Estudo aerobiológico da cidade do Funchal: detecção bioquímica dos principais aeroalergénios polínicos

A abordagem da doença alérgica, nomeadamente da alergia respiratória, surge reforçada com o contributo da Aerobiologia no conhecimento, evolução e controlo da doença. Por seu turno, a caracterização bioquímica dos aeroalergénios de uma região pemite avaliar a sua composição e potencial alergénico, com particular interesse para espécies vegetais cuja introdução e/ou proximidade a áreas populacionais, potenciam o aparecimento ou o aumento de sensibilização a aeroalergénios. O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação incidiu em duas vertentes de investigação distintas, porém complementares e interdependentes: numa primeira parte, no estudo da composição aerobiológica da atmosfera da cidade do Funchal no período 2002-2004 (Capítulo I), e numa segunda parte, na caracterização bioquímica dos alergénios polínicos mais frequentes detectados no referido período (Capítulo II). Assim, numa primeira parte, a monitorização aerobiológica (incluindo pólenes, esporos de fungos e demais partículas de origem biológica), foi realizada com um polinómetro do tipo volumétrico, tipo Hirst (Burkard). Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados com os parâmetros meteorológicos e avaliado o seu significado estatístico, permitindo antever a influência das variáveis ambientais em cada tipo particular de pólen e de fungo. Constataram-se algumas diferenças no conteúdo aerobiológico comparativamente ao restante território nacional. No espectro polínico dominaram as Poaceae e Urticaceae, plantas ornamentais (Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Cupressaceae) e as representativas da faixa norte da cidade (Ericaceae, Myrtaceae e Pinaceae). Comparativamente a outras regiões do País, o espectro polínico foi no cômputo geral semelhante, embora se destaque para esta região, a expressividade do tipo Corylus no total polínico anual. A Primavera e o início de Verão, corresponderam às épocas de maior diversidade e concentração de pólenes. As diferenças encontradas no espectro polínico da cidade do Funchal são explicadas por variáveis intrínsecas desta região, tais como a composição vegetal, a localização da cidade, condições geo-climáticas inerentes, e a influência dos parâmetros meteorológicos, nomeadamente a temperatura e humidade relativa. Verificou-se a ocorrência de um maior número de pólenes quando a humidade se situa entre os 50 e 60 %, com a precipitação e a velocidade do vento a atingir valores mais baixos. A análise da variação intra-diurna observada revelou que há uma maior representação de pólenes entre as 11 e as 16 horas. Este estudo aerobiológico confere dados para o estabelecimento do primeiro calendário polínico da região e a definição de padrões de sazonalidade. Por seu turno, a fenologia dos principais tipos polínicos observados no Funchal permite definir um padrão anual de ocorrências polínicas. Relativamente à aeromicologia, verifica-se que, durante o período de estudo foram observados esporos de fungos sobretudo na Primavera (particularmente em Abril e Maio), início do Verão e no Outono. Os Deuteromicetes representaram a classe predominante, sendo Cladosporium o fungo mais abundante na atmosfera do Funchal, cujas concentrações mais elevadas ocorrem a humidades relativas de 40 a 70%. Tal como os pólenes, os esporos apresentam um dinâmica de variação intra-diurna particular: ocorreram em maior concentração entre as 13 e as 15 horas, surgindo igualmente nas primeiras horas da madrugada e da noite. O coberto vegetal do Funchal poderá afectar a aeromicologia local, na medida em que constitui um substrato importante para o crescimento de fungos, tal como as gramíneas que proliferam em quantidade e variedade ao longo de todo o ano. Constatou-se a existência de correlação entre a ocorrência de alguns esporos de fungos e taxa polínicos mais frequentes na atmosfera do Funchal. A análise de Spearman sugere a existência de correlação entre a ocorrência de Parietaria com a de Alternaria e Drechslera. Os esporos de fungos, incluindo esporos de fetos constituem uma fracção significativa das partículas na atmosfera do Funchal, sendo cerca de 11 vezes superior à dos pólenes. Na segunda parte do trabalho, o estudo bioquímico dos aeroalergénios polínicos implicou a optimização dos procedimentos de extracção, apurando-se três técnicas para a obtenção dos perfis proteicos de extractos de pólen desde a sua fonte natural. Esta análise permitiu detectar e identificar através das técnicas de SDS-PAGE-Imunoblotting, proteínas IgE específicas do pólen de plantas possivelmente relacionadas com a sensibilização alérgica. Em consonância com a monitorização aerobiológica, foram preparados extractos de pólen de 10 espécies de plantas. Os resultados em SDS-PAGE revelaram um elevado polimorfismo proteico em todos os extractos. Obtiveram-se extractos de pólen de 7 plantas acerca das quais não se conheciam estudos desta natureza: Acacia mearnsii, Avena barbata, Carduus squarrosus, Carlina salicifolia, Datura candida, Echium nervosum e Urtica membranosa. Por imunoblotting detectou-se no soro de dois pacientes IgE específica a proteínas de D. candida, com pesos moleculares entre 150,71 ± 0,05 e 58,92 ± 5,67 KDa. O soro de um deles reagiu igualmente com 5 alergénios de P. pinaster com 42,02 ± 0,05; 38,61 ± 0,46 ; 35,70 ± 7,78 ; 31,82 ± 2,11 e 27,45 ± 0,46 KDa. No soro de outro indivíduo foi detectada IgE específica para uma proteína de A. mearnsii com 66,66 ± 0,13 KDa, e outra de C. squarrosus,de 67,53 ± 0,29 KDa. É de destacar a sensibilidade e fiabilidade da técnica de Imunoblotting, e o interesse em incluila na metodologia de diagnóstico complementar da alergia respiratória. A ampla difusão de espécies como Ricinus communis, Urtica spp. ou A. mearnsii e sua proximidade à presença humana, reforçam, por um lado, a importância da vigilância aerobiológica, e por outro lado, requer uma definição do seu carácter alergénico para a população desta região.

