878 resultados para Seeds -- Ecology


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The microalgal community as primary producers has to play a significant role in the biotic and abitoic interactions of any aquatic ecosystem. Whenever a community is exposed to a pollutant, responses can occur because individuals acclimate to pollutant caused changes and selection can occur favouring resistant genotypes within a population and selection among species can result in changes in community structure. The microalgal community of industrial effluent treatment systems are continuously exposed to pollutants and there is little data available on the structure and seasonal variation of microalgal community of industrial effluent holding ponds, especially of a complex effluent like that of refinery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the annual variation in the ecology, biomass, productivity and community structure of the algal community of a refinery effluent holding pond. The results of the study showed the pond to be a eutrophic system with a resistant microalgal community with distinct seasonal variation in species composition

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Habitat ecology and food and feeding of the herring bow crab, Varuna litterata of Cochin Backwaters, Kerala, India were investigated for a period of one year (April 2011-March 2012). Among the 15 stations surveyed, the crabs were found to occur only in 4 stations, which had a close proximity to the sea. Sediment analysis of the stations revealed that the substratum of these stations is sandy in nature and is rich in organic carbon content (0.79% to 1.07%). These estuarine crabs is euryhaline and are found to be distributed in areas with a sandy substratum, higher organic carbon content and more tidal influx. The stomach contents analysis of crabs examined showed that their diet included crustacean remains, plants, sand and debris, fishes, miscellaneous group and unidentified matter. In adults and sub-adults, crustaceans formed the dominant food group, while in juveniles, sand and debris formed the dominant group. From the present study, V. litterata was found to be a predatory omnivore capable of ingesting both animal and plant tissues

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Among the decapod crustaceans, brachyuran crabs or the true crabs occupy a very significant position due to their ecological and economic value. Crabs support a sustenance fishery in India, even though their present status is not comparable to that of shrimps and lobsters. They are of great demand in the domestic market as well as in the foreign markets. In addition to this, brachyuran crabs are of great ecological importance. They form the conspicuous members of the mangrove ecosystems and play a significant role in detritus formation, nutrient recycling and dynamics of the ecosystem. Considering all these factors, crabs are often considered to be the keystone species of the mangrove ecosystem. Though several works have been undertaken on brachyuran crabs world –wide as well as within the country, reports on the brachyuran crabs of Kerala waters are very scanty. Most of the studies done on brachyuran fauna were from the east coast of India and a very few works from the west coast. Among the edible crabs, mud crabs belonging to genus Scylla forms the most important due to their large size and taste. They are being exported on a large scale to the foreign markets like Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong. Kerala is the biggest supplier of live mud crabs and Chennai is the major centre of live mud crab export. However, there exists considerable confusion regarding the identification of mud crabs because of the subtle morphological differences between the species.In this context, an extensive study was undertaken on the brachyuran fauna of Cochin Backwaters, Kerala, India, to have a basic knowledge on their diversity, habitat preference and systematics. The study provides an attempt to resolve the confusion pertaining in the species identification of mud crabs belonging to Genus Scylla. Diversity study revealed the occurrence of 23 species of brachyuran crabs belonging to 16 genera and 8 families in the study area Cochin Backwaters. Among the families, the highest number of species was recorded from Family Portunidae .Among the 23 crab species enlisted from the Cochin backwaters, 5 species are of commercial importance and contribute a major share to the crustacean fishery of the Cochin region. It was observed that, the Cochin backwaters are invaded by certain marine migrant species during the Post monsoon and Pre monsoon periods and they are found to disappear with the onset of monsoon. The study reports the occurrence of the ‘herring bow crab’ Varuna litterata in the Cochin backwaters for the first time. Ecological studies showed that the substratum characteristics influence the occurrence, distribution and abundance of crabs in the sampling stations rather than water quality parameters. The variables which affected the crab distribution the most were Salinity, moisture content in the sediment, organic carbon and the sediment texture. Besides the water and sediment quality parameters, the most important factor influencing the distribution of crabs is the presence of mangroves. The study also revealed that most of the crabs encountered from the study area preferred a muddy substratum, with high organic carbon content and high moisture content. In the present study, an identification key is presented for the brachyuran crabs occurring along the study area the Cochin backwaters and the associated mangrove patches, taking into account the morphological characters coupled with the structure of third maxillipeds, first pleopods of males and the shape of male abdomen. Morphological examination indicated the existence of a morphotype which is comparable with the morphological features of S. tranquebarica, the morphometric study and the molecular analyses confirmed the non existence of S. tranquebarica in the Cochin backwaters.

