Estudo paramétrico da injeção de vapor em reservatórios delgados

Exploration of heavy oil reservoirs is increasing every year in worldwide, because the discovery of light oil reservoirs is becoming increasingly rare. This fact has stimulated the research with the purpose of becoming viable, technically and economically, the exploration of such oil reserves. In Brazil, in special in the Northeast region, there is a large amount of heavy oil reservoir, where the recovery by the so called secondary methods Water injection or gas injection is inefficient or even impracticable in some reservoirs with high viscosity oils (heavy oils). In this scenario, steam injection appears as an interesting alternative for recover of these kinds of oil reservoirs. Its main mechanism consists of oil viscosity reduction through steam injection, increasing reservoir temperature. This work presents a parametric simulation study of some operational and reservoir variables that had influence on oil recovery in thin reservoirs typically found in Brazilian Northeast Basins, that use the steam injection as improved oil recovery method. To carry out simulations, it was used the commercial software STARS (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) from CMG (Computer Modeling Group) version 2007.11. Reservoirs variables studied were horizontal permeability, vertical and horizontal permeability ratio, water zone and pay zone thickness ratio, pay zone thickness and thermal conductivity of the rock. Whereas, operational parameters studied were distance between wells and steam injection rate. Results showed that reservoir variables that had more influence on oil recovery were horizontal permeability and water zone and pay zone thickness ratio. In relation to operational variables, results showed that short distances between wells and low steam injection rates improved oil recovery

Estudo paramétrico da recuperação de petróleo pesado por aquecimento eletromagnético resistivo

Electrical resistive heating (ERH) is a thermal method used to improve oil recovery. It can increase oil rate and oil recovery due to temperature increase caused by electrical current passage through oil zone. ERH has some advantage compared with well-known thermal methods such as continuous steam flood, presenting low-water production. This method can be applied to reservoirs with different characteristics and initial reservoir conditions. Commercial software was used to test several cases using a semi-synthetic homogeneous reservoir with some characteristics as found in northeast Brazilian basins. It was realized a sensitivity analysis of some reservoir parameters, such as: oil zone, aquifer presence, gas cap presence and oil saturation on oil recovery and energy consumption. Then it was tested several cases studying the electrical variables considered more important in the process, such as: voltage, electrical configurations and electrodes positions. Energy optimization by electrodes voltage levels changes and electrical settings modify the intensity and the electrical current distribution in oil zone and, consequently, their influences in reservoir temperature reached at some regions. Results show which reservoir parameters were significant in order to improve oil recovery and energy requirement in for each reservoir. Most significant parameters on oil recovery and electrical energy delivered were oil thickness, presence of aquifer, presence of gas cap, voltage, electrical configuration and electrodes positions. Factors such as: connate water, water salinity and relative permeability to water at irreducible oil saturation had low influence on oil recovery but had some influence in energy requirements. It was possible to optimize energy consumption and oil recovery by electrical variables. Energy requirements can decrease by changing electrodes voltages during the process. This application can be extended to heavy oil reservoirs of high depth, such as offshore fields, where nowadays it is not applicable any conventional thermal process such as steam flooding

Estudo da perda de carga e calor no poço injetor no processo De drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD)

The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process.

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Pirólise térmica e catalítica de resíduos de vácuo gerados no refino de petróleo

In this study, was used a very promising technique called of pyrolysis, which can be used for obtaining products with higher added value. From oils and residues, since the contribution of heavier oils and residues has intensified to the world refining industry, due to the growing demand for fuel, for example, liquid hydrocarbons in the range of gasoline and diesel. The catalytic pyrolysis of vacuum residues was performed with the use of a mesoporous material belonging the M41S family, which was discovered in the early 90s by researchers Mobil Oil Corporation, allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal arrangement of mesopores with pore diameters between 2 and 10 nm and a high specific surface area, making it very promising for use as a catalyst in petroleum refining for catalytic cracking, and their mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more positive for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous material of the type Al-MCM41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) was synthesized by hydrothermal method starting from the silica gel, NaOH and distilled water added to the gel pseudobohemita synthesis. Driver was used as structural CTMABr. Removal of organic driver (CTMABr) was observed by TG / DTG and FTIR, but this material was characterized by XRD, which was observed the formation of the main peaks characteristic of mesoporous materials. The analysis of adsorption / desorption of nitrogen this material textural parameters were determined. The vacuum residues (VR's) that are products of the bottom of the vacuum distillation tower used in this study are different from oil fields (regions of Ceará and Rio de Janeiro). Previously characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, viscosity, density, SARA, elemental analysis and thermogravimetry, which was performed by thermal and catalytic degradation of vacuum residues. The effect of AlMCM-41 was satisfactory, since promoted a decrease in certain ranges of temperature required in the process of conversion of hydrocarbons, but also promoted a decrease in energy required in the process. Thus enabling lower costs related to energy expenditure from degradation during processing of the waste

