Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para planejamento urbano, utilizando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, modelagem numérica do terreno (MNT) e sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG)

o monitoramento da expansão das áreas urbanas e a análise da sua interação com o meio físico têm sido um grande desafio para os técnicos de planejamento urbano. No Brasil, em especial, dada a velocidade com que o fenômeno se processa e graças a um crescimento desordenado das cidades nas últimas décadas, esses estudos, que envolvem um elevado número de informações, tem exigido decisões e diagnósticos urbanos cada vez mais rápidos. Esta dissertação propõe uma metodologia para o planejamento racional do uso do solo urbano através do emprego integrado de tecnologias recentes como Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), Modelagem Numérica do Terreno (MNT) e Sensoriamento Remoto através de imagens orbitais. Para isso, são implementados no SIG desenvolvido pelo INPE dados provenientes de cartas topográficas, de mapas temáticos do meio físico e de imagens orbitais LANSAT/TM da região estudada. A partir desses dados iniciais são geradas, também num SIG, outras informações com objetivo de estudar a evolução da área urbana, identificar áreas com suscetibilidade preliminar à erosão laminar, áreas com restrição ao uso urbano e áreas de eventos perigosos e riscos. o trabalho apresenta inicialmente uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a aplicação de Sensoriamento Remoto, Modelagem Numérica do Terreno (MNT) e Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) em estudos urbanos. Segue-se a conceituação e aspectos teóricos dessas três ferramentas básicas utilizadas. A metodologia propriamente dita traz os planos de informações originais e as suas respectivas fontes de informações, os processos de classificação de imagens digitais empregados e os modelos de cruzamentos desenvolvidos para um SIG. A área teste escolhida é a sub-bacia do Arroio Feijó, localizada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, na porção centro-leste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A região é caracterizada por uma elevada densidade populacional, pela presença de áreas inundáveis e pela ocorrência de processos eroslVOS. Os resultados mostram que a metodologia proposta é adequada e eficiente para agilizar as atividades de planejamento urbano, subsidiando a elaboração de Planos Diretores de Desenvolvimento Integrado e orientando o crescimento das cidades para regiões mais favoráveis. Além disso, contribui para a prevenção de parcela dos riscos e problemas geotécnicos relacionados ao meio físico nas áreas urbanas.

"Os kujà são diferentes" : um estudo etnológico do complexo xamânico dos Kaingang da terra indígena Votouro

A partir do modelo etnológico, esta Tese de Doutorado busca compreender o complexo xamânico dos Kaingang, uma sociedade Jê que passou por profundas transformações sociais, religiosas e ambientais no decorrer dos últimos dois séculos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa realizada entre os Kaingang católicos da Terra Indígena Votouro e do Capão Alto (Terra Indígena Nonoai), duas sociedades falantes do dialeto kaingang Sudoeste, localizadas na bacia do Rio Uruguai, respectivamente às margens leste e oeste do rio Passo Fundo, região Alto-Uruguai, norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, América do Sul. De forma específica, na perspectiva do saber “guiado” kaingang, esta pesquisa analisa os dois sistemas ideológicos que marcam essa instituição xamânica, quais sejam: o sistema kujà — ligado ao domínio “floresta virgem” e à influência dos Guarani — e o sistema caboclo — ligado aos domínios “casa” e “espaço limpo” e à influência dos caboclos. No mesmo sentido, este trabalho visa perceber a maneira como o complexo xamânico se estabelece contemporaneamente entre os Kaingang da T.I. Votouro, a partir da influência exercida pela Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana e pelo Estado brasileiro.