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Die vorliegende Untersuchung analysiert die Eignung der "Spechtgemeinschaft" als ökologische Indikatorengruppe und formuliert vor dem Hintergrund der Ergebnisse Forderungen und Empfehlungen für einen "spechtgerechten" Umgang mit Wäldern. Die Habitatnutzung von sieben Spechtarten beim Nahrungserwerb wurde über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren in urwaldartigen und forstlich genutzten Beständen verschiedener Waldgesellschaften systematisch beobachtet. Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist der Bialowieza-Wald im äußersten Osten Polens, wo in enger räumlicher Nachbarschaft Natur- und Wirtschaftswaldflächen bearbeitet werden konnten. Die Beobachtungen erfolgten zwischen Anfang März 1999 und Ende Februar 2001 und wurden zu allen Jahreszeiten durchgeführt. Vier der insgesamt sechs Probeflächen repräsentieren die wichtigste Laubwaldgesellschaft des Gebietes, das Tilio-Carpinetum, die übrigen zwei die wichtigste Nadelwaldgesellschaft, das Peucedano-Pinetum. Die Hälfte der zwischen 42 und 54 ha großen Probeflächen lag im streng geschützten Urwaldreservat des Bialowieza-Nationalparkes, die übrigen in forstlich genutzten Waldbeständen. Zusätzlich wurde ein 2,5 km langes Transekt durch bewirtschafteten Erlen-Eschen-Auenwald und sehr naturnahen Erlenbruch bearbeitet. Die Probeflächen wurden in ein Raster aus 50x50m großen Quadranten unterteilt. Zur Beobachtung der Spechte beim Nahrungserwerb erfolgten 21 Begehungen je Probefläche bzw. Transekt. Die Probeflächen wurden dazu auf parallelen Linien mit Abständen von je 100m begangen, Startpunkt und Startrichtung wurden variiert. Zur Charakterisierung der Vegetation und Bestandesstruktur erfolgten Erhebungen zur Baumartenzusammensetzung, Größenklassenverteilung der Bäume, Totholzanteil und Krautvegetation. 1332 Beobachtungen von Spechten beim Nahrungserwerb konnten ausgewertet werden. Der Buntspecht wurde in allen Flächen am häufigsten gesehen. Mittel-, Weißrücken- und Kleinspecht wurden überwiegend in den Tilio-Carpineten beobachtet, in den Naturwäldern häufiger als in den bewirtschafteten Beständen. Der Dreizehenspecht wurde im Nadelwald und stärker mit Fichten durchmischtem Laubwald angetroffen. Bei Schwarz- und Grauspecht konnte keine klare Vorliebe für bestimmte Waldgesellschaften ermittelt werden. Der Buntspecht ernährte sich vor allem im Herbst und Winter überwiegend von fetthaltigen Samen und wurde dann meist beim Bearbeiten von Fichten- oder Kiefernzapfen in Schmieden beobachtet. Der Mittelspecht suchte als "Sammelspecht" seine Nahrung vor allem an den Oberflächen der Stämme und Äste. Klein-, Weißrücken-, Dreizehen- und Schwarzspecht traten als Hackspechte in Erscheinung. Die wenigen Daten zum Grauspecht reichen nicht zur Ermittlung der bevorzugten Nahrungserwerbstechnik aus. Bei Bunt-, Mittel- und Weißrückenspecht konnte eine deutliche Vorliebe für die Stieleiche als Nahrungsbaum nachgewiesen werden. Der Dreizehenspecht ist jedoch die einzige der beobachteten Arten mit einer weitgehenden Spezialisierung auf eine bestimmte Baumart, er nutzte in allen Waldgesellschaften meist die Fichte. Insgesamt bevorzugten die Spechte Bäume mit großen Stammdurchmessern, beim Kleinspecht ist diese Vorliebe allerdings nur schwach ausgeprägt. Totholz wurde von Weißrücken-, Dreizehen- und Kleinspecht bei der Nahrungssuche bevorzugt, vom Mittelspecht jedoch nur gelegentlich genutzt. Beim Buntspecht zeigte der Totholz-Nutzungsanteil erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Baumarten. Liegendes Totholz spielte in den Tilio-Carpineten im Vergleich zu stehendem Totholz und toten Teilen lebender Bäume nur eine geringe Rolle für Nahrung suchende Spechte.