Avaliação térmica dos resíduos da destilação atmosférica das blendas - biodiesel/diesel

The worldwide concern regarding the use of sustainable energy and preserving the environment are determining factors in the search for resources and alternative sources of energy and therefore fuel less aggressive nature. In response to these difficulties Biodiesel has emerged as a good solution because it is produced from renewable sources, produces burns cleaner and is easily reproducible. This work was synthesized with biodiesel oil, sunflower via homogeneous catalysis in the presence of KOH, with and without the use of BHT and subsequently added to the blends BX (a proportion of biodiesel X = 5, 10, 15 and 20 %). Atmospheric distillation of the analysis, performed in blends with and without BHT were collected residue generated by each sample and performed a study heat from the thermogravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 10 °C*min-1, nitrogen atmosphere and heating to 600 °C. According to the specifications of Resolution N 7/2008 for biodiesel, it was found that the synthesized material was in accordance with the specifications. For blends showed that the samples are in accordance with the Resolution of ANP N 42/2009. From the TG / DTG curves of the samples of biodiesel, blends and waste can be seen that these show a single loss of thermal decomposition concerning constituents present in each sample. The blends without BHT with ratios of 5%, 10% and 15% biodiesel showed a lower amount of waste (1,07%; 1,09% e 1,10%) to mineral diesel (1,15%). Therefore, it is concluded that the addition of biodiesel with diesel mineral can improve some physico-chemical parameters, but also, depending on the added amount, decreasing the amount of waste generated. This fact is of great importance because the carbonaceous residue can cause problems in mechanical equipment and parts for vehicles, causing more frequent maintenance, and this is not desirable

Análise da recuperação em reservatório de gás com baixa permeabilidade (TIGHT GAS) através do fraturamento hidráulico

With the increasing of energetic consumption in the worldwile, conventional reservoirs, known by their easy exploration and exploitation, are not being enough to satisfy this demand, what has made necessary exploring unconventional reservoirs. This kind of exploration demands developing more advanced technologies to make possible to exploit those hydrocarbons. Tight gas is an example of this kind of unconventional reservoir. It refers to sandstone fields with low porosity, around 8%, and permeabilities between 0.1 and 0.0001 mD, which accumulates considerable amounts of natural gas. That natural gas can only be extracted by applying hydraulic fracturing, aiming at stimulating the reservoir, by creating a preferential way through the reservoir to the well, changing and making easier the flow of fluids, thus increasing the productivity of those reservoirs. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is analyzing the recovery factor of a reservoir by applying hydraulic fracturing. All the studies were performed through simulations using the IMEX software, by CMG (Computer Modelling Group), in it 2012.10 version

Um modelo matemático baseado em wavelets para análise do método térmico de recuperação de óleo pesado aplicando irradiação eletromagnética

This work proposes a model to investigate the use of a cylindrical antenna used in the thermal method of recovering through electromagnetic radiation of high-viscosity oil. The antenna has a simple geometry, adapted dipole type, and it can be modelled by using Maxwell s equation. The wavelet transforms are used as basis functions and applied in conjunction with the method of moments to obtain the current distribution in the antenna. The electric field, power and temperature distribution are carefully calculated for the analysis of the antenna as electromagnetic heating. The energy performance is analyzed based on thermo-fluid dynamic simulations at field scale, and through the adaptation in the Steam Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) by Computer Modelling Group (CMG). The model proposed and the numerical results obtained are stable and presented good agreement with the results reported in the specialized literature

Osteopenia diabética e pós-menopausa: efeito metabólico do zinco na recuperação do volume ósseo trabecular

Diabetes mellitus has been associated with bone metabolism alterations, such as osteopenia and osteporosis. So, the search of new anabolic agents promote bone mass gain can be important to prevent osteoporosis. The aim of this study was evaluate zinc anabolic effect over bone in diabetic and post-menopausal osteopenic models. Diabetes was induced by STZ (45mg/Kg of body weight) administration and post-menopausal by bilateral ovariectomy. Adults female Wistar rats (n=65) were divided in 5 groups: control group (n=15), ovariectomized without (n=15) and with zinc supplementation (n=10) groups, diabetic and ovarioctomized without (n=15) and with zinc supplementation (n=10) groups. Studied periods had been untill 90 days. Diabetic condition was confirmed hiperglicemic state and alterations of state with polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia and glucosuria. Histomorphometric analysis showed that zinc supplementation increased trabecular thickness and reduced trabecular distance significantly in diabetic groups with similar values to those showed in control group. Correlation analysis of histomorphometric parameters with serum glucose concentration showed that more time in hyperglycemia more bone damage, as well as, zinc supplementation contributed to prevent this damage. Elevated serum glucose caused hyperzincuria, phosphaturia and calciuria. Zinc supplementation promoted increased levels of calcium and phosphorous ions in 90th days diabetic group. No alteration was observed by ovariectomy in mineral (Ca, P and Zn) serum and urine concentrations. Total serum Alkaline Phosphatase activity increased in diabetic groups, supplemented or not, compared with control group. However, Tartarate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase, magnesium and serum zinc did not altered in studied groups. Serum albumin was reduced only in diabetic groups. Serum creatinine was unaltered. These results support the hypotesis that zinc can be used to prevent and treat diabetic and post-menopausal osteopenia

