Diálogos entre Anísio Teixeira e Darcy Ribeiro: o projeto educacional de Brasília (1960) e o Programa Especial de Educaç ão - I PEE Rio de Janeiro (1980)

O presente estudo analisa dois programas educacionais que se materializaram por meio das Escolas Classe/Escola Parque de Brasília e dos Centros Integrados de Educação Pública - CIEPs, no Rio de Janeiro. O primeiro, na década de 1960, mediante o Plano de Construções Escolares de Brasília, formulado por Anísio Teixeira, e o segundo, implementado na década de 1980, em conformidade com o Programa Especial de Educação - I PEE, proposto e executado por Darcy Ribeiro no Rio de Janeiro. No entrecruzamento dos projetos desses dois intelectuais, busco compreender as dissensões, imbricações e convergências dessas iniciativas e o seu legado para a política educacional. Para tanto, me apoio nas produções acadêmicas de dois Grupos de Pesquisa, que têm como objeto os programas educacionais implantados respectivamente, por Anísio e Darcy. Em Brasília, encontramos em seu acervo a memória dos pioneiros da experiência das Escolas Classe/Escola Parque no Distrito Federal, intitulando-se "Educação Básica Pública do Distrito Federal: Origens de um Projeto Inovador (1956-1964), PPGE/UnB, tendo como coordenadora a professora Eva Waisros Pereira. Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, observamos estudos sobre os CIEPs, produzidos pelo Laboratório Educação e República LER/ProPEd/UERJ, sendo líder da pesquisa a professora Lia Faria. Ainda nessa investigação são consideradas as determinações e os investimentos pessoais e profissionais, tanto de Darcy Ribeiro como de Anísio Teixeira, intelectuais que assumiram a dimensão prática na produção das ideias, considerando a relação dessas ideias com o mundo. Ao recuperar as produções desses dois Grupos, desvelamos também os calorosos debates relacionados às diferentes concepções de educação Integral. A análise destaca o projeto educacional de nação a partir da escola pública em seu caráter republicano. A reflexão proposta visa contribuir, juntamente com as demais pesquisas já realizadas, com a temática da educação integral e da escola pública de horário integral - para a formulação de políticas públicas na área educacional. Nesse sentido, pretendo colaborar para o desenho de propostas governamentais, especialmente para o PNE 2011-2020, buscando valorizar os pesquisadores que nos antecedem em seus trabalhos

Esporte e currículo de educação Física Escolar

O esporte chegou ao século XXI como uma das maiores manifestações da cultura corporal de movimento. No entanto sua presença no currículo escolar ainda depende de professores que acreditam no valor educacional da experiência esporti-va ou de projetos que têm origem fora do contexto educacional. O campo acadêmico da Educação Física escolar, que faz a mediação entre esporte e escola, permanece alheio às demandas dos alunos e da escola eratifica sua posição em significar o esporte como isento de qualidades educacionais em seu discurso hegemônico. Por outro lado os discursos olímpicos produzidos pelas instituições de organização es-portiva precisam justificar suas demandas e voltam seus olhares para o sistema e-ducacional. Proponho uma articulação entre a educação Física escolar e o esporte superando o antagonismo acadêmico fundamentalista que os separa para introduzir o esporte escolar no currículo como elemento do Projeto Político Pedagógico das escolas vinculado à Educação Física escolar e como política pública de educação e esportes. Identifico a necessidade de deslocar o contexto de influência das políticas públicas para o esporte do Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro para os setores de Educação Física escolar do Ministério da Educação. Defendo que a experiência esportiva no interior da escola é o que torna o esporte um elemento curricular educacionalmente interessante e denuncio a concepção de esporte escolar presente nas recontextualização de políticas públicas para o esporte escolar voltadas apenas para a organização das competições escolares. Utilizo como referencial teórico-metodológicos as contribuições do pós-fundacionismo, a Teoria do Discurso de Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe, os estudos de Hugo Lovisolo sobre a estética e sua relação com a educação Física e o esporte.Aponto para a substituição do paradigma marxista que orienta as propostas hegemônicas para a Educação Física escolar pelas proposições de Chantal Mouffe para a democracia radical e vejo nessa substituição uma possibilidade de ressignificação do esporte escolar em termos políticos. Utilizo entrevistas com cinco professores aos quais denomino como professores interlocutores pela contribuição em ampliar meu entendimento sobre as relações entre EFE e esporte, assim como, sobre as demandas presentes nas instituições em que trabalham e sobre a convivência de projetos de parcerias público-privadas com a Educação Física escolar no interior das escolas. Entendo que a inserção do esporte na escola por projetos e oficinas de origem externa ao sistema educacional possa representar uma ameaça à Educação Física escolar.