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Little is known about the bacterial ecology of evaporative salt-mining sites (salterns) of which Teguidda-n-Tessoumt at the fringe of the West-African Saharan desert in Niger is a spectacular example with its many-centuries-old and very colorful evaporation ponds. During the different enrichment steps of the salt produced as a widely traded feed supplement for cattle, animal manure is added to the crude brine, which is then desiccated and repeatedly crystallized. This study describes the dominant Bacteria and Archaea communites in the brine from the evaporation ponds and the soil from the mine, which were determined by PCR-DGGE of 16S rDNA. Correspondence analysis of the DGGE-community fingerprints revealed a change in community structure of the brine samples during the sequential evaporation steps which was, however, unaffected by the brine's pH and electric conductivity (EC). The Archaea community was dominated by a phylogenetically diverse group of methanogens, while the Bacteria community was dominated by gamma proteobacteria. Microorganisms contained in the purified salt product have the potential to be broadly disseminated and are fed to livestock across the region. In this manner, the salt mines represent an intriguing example of long-term human activity that has contributed to the continual selection, cultivation, and dissemination of cosmopolitan microorganisms.

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Every German consumes per year, 15% is salmon, which is the third most popular fish in Germany after Alaska-Seelachs and Hering (Keller/Kress 2013: 9). But where does the salmon that ends up on our plates every 6th time we eat fish come from? There's no obligation for producers to declare the origin of their fish products, but if they do so, the latin name of the fish, catching method and catch area should be declared. Salmon, of which about 40% are captured in the wild and the rest brought up in aquacultures, could then be declared as follows: Salmon (salmo salar), aquaculture from Chile. Without any doubt, this makes consumption more transparent, but the standards of production – both, social and ecological ones – and the ecological impacts are still kept in the dark.

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Seed moisture content is significant in the handling and processing of seeds. This work therefore determined the physical properties of Locust bean seeds as functions of seed moisture content in the moisture range of 5.9 – 28.2% dry basis. Mohsenin, Stepanoff and ASAE standard methods were used in determining the properties. Increases in seed dimensions vitz length = 10.2±1.0 – 11.3±0.9 mm; width = 8.5±0.8 – 9.1±0.6 mm; surface area = 191.2±24.6 – 208.3±26.3 mm2 ; geometric mean diameter = 7.78±0.49 – 8.12±0.03 and arithmetic mean diameter = 8.06±0.56 – 8.34±0.49 mm were recorded. Seed thickness = 5.49±0.43 – 5.26±0.62 mm; sphericity = 0.75±0.04 – 0.71±0.03; true density = 1251.96±55.5 - 1222±62.16 kgm-3 and porosity = 48.4±2.14 – 41.9±3.78 decreased. Static coefficient of friction increased on plywood (0.5±0.02 – 0.6±0.01), glass (0.4±0.05 – 0.5±0.01) and decreased on aluminium (0.5±0.02 – 0.5±0.04). A data of the physical properties of Locust bean; Parkia biglobosa was developed. This is useful for the design and development of equipment necessary for its handling and processing.

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L'ecologia del paisatge neix en una vinculació ben estreta amb la geografia i viu un espectacular desenvolupament a partir de la segona meitat del segle XX. En l’actualitat, és una perspectiva científica transdisciplinària, consolidada i reconeguda, que intenta comprendre i ajudar a resoldre els principals reptes ambientals contemporanis pel que fa a la conservació del patrimoni natural i cultural. En aquestes pàgines, es repassa de forma sintètica els conceptes clau i els mètodes, eminentment quantitatius, emprats per l’ecologia del paisatge per analitzar la situació i l’evolució dels paisatges

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The system described herein represents the first example of a recommender system in digital ecosystems where agents negotiate services on behalf of small companies. The small companies compete not only with price or quality, but with a wider service-by-service composition by subcontracting with other companies. The final result of these offerings depends on negotiations at the scale of millions of small companies. This scale requires new platforms for supporting digital business ecosystems, as well as related services like open-id, trust management, monitors and recommenders. This is done in the Open Negotiation Environment (ONE), which is an open-source platform that allows agents, on behalf of small companies, to negotiate and use the ecosystem services, and enables the development of new agent technologies. The methods and tools of cyber engineering are necessary to build up Open Negotiation Environments that are stable, a basic condition for predictable business and reliable business environments. Aiming to build stable digital business ecosystems by means of improved collective intelligence, we introduce a model of negotiation style dynamics from the point of view of computational ecology. This model inspires an ecosystem monitor as well as a novel negotiation style recommender. The ecosystem monitor provides hints to the negotiation style recommender to achieve greater stability of an open negotiation environment in a digital business ecosystem. The greater stability provides the small companies with higher predictability, and therefore better business results. The negotiation style recommender is implemented with a simulated annealing algorithm at a constant temperature, and its impact is shown by applying it to a real case of an open negotiation environment populated by Italian companies

