Mitigação de exposição a juros e moedas por meio de instrumento de dívidas corporativas no Brasil

Este artigo busca analisar se empresas utilizam instrumentos de dívida corporativa para fazer gestão de risco tanto à exposição à taxa de juros quanto à exposição cambial. Comparamos os coeficientes de regressões para avaliar a exposição a tais fatores de risco antes e depois da emissão da dívida corporativa. Utilizamos uma amostra de emissões de debêntures de empresas brasileiras emitidas no Brasil e de bonds de empresas brasileiras emitidas em dólar. Os dados abrangem o período de janeiro de 2003 a dezembro de 2012. Não encontramos evidência do uso de instrumentos de emissão de dívida corporativa local e internacional como mecanismo de hedge à taxa de juros e à variação da taxa de câmbio. Encontramos evidência de que o derivativo para hedge cambial é utilizado pela maioria das empresas emissoras de bonds. Entretanto, não observamos o mesmo comportamento quando da exposição à taxa de juros para emissoras de dívida corporativa local.

Time-dependent or state-dependent pricing? : evidence from a large currency devaluation episode

Duas classes de modelos buscam explicar o padrão de ajustamento de preço das firmas: modelos tempo-dependente e estado-dependente. O objetivo deste trabalho é levantar algumas evidencias empíricas de modo a distinguir os modelos, ou seja, identificar de que maneira as firmas realmente precificam. Para isso, escolheu-se a grande desvalorização cambial de 1999 como principal ferramenta e ambiente de análise. A hipótese fundamental é que o choque cambial impacta significativamente o custo de algumas indústrias, em alguns casos induzindo-as a alterarem seus preço após o choque. A partir de uma imensa base de micro dados formada por preços que compõem o CPI, algumas estimações importantes como a probabilidade e a magnitude média das trocas foram levantadas. A magnitude é dada por uma média simples, enquanto a probabilidade é estimada pelo método da máxima verossimilhança. Os resultados indicam um comportamento de precificação similar ao proposto por modelos estado-dependente.

Os determinantes macroeconômicos da estrutura a termo das expectativas de inflação no Brasil

Este trabalho visa analisar a dinâmica das expectativas de inflação em função das condições macroeconômicas. Para tal, extraímos as curvas de inflação implícita na curva de títulos públicos pré-fixados e estimamos um modelo de fatores dinâmicos para sua estrutura a termo. Os fatores do modelo correspondem ao nível, inclinação e curvatura da estrutura a termo, que variam ao longo do tempo conforme os movimentos no câmbio, na inflação, no índice de commodities e no risco Brasil implícito no CDS. Após um choque de um desvio padrão no câmbio ou na inflação, a curva de inflação implícita se desloca positivamente, especialmente no curto prazo e no longo prazo. Um choque no índice de commodities também desloca a curva de inflação implícita positivamente, afetando especialmente a parte curta da curva. Em contraste, um choque no risco Brasil desloca a curva de inflação implícita paralelamente para baixo.

The access to demand

In this paper I argue that, in developing countries, sufficient aggregate demand is not enough to motivate investment and achieve full employment. Besides, according to the Keynesian developmental macroeconomics under construction, competent business enterprises must have access to that demand –access which is denied to most of them because developing countries face the tendency to the cyclical and chronic overvaluation of the exchange rate

Determinantes da taxa de aluguel nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho analisa a variação da taxa de aluguel e do custo de moradia nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro para o período de Janeiro de 2008 a Janeiro de 2014 utilizando uma abordagem quantitativa com base na expectativa de longo prazo da taxa de juros reais, na expectativa de inflação e na valorização do preço dos imóveis em uma janela de 1 ano. Os resultados indicam que a expectativa de longo prazo da taxa de juros reais tem um impacto relevante na variação da taxa de aluguel durante o período abordado, bem como a expectativa de inflação, mas em magnitude menor, enquanto a valorização passada de 1 ano não tem poder explicativo sobre a taxa de aluguel.

As intervenções do Banco do Central do Brasil no mercado de câmbio e seus efeitos no nível intradiário da taxa de câmbio

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o efeito das intervenções cambiais realizadas pelo Banco Central do Brasil sobre o nível intradiário da taxa de câmbio no Brasil. Para isso é utilizada uma abordagem de estudo de eventos, cruzando as cotações tick-by-tick dos contratos de dólar futuro negociados na BM&FBOVESPA com o instante em que ocorreram as intervenções, no período de outubro de 2011 a março de 2014. Foram considerados nas análises não apenas o momento da intervenção como também o momento do anúncio. Os resultados indicaram que o mercado reage de forma distinta a cada tipo de intervenção, sendo a reação acentuada quando a intervenção não é anunciada previamente ao mercado. As intervenções via swap cambial ou dólar pronto geraram efeitos significativos e relevantes no nível da taxa de câmbio. Por outro lado, as intervenções através de leilão de linha não afetaram significativamente a taxa de câmbio.

A quase-estagnação brasileira e sua explicação novo-desenvolvimentista

The Brazilian economy is quasi-stagnant since 1980, with exception of the short 2006-2010 boom, caused by the high prices of the commodities. Up to 1994, the causes were the major financial crisis of the 1980s and the ensuing high inertial inflation. Since these two causes were overcome, the Brazilian economy should have resumed growth, but didn’t. According to new developmental macroeconomics, the new fact that explains this low growth is the 1990-91 trade liberalization, which had as non-predicted consequence the suspension of the neutralization of the Dutch disease. This fact made the Brazilian manufacturing industry to have since then a competitive disadvantage of 20 to 25%, which is causing premature deindustrialization and quasi-stagnation. There is a solution for this stalemate today, but liberal as well as developmental Brazilian economists are not being able to consider the new macroeconomic models that justify it

Optimal rules for monetary policy in Brazil

This paper presents optimal rules for monetary policy in Brazil derived from a backward looking expectation model consisting of a Keynesian IS function and an Augmented Phillips Curve (ISAS). The IS function displays'a high sensitivity of aggregate demand to the real interest rate and the Phillips Curve is accelerationist. The optimal monetary rules show low interest rate volatility with reaction coefficients lower than the ones suggested by Taylor (1993a,b). Reaction functions estimated through ADL and SUR models suggest that monetary policy has not been optimal and has aimed to product rather than inflation stabilization.