Y chromosome evidence of earliest modern human settlement in East Asia and multiple origins of Tibetan and Japanese populations

Background: The phylogeography of the Y chromosome in Asia previously suggested that modern humans of African origin initially settled in mainland southern East Asia, and about 25,000 30,000 years ago, migrated northward, spreading throughout East Asia. H

Association of haplotypes spanning PDZ-GEF2, LOC728637 and ACSL6 with schizophrenia in Han Chinese

Background: Schizophrenia is a complex genetic disorder caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Several lines of linkage and association studies have repeatedly suggested that the chromosome 5q22-33 region is implicated in the aetiology of s

Characterization and Comparison of the Tissue-Related Modules in Human and Mouse

Background: Due to the advances of high throughput technology and data-collection approaches, we are now in an unprecedented position to understand the evolution of organisms. Great efforts have characterized many individual genes responsible for the interspecies divergence, yet little is known about the genome-wide divergence at a higher level. Modules, serving as the building blocks and operational units of biological systems, provide more information than individual genes. Hence, the comparative analysis between species at the module level would shed more light on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of organisms than the traditional comparative genomics approaches. Results: We systematically identified the tissue-related modules using the iterative signature algorithm (ISA), and we detected 52 and 65 modules in the human and mouse genomes, respectively. The gene expression patterns indicate that all of these predicted modules have a high possibility of serving as real biological modules. In addition, we defined a novel quantity, "total constraint intensity,'' a proxy of multiple constraints (of co-regulated genes and tissues where the co-regulation occurs) on the evolution of genes in module context. We demonstrate that the evolutionary rate of a gene is negatively correlated with its total constraint intensity. Furthermore, there are modules coding the same essential biological processes, while their gene contents have diverged extensively between human and mouse. Conclusions: Our results suggest that unlike the composition of module, which exhibits a great difference between human and mouse, the functional organization of the corresponding modules may evolve in a more conservative manner. Most importantly, our findings imply that similar biological processes can be carried out by different sets of genes from human and mouse, therefore, the functional data of individual genes from mouse may not apply to human in certain occasions.

Proteomic Analysis of Proteins Involved in Spermiogenesis in Mouse

Spermiogenesis is a unique process in mammals during which haploid round spermatids mature into spermatozoa in the testis. Its successful completion is necessary for fertilization and its malfunction is an important cause of male infertility. Here, we report the high-confidence identification of 2116 proteins in mouse haploid germ cells undergoing spermiogenesis: 299 of these were testis-specific and 155 were novel. Analysis of these proteins showed many proteins possibly functioning in unique processes of spermiogenesis. Of the 84 proteins annotated to be involved in vesicle-related events, VAMP4 was shown to be important for acrosome biogenesis by in vivo knockdown experiments. Knockdown of VAMP4 caused defects of acrosomal vesicle fusion and significantly increased head abnormalities in spermatids from testis and sperm from the cauda epididymis. Analysis of chromosomal distribution of the haploid genes showed underrepresentation on the X chromosome and overrepresentation on chromosome 11, which were due to meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and expansion of testis-expressed gene families, respectively. Comparison with transcriptional data showed translational regulation during spermiogenesis. This characterization of proteins involved in spermiogenesis provides an inventory of proteins useful for understanding the mechanisms of male infertility and may provide candidates for drug targets for male contraception and male infertility.

A unique group of inactive serine protease homologues from snake venom

A number of inactive serine protease homologues (SPHs), which have poorly understood functions, have been identified in invertebrates and vertebrates. Recently, several SPH transcripts have been reported from snake venom glands, which provide potential ne

Purification and characterization of a new L-amino acid oxidase from Daboia russellii siamensis venom

A new L-amino acid oxidase (designated as DRS-LAAO) was purified from Daboia russellii siamensis venom by ion-exchange, gel filtration and affinity chromatographies. DRS-LAAO is a homodimeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 120.0 kDa as measured by size

Embryonic stages and eye-specific gene expression of the local cyprinoid fish Anabarilius grahami in Fuxian Lake, China

Anabarilius grahami is a cyprinoid fish endemic to Fuxian Lake, Yunnan, China. In this study, a comprehensive staging series of A. grahami was produced. The embryonic development of A. grahami was divided into six main periods: zygote period, cleavage per

The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome

Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25 gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05 Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7 million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid de novo assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.

