No tan diferentes. La actividad empresarial de los siderúrgicos españoles en el contexto europeo (1891-1936)

A la hora de explicar las causas del atraso relativo de España en las décadas previas a la Guerra Civil, algunos autores han considerado como un factor clave la mayor propensión de los empresarios españoles a las estrategias de búsqueda de rentas, lo que dio lugar a un sector industrial protegido, cartelizado e ineficiente. Dado que la siderurgia es señalada frecuentemente como el paradigma de las funciones improductivas de los empresarios españoles, el presente trabajo pretende, en primer lugar, contrastar las actitudes de los siderúrgicos españoles con las de los franceses y alemanes en las décadas que precedieron a la Primera Guerra Mundial. En segundo lugar, se analizará si la cartelización del mercado entre 1897 y 1936 tuvo consecuencias negativas para el desarrollo económico de España, tales como restricción a la entrada de competidores, ausencia de innovaciones tecnológicas y, como resultado de ello, una oferta rígida para su producción.

Un médico rural contra la viruela, la epidemia de 1891-92 en Huércanos (Logroño)

La práctica inconstante de la vacunación contra la viruela durante el siglo xix tuvo como consecuencia la aparición de varias oleadas epidémicas en España. La baja aceptación de la vacuna entre la población, unida a la incapacidad del estado para organizar campañas y suministrar vacuna, contribuyeron a perpetuar la enfermedad. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo se abrió un debate sobre la necesidad de hacer obligatoria la vacunación y revacunación, incorporándose, además, el uso de la vacuna animalizada. Un texto de Emilio Casas Arriola, médico de Huércanos (Logroño), describe el brote epidémico sufrido entre 1891 y 1892 en este municipio. La obra tiene la estructura de una topografía médica y fue redactada con la intención de concurrir a un premio de la Real Academia Médica de Madrid. Se analizan las dificultades, vicisitudes y medidas adoptadas para afrontar la epidemia en un entorno aislado y rural.

Certificate to John Walton, guardian to Nathaniel Jarvis, 1804 November 22

This brief handwritten document certifies that the guardianship of Richard Nichols of Reading, Massachusetts, was granted to yeoman Thomas Hartshorn of Reading according to the records of the Probate Court in Framingham, Massachusetts. The document is attested by James Winthrop in his capacity as register of probate for Middlesex County.

Quarter bills for Nathaniel Thayer signed by Steward Caleb Gannett, 1787-1789

Four printed quarter bills for Nathaniel Thayer (Harvard AB 1789) with sizing and punishment totals, signed by Steward Caleb Gannett.

[Letter from Nathaniel Robbins to the Corporation of Harvard College], 1780 July 15

Handwritten letter from Nathaniel Robbins regarding Philip Draper.

Letter from Dr. Nathaniel Lardner to Jasper Mauduit listing books donated to Harvard, July 12, 1764, and manuscript copy of the letter

A pencilled note in the hand of John Langdon Sibley reads: "Probably the handwriting of Dr. Lardner." Sibley based his attribution on a letter from Nathaniel Lardner to Edward Wigglesworth, also written July 12, 1764, in the Houghton Library's autograph file during the nineteenth century. Verso of letter contains list, in another hand, of books donated to Harvard by Joseph Jennings.

List of books donated by Nathaniel Lardner, Daniel Neal, and Joseph Jennings, ca. 1766 (2 versions)

The contents of these two lists are very similar but not identical.

An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions, from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian, by Nathaniel Lord Britton ... and Hon. Addison Brown ...

v. 1

The marine algae of the Pacific coast of North America / by William Albert Setchell and Nathaniel Lyon Gardner.

pt. 3

Commonplace book of Nathaniel Freeman, 1786-1787

Nathaniel Freeman made entries in this commonplace book between 1786 and 1787, while he was an undergraduate at Harvard College. The book includes the notes Freeman took during three of Hollis Professor Samuel Williams' "Course of Experimental Lectures," and cover Williams' lectures on "The Nature & Properties of Matter," "Attraction & Repulsion," and "The Nature, Kind, & Affections [?] of Motion." These notes also include one diagram. The book also includes forensic compositions on the subjects of capital punishment, the probability of "the immortality of the soul," and "whether there be any disinterested benevolence." It also includes a poem Freeman composed for his uncle, Edmund Freeman; an anecdote about Philojocus and Gripus; an essay called "Character"; a draft of a letter to the Harvard Corporation requesting that, in light of the public debt, the Commencement ceremonies be held privately to lower expenses and exhibit the merits of economy; and an "epistle" to his father, requesting money. This epistle begins: "Most honored sire, / Thy son, poor Nat, in humble strains, / Impell'd by want, thy generous bounty claims."