Caracterização térmica (TG/DTG, DTA, DSC, DSC-fotovisual) de Hormônios bioidênticos (estriol estradiol)

Bioidentical hormones are defined as compounds that have exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body. It is believed that the use of hormones may be safer and more effective than the non-bioidentical hormones, because binding to receptors in the organism would be similar to the endogenous hormone. Bioidentical estrogens have been used in menopausal women, as an alternative to traditional hormone replacement therapy. Thermal data of these hormones are scarce in literature. Thermal analysis comprises a group of techniques that allows evaluating the physical-chemistry properties of a drug, while the drug is subjected to a controlled temperature programming. The thermal techniques are used in pharmaceutical studies for characterization of drugs, purity determination, polymorphism identification, compatibility and evaluation of stability. This study aims to characterize the bioidentical hormones estradiol and estriol through thermal techniques TG/DTG, DTA, DSC, DSC-photovisual. By the TG curves analysis was possible to calculated kinetic parameters for the samples. The kinetic data showed that there is good correlation in the different models used. For both estradiol and estriol, was found zero order reaction, which enabled the construction of the vapor pressure curves. Data from DTA and DSC curves of melting point and purity are the same of literature, showed relation with DSC-photovisual results. The analysis DTA curves showed the fusion event had the best linearity for both hormones. In the evaluation of possible degradation products, the analysis of the infrared shows no degradation products in the solid state

Estudo de compatibilidade e estabilidade térmica do ácido retinóico e hidroquinona por termogravimetria

Retinoic acid (RA) and hydroquinone (HQ) assets are widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, for having depigmenting properties and are largely produced in drugstores. To assist in the development of formulations containing the active RA and HQ National Forms of Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (2005 and 2012 ) proposes formulations with different excipients such as cetyl alcohol (AC), cetostearyl alcohol (ACT), methylparaben (MTP), propyl paraben ( PPB), glycerin (GLY), dipropylene glycol (DPG), imidazolidinil urea ( IMD ), cyclomethicone (CCM ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), octyl stearate (ETO), EDTA, decil oleate (ODC) and hydroxipropymethyl celullose (HPMC). One of the difficulties found in most cosmetic formulations is the large number of incompatibilities between the components of the formulations, so the aim this study was to evaluate thermal stability and interactions between these active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients. The depigmenting agents were analyzed by DSC and TG and excipients were analyzed by TG. The dynamic thermogravimetric curves were obtained on a SHIMADZU thermobalance, model DTG-60, using an alumina crucible, at the heating rate of 10ºC min-1, in the temperature range of 25-900 ºC, under an atmosphere of nitrogen at 50 mL min-1. The DSC curves were obtained using Shimadzu calorimeter, model DSC-60, using aluminum crucible, at the heating rate of 10ºC min-1, in the temperature range of 25-400ºC. The thermogravimetric and calorimetric curves were analyzed using TASYS software SHIMADZU. In this study no were found interactions between AR and the following excipients: MTP, PPB, IMD, ODC, EDTA, CCM, ETO, HPMC. However, were found interactions with the following excipients: AC, ACT, BHT, GLI and DPG. For HQ were found interactions with IMD and DPG. Interactions remained even changing proportions of the mixtures and the ternary. Thus, the studies conducted with excipients of National Formulary from 2005 and 2012 showed that these new excipients do not interact by thermogravimetry with the active pharmaceutical ingredients of this study

Influência da soma térmica e da chuva durante o desenvolvimento de laranjas-'Valência' e 'Natal' na relação entre sólidos solúveis e acidez e no índice tecnológico do suco

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de conhecer a influência que algumas variáveis meteorológicas exercem na razão entre sólidos solúveis totais e acidez total titulável (ratio) e no índice tecnológico dos frutos da primeira florada das laranjeiras-'Natal' e 'Valência', na região de Bebedouro-SP, mediante a utilização de métodos estatísticos de regressão. Foram utilizados dados de amostragens de rotina para o processamento industrial durante 4 anos, os quais permitiram desenvolver equações de regressão linear e quadrática, com a soma térmica (graus-dia) como variável independente, e de regressão múltipla, utilizando graus-dia e chuva como variáveis independentes. A equação de melhor ajuste para o índice tecnológico foi a quadrática, enquanto para o ratio a equação linear apresentou o melhor ajuste. A temperatura do ar, representada por graus-dia, foi a variável que exerceu maior influência nos indicadores de qualidade dos frutos.

Variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, índice biespectral e recuperação anestésica em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano, tratados ou não com tramadol

Foram avaliadas possíveis alterações cardiorrespiratórias e no índice biespectral em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano, associado ou não ao tramadol. Utilizaram-se 16 animais, distribuídos em dois grupos denominados GC (grupo-controle) e GT (grupo tramadol). Todos os cães foram induzidos e mantidos sob anestesia com isofluorano. Os animais do GC receberam 0,05ml/kg de solução salina a 0,9% e os do GT 2mg/kg de tramadol, ambos por via intramuscular. Foram avaliados: freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média, eletrocardiografia, freqüência respiratória, saturação de oxiemoglobina, concentração de dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração, índice biespectral e recuperação da anestesia. Concluiu-se que a administração de tramadol em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano não produz alterações nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, no índice biespectral e no tempo de recuperação da anestesia, porém proporciona boa qualidade de recuperação anestésica.

A intervenção estatal no domínio econômico privado através da nova lei de recuperação de empresas e falências (lei 11.101/05)

Analysis of the elements of the Constitutional Order of the letter 1988 politics, with emphasis in the principles of this, a study on the intervention of the State in the private initiative by means of the Law of Recovery of Companies and Bankruptcies (law 11.101/05). New enterprise vision is admitted, over all in the interdependence between economic and social factors. Study on the globalization and the interdependence of economic and legal sciences in the construction of a legal optics in the search for the economic and social development, with the recognition of the interference of the Economy in the Right and its uneven importance. Still, we delineate the state intervention in the economic scope, of company and in the judicial recovery, as well as the consequences of such intervention in the involved credits in the judicial recovery and patrimony of the debtor in recovery. For such task, the elements of the Judicial Recovery, its principles and adequacy of these to the related ones in the chapter had been analyzed that turns on the national economic Order, describing the formal procedure for concession of the benefit of the Judicial Recovery and the principles in existing them. The forms of intervention of the State in the private economy were not disrespected, relating its direct and indirect performance as half of preservation of interests writings in the constitutional scope as public interest and preservation of the National economic Order. The regulating agencies as of direct state intervention were half not disrespected of the study for the relevance of the subject. It is revised national bibliography with incursions in French, Portuguese and North American comparative jurisprudence. One contributes in the aspect of the paper of the Judiciary Power in the protection of the companies in crisis and the social and economic impacts, over all in relation to the rights of the worked ones, credit and enterprise

Efeito da localização do nó de sutura na recuperação morfofuncional do tendão flexor digital profundo do membro torácico do cão após tenorrafia experimental

Este estudo teve por escopo comparar a influência do nó de sutura em três diferentes localizações na recuperação morfofuncional do tendão flexor digital profundo (TFDP) do cão. Foram utilizados 20 cães divididos em três grupos de oito, sete e cinco animais. Os TFDP do segundo e quinto dedos do membro torácico esquerdo foram seccionados e suturados pela técnica de Kessler modificada, alterando-se a localização do nó e o tipo de sutura no epitendíneo. No grupo um, o nó da sutura ficou localizado na região ventral do tendão e no grupo dois na face dorsal. em ambos os grupos, o epitendão foi suturado com pontos simples separados. No grupo três, o nó da sutura ficou interno ao endotendíneo e o epitendíneo foi suturado com ponto simples contínuo. Após a cirurgia, foi realizada diariamente a movimentação passiva controlada do membro do primeiro ao 15º dia. No 7º e no 15º dia os animais foram sacrificados por anestesia profunda e os tendões foram colhidos para avaliação macroscópica do processo de reparo tendíneo. O critério de comparação utilizou como parâmetros para avaliar a recuperação morfofuncional a ruptura do tendão, o afastamento dos cotos e a coaptação completa dos cotos tendíneos. O grupo que apresentou melhor resultado com relação aos parâmetros avaliados foi o terceiro, com ausência de ruptura e índice de afastamento de apenas 2,5% dos cotos tendíneos. Os resultados encontrados permitem concluir que a localização do nó de sutura na tenorrafia do TFDP interfere na resposta reparadora e biomecânica.