876 resultados para Roma-Historia-Imperio, 30 a.C.-476 d.C
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Free-living bacteria must respond to a wide range of temperature changes, and have developed specific mechanisms to survive in extreme environments. In this work we describe a remarkable resistance of mesophilic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus to several cycles of freezing at -80 degrees C, which was able to grow at low temperatures. Exponentially growing cells and late stationary-phase cells presented higher freezing resistance at both -20 and -80 degrees C than early stationary-phase cells. Cryotolerance was observed when log-phase cultures grown at 30 degrees C were preincubated at 5, 15 or 20 degrees C before freezing at -20 degrees C. A transposon library was screened to identify mutants sensitive to freezing at -80 degrees C and three strains presenting < 10% survival were isolated. Identification of genes disrupted in each mutant showed that they encoded an AddA family DNA helicase, a DEAD/DEAH box RNA helicase and a putative RND (resistance, nodulation, cell division) efflux system component. These strains showed longer generation times than wild-type cells when growing at 15 degrees C, with the RNA helicase mutant presenting a severe growth defect. These analyses suggest that the singular intrinsic resistance to freezing of C. crescentus is in fact a consequence of several independent traits, especially the maintenance of a proper degree of supercoiling of nucleic acids.
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Aqueous dispersions of the anionic phospholipid dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) at pH above the apparent pK of DMPG and concentrations in the interval 70-300 mM have been investigated by small (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized optical microscopy. The order. disorder transition of the hydrocarbon chains occurs along an interval of about 10 degrees C (between T(m)(on) similar to 20 degrees C and T(m)(off) similar to 30 degrees C). Such melting regime was previously characterized at lower concentrations, up to 70 mM DMPG, when sample transparency was correlated with the presence of pores across the bilayer. At higher concentrations considered here, the melting regime persists but is not transparent. Defined SAXS peaks appear and a new lamellar phase L(p) with pores is proposed to exist above 70 mM DMPG, starting at similar to 23 degrees C (similar to 3 degrees C above T(m)(on)) and losing correlation after T(m)(off). A new model for describing the X-ray scattering of bilayers with pores, presented here, is able to explain the broad band attributed to in-plane correlation between pores. The majority of cell membranes have a net negative charge, and the opening of pores across the membrane tuned by ionic strength, temperature, and lipid composition is likely to have biological relevance.
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The synthetic lipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-3-phosphoglycerol (DMPG), when dispersed in water/NaCl exhibits a complex phase behavior caused by its almost unlimited swelling in excess water. Using deuterium ((2)H)- and phosphorus ((31)P)-NMR we have studied the molecular properties of DMPG/water/NaCl dispersions as a function of lipid and NaCl concentration. We have measured the order profile of the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer with deuterated DMPG while the orientation of the phosphoglycerol headgroup was deduced from the (31)P NMR chemical shielding anisotropy. At temperatures > 30 degrees C we observe well-resolved (2)H- and (31)P NMR spectra not much different from other liquid crystalline bilayers. From the order profiles it is possible to deduce the average length of the flexible fatty acyl chain. Unusual spectra are obtained in the temperature interval of 20-25 degrees C, indicating one or several phase transitions. The most dramatic changes are seen at low lipid concentration and low ionic strength. Under these conditions and at 25 degrees C, the phosphoglycerol headgroup rotates into the hydrocarbon layer and the hydrocarbon chains show larger flexing motions than at higher temperatures. The orientation of the phosphoglycerol headgroup depends on the bilayer surface charge and correlates with the degree of dissociation of DMPG-Na(+). The larger the negative surface charge, the more the headgroup rotates toward the nonpolar region.