Análise das possibilidades de integração nos mercados do desporto de um produto de âmbito da sistemática das actividades desportivas

Fernando de Almada

Turismo activo: um produto do turismo e do desporto

As pessoas viajam cada vez mais em busca de novas experiências, novas vivências associadas a diversas práticas activas. O uso do desporto como uma mais-valia para o turismo tem vindo a aumentar desde a década de oitenta, aliado ao aparecimento de uma nova filosofia de gestão do conceito que combina “aventura”, ecoturismo e os aspectos culturais do destino turístico. O turismo activo constitui-se como uma forma de organização que enfatiza a actividade do próprio turista. O presente estudo decorre de um trabalho de campo realizado na Região Autónoma da Madeira cujo propósito passa por aferir a percepção que terá o turista activo (em geral) que procura as levadas, perfazendo estas, um dos mais fortes atractivos da região. Como instrumento de pesquisa, recorremos ao questionário, aplicado numa amostra de cento e cinquenta turistas. A entrega dos questionários aos turistas decorreu em vários locais, a saber: unidades hoteleiras; empresas de animação turística desportiva; guias de montanha, assim como in loco, nas próprias levadas, objecto de estudo. Os objectivos do trabalho incidem sobre um conjunto de itens, tais como caracterizar o perfil do turista activo das levadas; apreender que motivações afectam a escolha do destino Madeira; perceber se o turista, quando opta pelo destino Madeira, considera a prática de actividade física como um factor decisivo e identificar quais os atributos das levadas mais valorizados pelos turistas. Pretende-se também determinar aproximadamente o impacto económico dos turistas das levadas no desenvolvimento da economia e do turismo da Madeira. Após a análise de dados, constatamos que 51,6% dos inquiridos são do sexo feminino, 23,9% têm idades compreendidas entre os 50 e os 59 anos e 24,5% são de nacionalidade alemã. Relativamente aos gastos efectuados durante a estadia, 51,6% dos inquiridos afirmaram despender até cem euros/dia. No que diz respeito aos atributos que os turistas mais valorizam nas levadas/veredas, 72,5% referem o contacto com a natureza. À pergunta “concorda com o pagamento de uma quantia simbólica, para uma taxa ecológica em benefício da natureza?”, a esmagadora maioria, cerca de 80,6% dos inquiridos, respondeu afirmativamente.Após a análise cuidada dos resultados obtidos, podemos realçar, então, a existência de um segmento de mercado de turista activo das levadas, que contribui para o desenvolvimento da economia e do turismo da Madeira, como uma das conclusões retiradas do estudo. O real contributo desta comunicação no âmbito do turismo activo deriva do facto de se tratar de um trabalho pioneiro nesta área específica, além de permitir estabelecer um roteiro de análise da problemática.

A multidimensionalidade da criatividade: a pessoa, o processo, o produto e o ambiente criativo no ensino superior

