MLS of 2.12 (P = 0.0018) at 9.5 cM. Evidence from this and other studies suggests at least two diabetes-susceptibility genes on chromosome 20. We have also screened the gene for maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1, hepatic nuclear factor 4-a (HNF-4α) in 64 affected sibships with evidence for high chromosomal sharing at its location on chromosome 20q. We found no evidence that sequence changes in this gene accounted for the linkage results we observed.

Coinciding early activation of the human primary visual cortex and anteromedial cuneus

Proper understanding of processes underlying visual perception requires information on the activation order of distinct brain areas. We measured dynamics of cortical signals with magnetoencephalography while human subjects viewed stimuli at four visual quadrants. The signals were analyzed with minimum current estimates at the individual and group level. Activation emerged 55–70 ms after stimulus onset both in the primary posterior visual areas and in the anteromedial part of the cuneus. Other cortical areas were active after this initial dual activation. Comparison of data between species suggests that the anteromedial cuneus either comprises a homologue of the monkey area V6 or is an area unique to humans. Our results show that visual stimuli activate two cortical areas right from the beginning of the cortical response. The anteromedial cuneus has the temporal position needed to interact with the primary visual cortex V1 and thereby to modify information transferred via V1 to extrastriate cortices.