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The septins are a family of conserved proteins involved in cytokinesis and cortical organization. An increasing amount of data implicates different septins in diverse pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, neoplasia and infections. Human SEPT4 is a member of this family and its tissue-specific ectopic expression profile in colorectal and urologic cancer makes it a useful diagnostic biomarker. Thermal unfolding of the GTPase domain of SEPT4 (SEPT4-G) revealed an unfolding intermediate which rapidly aggregates into amyloid-like fibers under physiological conditions. In this study, we examined the effects of protein concentration, pH and metals ions on the aggregation process of recombinant SEPT4-G using a series of biophysical techniques, which were also employed to study chemical unfolding and stability. Divalent metal ions caused significant acceleration to the rate of SEPT4-G aggregation. Urea induced unfolding was shown to proceed via the formation of a partially unfolded intermediate state which unfolds further at higher urea concentrations. The intermediate is a compact dimer which is unable to bind GTR At 1 M urea concentration, the intermediate state was plagued by irreversible aggregation at temperatures above 30 degrees C. However, higher urea concentration resulted in a marked decay of the aggregation, indicating that the partially folded structures may be necessary for the formation of these aggregates. The results presented here are consistent with the recently determined crystal structure of human septins and shed light on the aggregation properties of SEPT4 pertinent to its involvement in neurodegenerative disease. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Neutral trehalase from Neurospora crassa was expressed in Escherichia coli as a polypeptide of similar to 84 kDa in agreement with the theoretical size calculated from the corresponding cDNA. The recombinant neutral trehalase, purified by affinity chromatography exhibited a specific activity of 80-150 mU/mg protein. Optima of pH and temperature were 7.0 and 30 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was absolutely specific for trehalose, and was quite sensitive to incubation at 40 degrees C. The recombinant enzyme was totally dependent on calcium, and was inhibited by ATP, copper, silver, aluminium and cobalt. K(M) was 42 mM, and V(max) was 30.6 nmol of glucose/min. The recombinant protein was phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, but not significantly activated. Immunoblotting with polyclonal antiserum prepared against the recombinant protein showed that neutral trehalase protein levels increased during exponential phase of N. crassa growth and dropped at the stationary phase. This is the first report of a neutral trehalase produced in E. coli with similar biochemical properties described for fungi native neutral trehalases, including calcium-dependence. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Although the production of patulin in apple fruits is mainly by Penicillium expansum, there is no information on the ability of heat resistant moulds that may survive pasteurization to produce this mycotoxin in juice packages during storage and distribution. In this study, the production of patulin by Byssochlamys spp (Byssochlamys nivea FRR 4421, B. nivea ATCC 24008 and Byssochlamys fulva IOC 4518) in cloudy and clarified apple juices packaged in laminated paperboard packages or in polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET) and stored at both 21 degrees C and 30 degrees C, was investigated. The three Byssochlamys strains were able to produce patulin in both cloudy and clarified apple juices. Overall, the lower the storage temperature, the lower the patulin levels and mycelium dry weight in the apple juices (p<0.05). The greatest variations in pH and degrees Brix were observed in the juices from which the greatest mycelium dry weights were recovered. The maximum levels of patulin recovered from the juices were ca. 150 mu g/kg at 21 degrees C and 220 mu g/kg at 30 degrees C. HPLC-UV, HPCL-DAD and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the ability of B. fulva IOC 4518 to produce patulin. Due to the heat resistance of B. nivea and B. fulva and their ability to produce patulin either in PET bottles or in laminated paperboard packages, the control of contamination and the incidence of these fungi should be a matter of concern for food safety. Control measures taken by juice industries must also focus on controlling the ascospores of heat resistant moulds. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The adsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide surface at 30 degrees C in the dark was investigated. The color reduction was monitored by spectrophotometry at 503 run. The FTIR and Raman spectra of the Direct Red 23 adsorption as a function of ZnO concentration were registered. From the PM3 semi-empirical calculations of the atomic charge density and dipole moment of the Direct Red 23 molecule, it was demonstrated that the azo, dye molecule may be adsorbed onto the ZnO Surface through molecule geometry modifications, enhancing the interfacial area causing a variation in the bonding frequencies. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit, dels att undersöka ett antal historielärares förståelse av och attityd till användandet av begreppet genus i historieundervisningen på gymnasiet, dels att analysera vad jämställdhetsmålen i gymnasieskolans styrdokument egentligen säger om be-greppet genus och om detta bör tolkas som ett direktiv att implementera genus i historieun-dervisningen. Undersökningen genomfördes i två steg. Gymnasieskolans styrdokument; skollagen, lä-roplanen för de frivilliga skolformerna samt ämnesbeskrivning och kursplaner för historia A, B och C, närlästes och analyserades utifrån en genusteoretisk grund. Därefter intervjuades sex utvalda gymnasielärare i historia kring begreppet genus i teori och praktik. Resultatet analyse-rades och kategoriserades därefter så att lärarnas genusmedvetenhet och attityd till användan-de av genus i historieundervisningen gick att identifiera.Styrdokumentsgranskningen visade att styrdokumenten idag inte säger någonting expli-cit om användandet av ett genusperspektiv i historieundervisningen men att skollagens och läroplanens jämställdhetsdirektiv vilar på en genusteoretisk grund och därmed indirekt kräver ett genusperspektiv i den konkreta undervisningen. Dokumentens formuleringar kräver en god kunskap kring begreppen jämställdhet och genus för att kunna förstås. Utan den kunskapen riskerar avsaknaden av ett explicit uttalat genusbegrepp att legitimera en historieundervisning utan genusperspektiv.Intervjuresultatet visade att genusmedvetenheten bland de utvalda lärarna var låg och att förekomsten av ett genusperspektiv i den egna undervisningen avgjordes av lärarens eget in-tresse för frågan. Attityden till användandet av ett genusperspektiv i historieundervisningen på gymnasiet kunde hos de flesta tolkas som positiv i teorin men i praktiken omgärdad av en rad förhindrande omständigheter såsom omedvetenhet, tids- och utrymmesbrist, metodbrist och historiedidaktiskt förhållningssätt.
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This report describes the work done creating a computer model of a kombi tank from Consolar. The model was created with Presim/Trnsys and Fittrn and DF were used to identify the parameters. Measurements were carried out and were used to identify the values of the parameters in the model. The identifications were first done for every circuit separately. After that, all parameters are normally identified together using all the measurements. Finally the model should be compared with other measurements, preferable realistic ones. The two last steps have not yet been carried out, because of problems finding a good model for the domestic hot water circuit.The model of the domestic hot water circuit give relatively good results for low flows at 5 l/min, but is not good for higher flows. In the report suggestions for improving the model are given. However, there was not enough time to test this within the project as much time was spent trying to solve problems with the model crashing. Suggestions for improving the model for the domestic circuit are given in chapter 4.4. The improved equations that are to be used in the improved model are given by equation 4.18, 4.19 and 4.22.Also for the boiler circuit and the solar circuit there are improvements that can be done. The model presented here has a few shortcomings, but with some extra work, an improved model can be created. In the attachment (Bilaga 1) is a description of the used model and all the identified parameters.A qualitative assessment of the store was also performed based on the measurements and the modelling carried out. The following summary of this can be given: Hot Water PreparationThe principle for controlling the flow on the primary side seems to work well in order to achieve good stratification. Temperatures in the bottom of the store after a short use of hot water, at a coldwater temperature of 12°C, was around 28-30°C. This was almost independent of the temperature in the store and the DHW-flow.The measured UA-values of the heat exchangers are not very reliable, but indicates that the heat transfer rates are much better than for the Conus 500, and in the same range as for other stores tested at SERC.The function of the mixing valve is not perfect (see diagram 4.3, where Tout1 is the outlet hot water temperature, and Tdhwo and Tdhw1 is the inlet temperature to the hot and cold side of the valve respectively). The outlet temperature varies a lot with different temperatures in the storage and is going down from 61°C to 47°C before the cold port is fully closed. This gives a problem to find a suitable temperature setting and gives also a risk that the auxiliary heating is increased instead of the set temperature of the valve, when the hot water temperature is to low.Collector circuitThe UA-value of the collector heat exchanger is much higher than the value for Conus 500, and in the same range as the heat exchangers in other stores tested at SERC.Boiler circuitThe valve in the boiler circuit is used to supply water from the boiler at two different heights, depending on the temperature of the water. At temperatures from the boiler above 58.2°C, all the water is injected to the upper inlet. At temperatures below 53.9°C all the water is injected to the lower inlet. At 56°C the water flow is equally divided between the two inlets. Detailed studies of the behaviour at the upper inlet shows that better accuracy of the model would have been achieved using three double ports in the model instead of two. The shape of the upper inlet makes turbulence, that could be modelled using two different inlets. Heat lossesThe heat losses per m3 are much smaller for the Solus 1050, than for the Conus 500 Storage. However, they are higher than those for some good stores tested at SERC. The pipes that are penetrating the insulation give air leakage and cold bridges, which could be a major part of the losses from the storage. The identified losses from the bottom of the storage are exceptionally high, but have less importance for the heat losses, due to the lower temperatures in the bottom. High losses from the bottom can be caused by air leakage through the insulation at the pipe connections of the storage.