Estimativa da evapotranspiração regional por meio de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto integradas a modelos de balanço de energia : aplicação no estado do Rio Grande do Sul

A evapotranspiração (ET) abrange todos os processos que envolvem a mudança de fase líquida ou sólida para vapor de água. Globalmente, suas principais componentes são a evaporação nos oceanos, corpos d’água e solo e a transpiração pela cobertura vegetal. O conhecimento da ET da superfície terrestre para a atmosfera é muito importante para a resolução de inúmeras questões relacionadas aos recursos hídricos. Dentre essas questões, destacam-se planejamento de bacias hidrográficas e, em especial, o manejo da irrigação. Esse tipo de informação é igualmente relevante para estudos climáticos uma vez que, por meio da ET, ocorre redistribuição de umidade e calor da superfície para a atmosfera.As metodologias convencionais de estimativa da ET, em geral, apresentam muitas incertezas. Essas incertezas aumentam muito quando o interesse é o comportamento espacial da mesma. A única tecnologia que permite acessar esse tipo de informação, de forma eficiente e econômica, é o sensoriamento remoto. Por meio de dados derivados de imagens de satélite é possível calcular o balanço de energia de uma região e acessar as reais taxas de ET. A literatura internacional apresenta alguns modelos para estimar a ET por meio de sensoriamento remoto. A verificação dessas estimativas é feita por medidas dos termos do balanço de energia realizadas por sensores colocados em torres meteorológicas. Esse tipo de informação, no entanto, é de alto custo e de difícil aquisição. Após revisão de literatura, foram escolhidos os algoritmos SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) e SSEBI (Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index). O primeiro foi adotado por ser um dos mais utilizados e o segundo pela sua simplicidade.Dessa maneira, a partir de 44 imagens de satélite, praticamente livres de cobertura de nuvens, do sensor AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer), a bordo do satélite NOAA-14, e dados climatológicos de algumas estações, foram geradas séries de coberturas de ET real para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em nível diário, durante o ano de 1998. Para efeito de simplificação, na análise dos resultados foram escolhidas algumas áreas representativas das principais classes de cobertura do Estado: área cultivada, campo, área urbana, banhado, lagoa e floresta. Os resultados demonstraram que, para o SEBAL, asperdas médias anuais (mm ano-1) ocorrem, em ordem decrescente nas classes banhado (827), lagoa (732), floresta (686), área cultivada (458), campo (453) e área urbana (276). Para o S-SEBI, esta ordem é a seguinte: floresta (918), banhado (870), lagoa (669), área cultivada (425), campo (403) e área urbana (363). Ficou evidente que as classes com as menores influências antrópicas apresentaram as maiores taxas de ET. Outra observação feita é que, em média, as estimativas do S-SEBI superestimam a ET em relação ao SEBAL, na porção leste do Estado, e o oposto na porção oeste. Foi verificado, ainda, um eixo de decréscimo da ET na primeira metade do ano da porção noroeste para sudeste, e posterior crescimento na segunda metade do ano, em sentido oposto.As verificações foram feitas de forma indireta por meio de um balanço hídrico anual simplificado em algumas bacias hidrográficas do Estado, por meio de valores de ET real para a cultura do milho em algumas localidades do Estado e medidas de evaporação de tanque do tipo Classe A. Em geral, os resultados foram considerados coerentes, o que confere à metodologia utilizada um grande potencial de uso, uma vez que possibilita acessar a distribuição espacial da ET.

Descobrindo o Brasil cidadão: 1999

A presente publicação levará o leitor a uma grande viagem pelo Brasil. De norte a sul, de leste a oeste, o leitor percorrerá todas as regiões do país, entrando em contato com um pouco da realidade de milhões de pessoas, de diversas etnias, idades e culturas, e com a riqueza cultural e a diversidade social que caracteriza nosso país. A publicação apresenta programas e projetos de governos subnacionais, que representam o que está sendo feito, neste nível de governo, para melhorar a vida cotidiana do cidadão brasileiro. Ao produzir este livro, nosso intuito é possibilitar para o leitor, leigo ou especialista, a identificação de aspectos positivos da atuação do setor público em estados, municípios e organizações próprias dos povos indígenas. Os textos baseiam-se nos relatórios de visita de campo e no material fornecido pelas instituições que inscreveram as experiências. Esta publicação faz parte do Programa Gestão Pública e Cidadania, cujos objetivos são a identificação e disseminação de atividades inovadoras de governos subnacionais

Estado nutricional de escolares do semi-árido do nordeste brasileiro

SILVA, João B. da et al. Estado Nutricional de Escolares do Semi-Árido do Nordeste Brasileiro. Revista de Salud Pública, v. 11, n. 1, p. 62-71, 2009.