A criatividade tem sido encarada ao longo da história de diversos modos pelos investigadores. Salienta-se o trabalho de Rhodes (1961) que desenvolveu uma das primeiras categorizações da criatividade ao subdividi-la em a pessoa, o processo, o produto e o ambiente criativo e cuja categorização dá forma a este trabalho. Neste sentido, a revisão teórica centra-se na abordagem a estes tópicos. Empiricamente todo o trabalho foi realizado ao nível do Ensino Superior e apresentam-se dois estudos de validação, com análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, de instrumentos que avaliam a pessoa e o produto criativo: a Escala de Personalidade Criativa (α= 0,918) e o Inventário de Comportamentos Criativos-versão reduzida, composto por quatro fatores (artes plásticas, α=0,762; literatura, α=0,766; artes visuais, α=0,768 e artes manuais, α=0,765). O último estudo compreende a investigação empírica sobre os quatro tópicos categorizados por Rhodes (1961). Os resultados apontam para a influência significativa do género sobre o fator artes manuais e da variável classe etária sobre todas as variáveis criativas, à exceção do fator literatura. Ao nível das habilitações literárias não foi encontrada nenhuma relação significativa. Na análise do ambiente criativo (ciências sociais e humanas vs artes), encontraram-se resultados significativos para os fatores literatura, artes visuais e artes manuais, com os sujeitos das ciências sociais a apresentarem médias mais altas para a literatura e para as artes manuais. No estudo entre o ambiente criativo e os tipos vocacionais de Holland (1997) encontrou-se também valores significativos entre o ambiente criativo e os tipos artístico, social, convencional e realista, com os sujeitos das artes a pontuarem mais alto nos tipos artístico e realista. De modo geral, constatou-se que as variáveis criativas são influenciadas pela idade dos sujeitos e que o ambiente criativo tem impacto na produção criativa, sendo que apesar dos sujeitos das artes terem mais vocação artística não são necessariamente os mais produtivos. No estudo da correlação entre as variáveis criativas, verificou-se que apenas o processo criativo não se correlacionou significativamente com as restantes variáveis. Ao nível da análise multivariada encontraram-se modelos preditivos da criatividade, com modelos generalizáveis à população para o produto criativo, sendo possível com estes modelos explicar 51,0% da variabilidade das artes visuais e 44,1% da variabilidade das artes manuais. Globalmente, conclui-se que a criatividade é transversal às áreas do conhecimento e não somente passível de se encontrar nas artes. É possível ainda predizer comportamentos criativos tendo por base os 4 Ps da criatividade, sendo que sugere-se a continuação deste estudo noutras populações.

Relação entre ciclo de vida do produto turístico e estratégias de cooperação na faixa litorânea urbana do município de Natal

Tourism in the Northeast of Brazil was introduced as an alternative economic development for the Region by federal promoting policies that focused primarily in structuring the local geographic area. With the completion of these structuring actions, mass tourism expanding the area, as well as spread actions based on cooperation and formalization of governance institutions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the life cycle of the tourism product 'Coastal Cities of Natal and the cooperation strategies in a historical perspective. Thus was submitted to the life cycle of the tourism product 'Coastal Cities of Natal ; the major projects of tourism development were mapped, the existing cooperation strategies were characterized, and investigated the influence of the cooperation actions for the current stage of product. The specific theoretical support to tourism was built on the perspective of the Theory of Population Ecology, System of Tourism and Touristic Product Life Cycle. Regarding to cooperation the theoretical foundation addressed issues of strategy, New Forms and Collective Efficiency. The survey consisted of a causal descriptive study, using a case study. We used the qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches, and data collected by consulting of secondary data and semistructured interviews with twelve staff working in tourism in Natal. Results showed that the life cycle graph of product 'Coastal Cities of Natal is moving from one stage of growth to a stage of maturity, with a primary upward trend and with crises that are up over the graph. They have been mapped six of tourism development projects of relevance to the product: The Politics of Mega Projects, PRODETUR/NE, Municipalization National Program of Tourism, Regionalization Program, Urbanization Project Beach do Meio and Actions for the Promotion of Destiny. They have been identified sixty-four participating players in process of tourism development, which twenty were considered relevant to the respondents. The main strategies identified for cooperation were the consortium, collective strategy and clusters. Results indicated that co-operation strategies were adopted so that the benefits were obtained at the collective level, dedicated to the strengthening of Natal Destiny and its products. The main reasons were the need of cooperative marketing, international market entry and actions inducing the state. Finally, it was concluded that strategies for cooperation related to product life cycle 'Coastal Cities of Natal' as that work in the consolidation of projects for development of tourism, when the efficiency of collective action is achieved