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Neste trabalho estudou-se as artérias da base do encéfalo e suas fontes de suprimento sangüíneo em nutria (Myocastor coypus). Foram utilizados 32 espécimes. Em 30 animais, o sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex 603 corado em vermelho através da artéria aorta. Duas fêmeas foram utilizadas na confecção de moldes acrílicos. Sistematizou-se a origem das fontes de suprimento sangüíneo para o encéfalo e as artérias (Aa) da face ventral do cérebro, à direita (D) e à esquerda (E), com suas respectivas percentagens de aparecimento. O arco aórtico emitiu o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria (A.) subclávia E (60%) ou tronco braquiocefálico, A. carótida comum E e A. subclávia E (40%). O tronco braquiocefálico lançou A. carótida comum D e E e A. subclávia D (60%) ou A. carótida comum D e A. subclávia D (40%). A A. carótida comum D e E dividiu-se em A. carótida externa e A. occipital. A A. carótida interna foi ramo da A. occipital (100%), à D e E, e não cooperou na irrigação encefálica. Ramos terminais das Aa. Vertebrais D e E presentes (100%) formaram a A. basilar (100%). A. espinhal ventral presente (100%). A. cerebelar caudal à D foi simples (60%), dupla (36,7%) e tripla (3,3%), e à E foi simples (60%) e dupla (40%). A. cerebelar média como ramo da A. cerebelar caudal à D (70%) e à E (73,3%). A. trigeminal D e E ímpar (100%). A. cerebelar rostral D, simples (73,3%) e dupla (26,7%), à E, simples (70%) e dupla (30%). A. cerebral caudal D, simples (66,7%) e dupla (33,3%), à E, simples (73,3%) e dupla (26,7%). A. hipofisária D e E ímpar presente (100%). A. cerebral média D e E ímpar presente (100%). A. cerebral rostral D, desenvolvida e ímpar (86,7%), dupla (10%) e ausente (3,3%), à E desenvolvida e ímpar (100%). Ramo medial da A. cerebral rostral D, ímpar e desenvolvido (66,7%), vestigial (23,3%) ou ausente (10%), à E, ímpar e desenvolvido (73,3%), vestigial (23,3%) e ausente (3,3%). A. inter-hemisférica rostral presente (100%), formada pela anastomose do ramo medial da A. cerebral rostral D e E (40%), formada apenas pelo ramo medial da A. cerebral rostral E (33,3%) e formada apenas pelo ramo medial da A. cerebral rostral D (26,7%). A. lateral do bulbo olfatório D e E presente e ímpar (100%). A. medial do bulbo olfatório D e E ímpar (100%). A. etmoidal interna D simples (96,7%) e dupla (3,3%), à E, simples (100%). Observou-se que o círculo arterial cerebral da nutria foi fechado caudalmente (100%) e rostralmente aberto (60%) ou fechado (40%). O encéfalo foi suprido exclusivamente pelo sistema vértebro-basilar.