Teoria de carteiras e a alocação de parques eólicos offshore

The consumption of energy on the planet is currently based on fossil fuels. They are responsible for adverse effects on the environment. Renewables propose solutions for this scenario, but must face issues related to the capacity of the power supply. Wind energy offshore emerging as a promising alternative. The speed and stability are greater winds over oceans, but the variability of these may cause inconvenience to the generation of electric power fluctuations. To reduce this, a combination of wind farms geographically distributed was proposed. The greater the distance between them, the lower the correlation between the wind velocity, increasing the likelihood that together achieve more stable power system with less fluctuations in power generation. The efficient use of production capacity of the wind park however, depends on their distribution in marine environments. The objective of this research was to analyze the optimal allocation of wind farms offshore on the east coast of the U.S. by Modern Portfolio Theory. The Modern Portfolio Theory was used so that the process of building portfolios of wind energy offshore contemplate the particularity of intermittency of wind, through calculations of return and risk of the production of wind farms. The research was conducted with 25.934 observations of energy produced by wind farms 11 hypothetical offshore, from the installation of 01 simulated ocean turbine with a capacity of 5 MW. The data show hourly time resolution and covers the period between January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2002. Through the Matlab R software, six were calculated minimum variance portfolios, each for a period of time distinct. Given the inequality of the variability of wind over time, set up four strategies rebalancing to evaluate the performance of the related portfolios, which enabled us to identify the most beneficial to the stability of the wind energy production offshore. The results showed that the production of wind energy for 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 should be considered by the portfolio weights calculated for the same periods, respectively. Energy data for 2002 should use the weights derived from the portfolio calculated in the previous time period. Finally, the production of wind energy in the period 1998-2002 should also be weighted by 1/11. It follows therefore that the portfolios found failed to show reduced levels of variability when compared to the individual production of wind farms hypothetical offshore

A malhação do Judas: rito e identidade

This work is about representations around the Mockery of Judas rite in the neighborhood of east zone at Natal city and the relationships between residents of neighborhood with the ritual object. The most important objective in the work is to present anthropological analysis about the mockery of Judas rite and the ritual process beyond local interpretations to rite. The concept presents in studies of Marcel Mauss, Henry Hubert and René Girard about the sacrifice are very important to this paper. We work with this hypothesis that the Mockery of Judas is sacrifice done to residents of Rocas neighborhood to many purpose, since symbolic punishment to traitor apostle till the sacrifice of victm of conflicts and tensions inside the neighborhood

Espaços de pobreza e mobilidade urbana: os deslocamentos da população de baixa renda em Natal/RN

This dissertation is an attempt to understand how families with an income of up to three minimum wages and living in different Areas of Demographic Expansion (AEDs) of Natal municipality specifically in the districts of Igapó and Salinas (North Administrative Zone of the city), Ponta Negra (South Administrative Zone), Santos Reis, Praia do Meio, Areia Preta and Mãe Luíza (East Administrative Zone) and Felipe Camarão (West Administrative Zone) solve their problems of urban mobility. It is, therefore, a reflection upon the mobility needs of poor urban households as expressed in terms of origin-destiny displacements for specific movements (house-work, house-school, house-shopping, house-healthcare and house-leisure), all of which being analyzed within the relationship between public transportation and poverty spaces of the city. In order to develop the study, theoretical aspects and themes related to the production of the urban space, to social and spatial segregation, to urban mobility and to transportation were confronted with the collected data referring to the urban population previously selected. One of the research main findings is the crucial role mobility plays in the social differentiation of such people living in Natal and that any policy for the improvement of their living conditions must take mobility issues into account