Comparative feature on design, construction and installation of three different model of low cost solar tunnel dryers

The study was conducted in collaboration with the ECFC project of the FAO (BGD/97/017) in Cox's Bazar to develop a low cost solar tunnel dryer for the production of high quality marine dried fish. The study areas were Kutubdiapara, Maheshkhali and Shahparirdip under Cox's Bazar district. Three different models of low cost solar dryer were constructed with locally available materials such as bamboo, wood, bamboo mat, hemp, canvas, wire, nails, rope, tin, polythene and net. Size of the dryers were: 20x4x3 ft ; 30x3x3 ft and 65x3x3 ft with the costs of Tk. 3060, 3530, 9600 for dryer 1, 2 and 3, respectively having different models. The drying capacities were 50, 150, 500 kg for dryer 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The average temperature range inside the dryers were 29-43°C, 34-51°C and 37-57°C for dryer 1, 2 and 3 respectively as recorded at 8:30h to 16:30h. The relative humidity were in the ranges of 22-42%, 27-39% and 24-41 % in dryer 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The fish samples used were Bombay duck, Silver Jew fish and Ribbon fish. The total drying time was in the range of 30-42, 28-38 and 24-34 hours to reach the moisture content of 12.3-14.5, 11.8-14.3, and 11.6-14.1% in dryer 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Among these three fish samples the drying was faster in Silver Jew fish followed by Bombay duck and Ribbon fish in all the three dryer.

Anti Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) Agents 3. Synthesis and in Vitro Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Some N-Arylsulfonylindoles

In order to find compounds with superior anti human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, twelve simple N-arylsulfonylindoles (3a-1) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro for the first time. Several compounds

Anti-human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Constituents of the Bark of Poncirus trifoliata

A total of 36 compounds (1-36) were obtained from the stem bark of Poncirus trifoliata including three new prenylated flavonoids, (-)-5,4'-dihydroxy-7,8-[(3 '',4 ''-cis-dihydroxy-3 '',4 ''-dihydro)-2 '',2 ''-dimethylpyrano]-flavone (1), (-)-5,4'-dihydroxy-7,8-[(3 ''-hydroxy-4 ''-one)-2 '',2 ''-dimethylpyrano]-flavone (2), and (-)-5,4'-dihydroxy-7,8-[(cis-3 ''-hydroxy-4 ''-ethoxy-3 '',4 ''-dihydro)-2 '',2 ''-dimethylpyrano]-flavone (3). The new structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-20 were evaluated for their anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) activity, in which 2 showed significant anti-HIV-1 activity with high therapeutic index (T1) of 143.65.

Anti-HIV Actions of 7- and 10-Substituted Camptothecins (vol 15, pg 138, 2010)

The authors thank the anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the early version of the manuscript. This work was financially supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System, the Science Fund for Young Scholars in Sichuan Province (Grant No: ZQ 026-017), and the National 863 Project of China (No. 2008AA101001).

Maintenance of Multifemale Social Organization in a Group of Nomascus concolor at Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China

Many short-term studies have reported groups of black crested gibbons containing >= 2 adult females (Nomascus concolor). We report the stability of multifemale groups in this species over a period of 6 yr. Our focal group and 2 neighboring groups included 2 breeding females between March 2003 and June 2009. We also habituated 1 multifemale group to observers and present detailed information concerning their social relationships over a 9-mo observation period. We investigated interindividual distances and agonistic behavior among the 5 group members. The spatial relationship between the 3 adult members (1 male, 2 females) formed an equilateral triangle. A subadult male was peripheral to the focal group, while a juvenile male maintained a closer spatial relationship with the adult members. We observed little agonistic behavior among the adult members. The close spatial relationship and lack of high rates of agonistic behavior among females suggest that the benefits of living in a multifemale group were equal to or greater than the costs for both females, given their ecological and social circumstances. The focal group occupied a large home range that was likely to provide sufficient food sources for the 2 females and their offspring. Between March 2003 and June 2009, 1 adult female gave 2 births and the other one gave 1 birth. All individuals in the focal group survived to June 2009. A long-term comparative study focused on females living in multifemale groups and females living in pair-living groups would provide insight into understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of the social system in gibbons.