Partial economic reforrns and financial crises: an emerging markets perspective

The recent emerging market experiences have posed a challenge to the conventional wisdom that unsustainable fiscal deficits are the key to understanding financial crises in these countries. The health of the domestic banking system has emerged as the main driving force behind the perverse dynamics of partial reforms. The current paper shares this view and uses a model of contractual inefliciencies in the banking sector to understand the dynamics of these reforms. We find that the threat of a large exchange rate devaluation depends on the stock of international reserves relative to the stock of domestic credit that must be extended by the Central Bank in response to a large capital outflow. Moreover, if a country has a weak banking sector but high net reserve ratios, the capital flow reversal might only increase the vulnerability to a currency crisis without necessarily causing it. The results are in accordance with much of the empiricalliterature on the determinants of financiaI crises in emerging markets. Some aspectsof the recent policy debate on the introduction of capital controls are also analysed.

The forward and the equity premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

The Forward Premium Puzzle (FPP) is how the empirical observation of a negative relation between future changes in the spot rates and the forward premium is known. Modeling this forward bias as a risk premium and under weak assumptions on the behavior of the pricing kernel, we characterize the potential bias that is present in the regressions where the FPP is observed and we identify the necessary and sufficient conditions that the pricing kernel has to satisfy to account for the predictability of exchange rate movements. Next, we estimate the pricing kernel applying two methods: i) one, du.e to Araújo et aI. (2005), that exploits the fact that the pricing kernel is a serial correlation common feature of asset prices, and ii) a traditional principal component analysis used as a procedure 1;0 generate a statistical factor modeI. Then, using on the sample and out of the sample exercises, we are able to show that the same kernel that explains the Equity Premi um Puzzle (EPP) accounts for the FPP in all our data sets. This suggests that the quest for an economic mo deI that generates a pricing kernel which solves the EPP may double its prize by simultaneously accounting for the FPP.

Balance of payment crises and capital flows : the role of liquidity

A model of externaI CrISIS is deveIoped focusing on the interaction between Iiquidity creation by financiaI intermediaries and foreign exchange collapses. The intermediaries' role of transforming maturities is shown to result in larger movements of capital and a higher probability of crisis. This resembles the observed cycle in capital fiows: large infiows, crisis and abrupt outfiows. The mo deI highlights how adverse productivity and international interest rate shocks can be magnified by the behavior of individual foreign investors linked together through their deposits in the intermediaries. An eventual collapse of the exchange rate can link investors' behavior even further. The basic model is then extended, quite naturally, to study the effects of capital fiow contagion between countries.

Ajustamento de uma economia após uma elevação da produtividade

Employing the two sector model of capital accumulation in an open economy, the impact on the path of the following variables: exchange rate, wages, investment, saving, and consequently externaI debt and capital stock afier a permanent and non expected elevation of the economy productivity is determinated. Afier this positive shock, saving rate decreases, current transaction deteriorates and the exchange rate appreciates. Those are equilibrium phenomena from 3D intertemporaI point of view due to the permanent income raise and to the domestic good excess demand that follows the productivity increase. Assuming that the stabilization programa augment the economy productivity, the model could rationalize qualitatively the stylized facts witnessed after those programa.

Testing covariance stationarity

In this paper, we show that the widely used stationarity tests such as the KPSS test has power close to size in the presence of time-varying unconditional variance. We propose a new test as a complement of the existing tests. Monte Carlo experiments show that the proposed test possesses the following characteristics: (i) In the presence of unit root or a structural change in the mean, the proposed test is as powerful as the KPSS and other tests; (ii) In the presence a changing variance, the traditional tests perform badly whereas the proposed test has high power comparing to the existing tests; (iii) The proposed test has the same size as traditional stationarity tests under the null hypothesis of covariance stationarity. An application to daily observations of return on US Dollar/Euro exchange rate reveals the existence of instability in the unconditional variance when the entire sample is considered, but stability is found in sub-samples.

Spectral properties of temporally aggregated long memory processes

This paper derives the spectral density function of aggregated long memory processes in light of the aliasing effect. The results are different from previous analyses in the literature and a small simulation exercise provides evidence in our favour. The main result point to that flow aggregates from long memory processes shall be less biased than stock ones, although both retain the degree of long memory. This result is illustrated with the daily US Dollar/ French Franc exchange rate series.

União monetária Européia : diferenças no mecanismo de transmissão monetária

This study identifies differences in the monetary policy transmission mechanism across countries in the euro area. It is argued that part of the differences in the response of economic activity to monetary policy during the pre-EMU period reflected differences in monetary policy reaction functions, rather than different transmission mechanisms. In particular, monetary policy appears to have been more persistent in Germany and in those countries closely following Germany (such as Netherlands and Austria) in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. Monetary policy in these countries appears to have had significant effects on domestic output. The corollary is that under EMU other countries—in particular France, Italy, Ireland, and Finland—are expected to see more sensitivity of output to monetary policy under EMU. Nevertheless, a common monetary policy is still found to bring about heterogeneous output responses across countries, reflecting variations in the strength of the interest, credit, and exchange rate channels that remain under EMU.