Uma janela tropical: análise do desempenho luminoso de ambientes com aberturas sombreadas para o clima de Natal/RN

This master thesis introduces assessment procedures of daylighting performance in office rooms with shaded opening, recommendations for Natal-RN (Latitude 05,47' S, Longitude 35,11' W). The studies assume the need of window exterior shading in hot and humid climate buildings. The daylighting performance analyses are based on simulated results for three levels of illuminance (300,500 e 1000 lux) between 08h00 e 16h00, in rooms with 2,80 m height, 6 m large and 4 m, 6 m e 8 m depths, with a centered single opening, window wall ratio (20%, 40% e 60%), four orientations (North, East, South and West), and two types of sky (clear and partially cloudy). The sky characteristics were statistically determined based on hourly data from INPE-CRN solar and daylighting weather station. The lighting performance is resulted from dynamic computer simulation of 72 models using Troplux 3.12. The simulation results were assessed using a new parameter to quantify the use of interior daylighting, the useful percentage of daylight (PULN), which corresponds to the time fraction with satisfactory light, in accordance with the illuminance design. The passive zone depths are defined based on the PULN. Despite the failures of illuminance data from the weather station, the analyses ratified the high potential of daylighting for shaded rooms. The most influential variables on the lighting performance are the opening size and the illuminance of design, while the orientation is a little influential

Entre o mar e estrela, um lugar para se bem viver : a problemática da expansão urbana da Cidade de Baía Formosa/RN

The urban expansion problem of Baía Formosa, a southern edge city of de Rio Grande do Norte eastern coast, which has been presented in other coast Brazilian towns, specially on those with tourist activities increase. Therefore, this situation brings huge concerns to their inhabitants, to their technical /scientific community and to the governments, because of the conflicts of interest and of the growth of urban problems that this has been created. At Baía Formosa, the situation is aggravated because the city is confined, once around it, there are large private proprieties, environmental preservation area and the sea, at the eastern edge. The objectives of this study are the analyses of this city expansion process in order to obtain adequate alternatives and defining methodology to apply in other urban nucleus that are subjected to similar situations. Of course, presents social relations, environmental conditions and promoting local population insertion should be considered in order that enjoin this process and contributing to a better social balance. This case study has used bibliography research, field data, maps and soil occupation recorders and photographs of the area, besides the primary data gathering by surveys carried out with many social actors. The present analysis shows that the urban expansion observed today is featured by a recent unsustainable model, which attacks the environment and brings either farm conflicts. On the other hand, the ecological tourism can represent an alternative in order to achieve an adequate expansion form, without forgetting the several structural parameters necessary to support the sustainable activities

Características limnológicas e estrutura trófica das comunidades de peixes de alguns lagos naturais e artificiais do Rio Grande do Norte

Artificial lakes must differ from natural lakes in important structural and functional aspects that need to be understood so that these ecosystems can be properly managed. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that the artificial lakes (impoundments) in the semi-arid region of the Rio Grande do Norte State are more eutrophic and turbid and have different trophic structure when compared to the natural coastal lakes that occur in the humid eastern coast of the State. To test this hypothesis, 10 natural lakes and 8 artificial lakes with about 100 ha were sampled between September and November 2005 for the determination of some limnological variables and the abundance of the main fish species, which were grouped in three trophic guilds: facultative piscivores, facultative planktivores and omnivores. The results show that the artificial lakes had significantly higher concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a , total and volatile suspended solids than the natural lakes. Results also show that the values of pH, total alkalinity, electric conductivity, turbidity as well as the coefficient of vertical attenuation of light were significantly higher in the artificial lakes than in the natural lakes. In the artificial lakes, the abundance of facultative planktivores was significantly higher, while the abundance of facultative piscivores significantly lower than in the natural lakes. There was no significant difference in the abundance of omnivorous fish between the two types of lakes. These results suggest that the increase in turbidity together with the other changes in the water quality of the artificial lakes, modifies the trophic structure of the fish communities reducing the importance of piscivores and the length of the food chains