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Ischemia and reperfusion of the small intestine disrupts gut barrier, causes bacterial translocation and activates inflammatory responses. An experimental study was planned to evaluate if 99mTc labelled Escherichia coli translocates to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung and serum of rats submitted to mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. Additionally, it was observed if the time of reperfusion influences the level of translocation. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats underwent 45 minutes of gut ischemia by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. The translocation of labelled bacteria to different organs and portal serum was determined in rats reperfused for 30 minutes, 24 hours, sham(S) and controls(C), using radioactivity count and colony forming units/g (CFU). RESULTS: All the organs from rats observed for 24 hours after reperfusion had higher levels of radioactivity and positive cultures (CFU) than did the organs of rats reperfused for 30 minutes, C and S, except in the spleen (p<0,01). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that intestinal ischemia/reperfusion led to bacterial translocation, mostly after 24 hours of reperfusion
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The influence of temperatures on the life parameters of the solitary oothecal parasitoid Evania appendigaster, was investigated in the laboratory. Parasitized oothecae of Periplaneta americana were left to develop under seven constant temperatures: 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C. At the end, we found that: (i) E. appendigaster was able to complete development within the temperature range of 17-34 degrees C; (ii) mean adult longevity decreased as temperature increased, with the temperature of 40 degrees C being fatal in a matter of hours; (iii) males lived longer than females between 15 and 30 degrees C; (iv) adult emergence rate was the highest at 25 degrees C, and (v) no wasps emerged at 15 or 40 degrees C. Non-emerged oothecae contained either unhatched eggs or dead larvae. We determined the theoretical lower developmental threshold and thermal constant for the complete development as 12.9 degrees C and 584.8 day-degrees for males, and 13.1 degrees C and 588.2 day-degrees for females, respectively. A good balance between faster development, maximum adult longevity and good egg viability was obtained between 25-30 degrees C, and that would be the best temperature range for rearing E. appendigaster. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate germination of Momordica charantia L. seeds under different conditions of: water availability (0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 and -1.0 MPa), temperature (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C) and quality of incident light (filter dark, red, green, yellow, red off, blue, orange and without filter). For each variable evaluated, experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with four replicates kept under controlled conditions (germination chamber). There were higher percentages of germination under conditions of mild water restriction (-0.2 MPa) and temperatures around 25 degrees C, regardless of the quality of light. Temperatures below 20 degrees C and above 30 degrees C reduced germination, although lower temperatures had strongly effects on germination. Water availability lower than -0.2 MPa strongly reduced germination, which was inhibited in the treatments of -0.8 and 1.0 MPa.
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Avaliou-se a preferência alimentar de adultos de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar), pelos genótipos de batata Achat, Baronesa, Monalisa, N 140-201 e NYL 235-4. Foram realizados ensaios com e sem chance de escolha, em laboratórios e em casa de vegetação, na FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. em dois testes utilizaram-se discos de folíolos provenientes de plantios em vaso (plantas com 40 dias); em outros seis semelhantes (exceção ao genótipo N 140-201) foram utilizados discos de folíolos provenientes de plantio de campo (plantas com 30, 50 e 70 dias). Nas placas de Petri (repetições) foram liberados dois adultos/disco. Dois outros ensaios foram efetuados em gaiolas (sem chance de escolha), no interior de casa de vegetação, com plantas com 15 e 45 dias de idade, liberando-se três e 10 adultos/planta respectivamente, avaliando-se o consumo de área foliar quatro e cinco dias após. Nos testes em laboratório com material de vaso, o genótipo NYL 235-4 (com e sem chance) foi o menos consumido (1,08 a 1,12 mg de peso seco). Com material de campo (com e sem chance), o peso de matéria fresca consumida pela praga foi menor em NYL 235-4 (médias de 26,2 e 66,1 mg) e Baronesa (30,2 e 57,9 mg). Nos ensaios em gaiolas (sem chance) também verificou-se menor consumo em NYL 235-4 (3,35 cm² e 16,70 cm²/planta). Esses resultados revelam que o genótipo NYL 235-4 apresenta resistência do tipo não-preferência para alimentação em relação a D. speciosa.