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Pachler (2008) A socio-cultural ecology of mobile learning

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Es una introducción a diversos entornos de nuestro planeta. Contiene información sobre todas las formas de vida en montañas, desiertos, océanos y bosques, y ofrece una reveladora mirada a la interacción de plantas, animales y personas. También examina cómo las personas han dañado el medio ambiente, y la mejor manera de mejorar la situación.

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Para los estudiantes de nivel avanzado en biología, geografía y ciencias de la Tierra, que necesitan una introducción a la ecología. El texto comienza con la ecología de los distintos organismos y se mueve, a través de las comunidades y los ecosistemas, a las consideraciones globales de la biogeografía, la co-evolución y la conservación. Destacan historias de casos, perspectivas históricas y polémicas teorías. Esta edición se ha puesto al día con los actuales planes de estudio mediante la adición de más material sobre la cuestión de la conservación, dando cobertura a los principios de la conservación y la utilización de estudios de casos para dar ejemplos de las políticas de conservación en la práctica. Tiene glosario, bibliografía, índice.

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Es una disciplina científica relativamente nueva, que estudia las relaciones entre los seres vivos, dentro de cada especie y entre especies diferentes, y entre éstos y su entorno. Por lo que también forma parte del estudio los aspectos físicos del medio ambiente, tales como la composición de las rocas, del suelo, del aire y del agua. El estudio ecológico se divide en varias fases, en primer lugar, se realiza el trabajo de campo que recopila información en el mismo medio natural y del que se obtienen unos datos, que sirven después para completar los estudios en el laboratorio y realizar experimentos.

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Salvage logging is a common practice carried out in burned forests worldwide, and intended to mitigate the economic losses caused by wildfires. Logging implies an additional disturbance occurring shortly after fire, although its ecological effects can be somewhat mitigated by leaving wood debris on site. The composition of the bird community and its capacity to provide ecosystem services such as seed dispersal of fleshy-fruited plants have been shown to be affected by postfire logging. We assessed the effects of the habitat structure resulting from different postfire management practices on the bird community, in three burned pine forests in Catalonia (western Mediterranean). For this purpose, we focused on the group of species that is responsible for seed dispersal, a process which takes place primarily during the winter in the Mediterranean basin. In addition, we assessed microhabitat selection by seed disperser birds in such environments in relation to management practices. Our results showed a significant, positive relationship between the density of wood debris piles and the abundance of seed disperser birds. Furthermore, such piles were the preferred microhabitat of these species. This reveals an important effect of forest management on seed disperser birds, which is likely to affect the dynamics of bird-dependent seed dispersal. Thus, building wood debris piles can be a useful practice for the conservation of both the species and their ecosystem services, while also being compatible with timber harvesting

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The recovery of vegetation in Mediterranean ecosystems after wildfire is mostly a result of direct regeneration, since the same species existing before the fire regenerate on-site by seeding or resprouting. However, the possibility of plant colonization by dispersal of seeds from unburned areas remains poorly studied. We addressed the role of the frugivorous, bird-dependent seed dispersal (seed rain) of fleshy-fruited plants in a burned and managed forest in the second winter after a fire, before on-site fruit production had begun. We also assessed the effect on seed rain of different microhabitats resulting from salvage logging (erosion barriers, standing snags, open areas), as well as the microhabitats of unlogged patches and an unburned control forest, taking account of the importance of perches as seed rain sites. We found considerable seed rain by birds in the burned area. Seeds, mostly from Olive trees Olea europaea and Evergreen pistaches Pistacia lentiscus, belonged to plants fruiting only in surrounding unburned areas. Seed rain was heterogeneous, and depended on microhabitat, with the highest seed density in the unburned control forest but closely followed by the wood piles of erosion barriers. In contrast, very low densities were found under perches of standing snags. Furthermore, frugivorous bird richness seemed to be higher in the erosion barriers than elsewhere. Our results highlight the importance of this specific post-fire management in bird-dependent seed rain and also may suggest a consequent heterogeneous distribution of fleshy-fruited plants in burned and managed areas. However, there needs to be more study of the establishment success of dispersed seeds before an accurate assessment can be made of the role of bird-mediated seed dispersal in post-fire regeneration