Tartarugas marinhas da Bacia Potiguar/RN: diagnóstico, biologia alimentar e ameaças

This work aimed to study the diversity and distribution of marine sea turtles stranded in Potiguar Basin, Rio Grande do Norte, as well as aspects related to feeding behavior associated with human impacts. The study was conducted through the analysis of data from stranded animals, recorded in a daily monitoring in an area bounded on the north by the municipality of Aquiraz, in the state of Ceará, and the east by the municipality of Caicara do Norte, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Stranded dead animals were necropsied and for the analysis of the diet of animals, esophagus, stomach and intestines were fixed in 10% formalin and after that, the stomach contents were sorted and stored in 70% alcohol. Representative fragments of these organs were removed for making histological slides, with a view to histological characterization of the digestive tract. 2.046 occurrences of turtles were recorded during the period from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2012. The Chelonia mydas species showed the highest number of records and it was observed in 66.81 % (N = 1,367) of cases; followed by Eretmochelys imbricata with 4.45 % (N = 91) and by Lepidochelys olivacea with 1.22% (N = 25). The Caretta caretta and Dermochelys coriacea species were, respectively, 0.93 % (N = 19) and 0.05 % (N = 1) records of strandings. In 26.54 % of cases, it was not possible to identify the species. Regarding the spatial distribution, the stretch A was the one that had the highest number of strandings and a larger number of records were registered in the warm months of the year. The dietary analysis showed that C. mydas fed preferentially on algae; C. caretta had a diet with a predominance of the item "coral´s fragments" and E. imbricata species showed preference for an animal origin material. Related to this anthropic interaction, 57.14 % (n = 76) of animals that died at the rehabilitation s base, showed cause of death due to complications from ingesting debris. According to the data presented, the Potiguar Basin presents itself as an area with important diversity and distribution of marine sea turtle as well is characterized as a feeding and nidification area for these species

Prevalência de excesso de peso em pré-escolares na cidade do Natal

Obesity is currently considered a public health problem and there has been growing interest in the study of various aspects related to this infirmity such as: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and others. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of weight excess and overweight in preschoolers in Natal, Brazil and relate them to variables such as gender, age, type of school (public or private) and zones of the city (east/south and north/west). This is a transversal study, carried out in Natal, Brazil between August and September 2004, in 20 public and 20 private schools/day care centers selected by the systematic sampling method. We measured the weight and height of 3721 students between the ages of 2 and 6 years. The children were stratified, according to age, into age group 1 (2 to 4 years) and age group 2 (5 and 6 years) and according to the region of the school, into north/west and east/south zones, the regions with the smallest and highest quality of life indices in the city, respectively. Children were considered to have weight excess when BMI ≥ 85th percentile, including those with BMI ≥ 95th percentile and overweight when BMI ≥ 95th percentile. The prevalence of weight excess was 26.5%, and of overweight 12.4%. There was greater prevalence of weight excess in the private schools and in the east/south zones. Overweight displayed the same epidemiologic profile, with a greater prevalence in private schools and in the east/south zones. The prevalence of weight excess in preschoolers in Natal, Brazil is high and is related, above all, to private schools and to those located in the highest quality of life areas. Therefore, prevention programs should be implanted in elementary schools in order to decrease weight excess and possible associated co-morbidities. This research project met the norms established by PPGCSa/UFRN and aimed at promoting the interrelation between different researchers and between different fields of knowledge, using multi and interdisciplinary concepts. This study was enriched by the interaction between the following professionals: pediatrician, pediatric gastroenterologist and physician nutrition specialist, pediatric endocrinologist, epidemiologist and biostatistician