Atividades Biológicas De Xilana De Sabugo De Milho

The corn cob is an agricultural by-product still little used, this in part due to the low knowledge of the biotechnological potential of their molecules. Xylan from corn cobs (XSM) is a polysaccharide present in greater quantity in the structure of plant and its biotechnology potential is little known. This study aimed to the extraction, chemical characterization and evaluation of biological activities of xylan from corn cobs. To this end, corncobs were cleaned, cut, dried and crushed, resulting in flour. This was subjected to a methodology that combines the use of alkaline conditions with waves of ultrasound. After methanol precipitation, centrifugation and drying was obtained a yield of 40% (g/g flour). Chemical analysis indicated a high percentage of polysaccharides in the sample (60%) and low contamination by protein (0.4%) and phenolic compounds (> 0.01%). Analysis of monosaccharide composition indicated the presence of xylose:glucose:arabinose:galactose:mannose:glucuronic acid in a molar ratio 50:20:15:10:2.5:2.5. The presence of xylan in the sample was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and ¹³C) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Tests were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of XSM. This showed a total antioxidant capacity of 48.45 EAA/g sample. However, did not show scavenging activity of superoxide and hydroxyl radical and also reducing power. But, showing a high capacity chelating iron ions with 70% with about 2 mg/mL. The ability to XSM to influence cell proliferation in culture was also evaluated. This polymer did not influence the proliferation of normal fibroblast cells (3T3), however, decreased the rate of proliferation of tumor cells (HeLa) in a dose-dependent, reaching an inhibition of about 50% with a concentration around 2 mg/mL. Analyzing proteins related to cell death, by immunoblotting, XSM increases the amount of Bax, Bcl-2 decrease, increase cytochrome c and AIF, and reduce pro-caspase-3, indicating the induction of cell death induced apoptosis dependent and independent of caspase. XSM did not show anticoagulant activity in the PT test. However, the test of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), XSM increased clotting time at about 5 times with 600 μg of sample compared with the negative control. The presence of sulfate on the XSM was discarded by agarose gel electrophoresis and IR. After carboxyl-reduction of XSM the anticoagulant activity decreased dramatically. The data of this study demonstrate that XSM has potential as antioxidant, antiproliferative and anticoagulant compound. Future studies to characterize these activities of XSM will help to increase knowledge about this molecule extracted from corn and allow their use in functional foods, pharmaceuticals and chemical industries.

Análise filogenética e funcional de dois genes de reparo homólogos a AP endonuclease em cana-de-açúcar: ScARP1 e ScARP3

The genome of all organisms constantly suffers the influence of mutagenic factors from endogenous and/or exogenous origin, which may result in damage for the genome. In order to keep the genome integrity there are different DNA repair pathway to detect and correct these lesions. In relation to the plants as being sessile organisms, they are exposed to this damage frequently. The Base Excision DNA Repair (BER) is responsible to detect and repair oxidative lesions. Previous work in sugarcane identified two sequences that were homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana: ScARP1 ScARP3. These two sequences were homologous to AP endonuclease from BER pathway. Then, the aim of this work was to characterize these two sequence using different approaches: phylogenetic analysis, in silico protein organelle localization and by Nicotiana tabacum transgenic plants with overexpression cassette. The in silico data obtained showed a duplication of this sequence in sugarcane and Poaceae probably by a WGD event. Furthermore, in silico analysis showed a new localization in nuclei for ScARP1 protein. The data obtained with transgenic plants showed a change in development and morphology. Transgenic plants had slow development when compared to plants not transformed. Then, these results allowed us to understand better the potential role of this sequence in sugarcane and in plants in general. More work is important to be done in order to confirm the protein localization and protein characterization for ScARP1 and ScARP3

Desenvolvimento de uma unidade pirolítica com reator de cilindro rotativo: obtenção de bio-óleo

The demand for alternative sources of energy drives the technological development so that many fuels and energy conversion processes before judged as inadequate or even non-viable, are now competing fuels and so-called traditional processes. Thus, biomass plays an important role and is considered one of the sources of renewable energy most important of our planet. Biomass accounts for 29.2% of all renewable energy sources. The share of biomass energy from Brazil in the OIE is 13.6%, well above the world average of participation. Various types of pyrolysis processes have been studied in recent years, highlighting the process of fast pyrolysis of biomass to obtain bio-oil. The continuous fast pyrolysis, the most investigated and improved are the fluidized bed and ablative, but is being studied and developed other types in order to obtain Bio-oil a better quality, higher productivity, lower energy consumption, increased stability and process reliability and lower production cost. The stability of the product bio-oil is fundamental to designing consumer devices such as burners, engines and turbines. This study was motivated to produce Bio-oil, through the conversion of plant biomass or the use of its industrial and agricultural waste, presenting an alternative proposal for thermochemical pyrolysis process, taking advantage of particle dynamics in the rotating bed that favors the right gas-solid contact and heat transfer and mass. The pyrolyser designed to operate in a continuous process, a feeder containing two stages, a divisive system of biomass integrated with a tab of coal fines and a system of condensing steam pyrolytic. The prototype has been tested with sawdust, using a complete experimental design on two levels to investigate the sensitivity of factors: the process temperature, gas flow drag and spin speed compared to the mass yield of bio-oil. The best result was obtained in the condition of 570 oC, 25 Hz and 200 cm3/min, temperature being the parameter of greatest significance. The mass balance of the elementary stages presented in the order of 20% and 37% liquid pyrolytic carbon. We determined the properties of liquid and solid products of pyrolysis as density, viscosity, pH, PCI, and the composition characterized by chemical analysis, revealing the composition and properties of a Bio-oil.

Obtenção de álcool alílico (PROP-2-EN-1-OL) a partir da glicerina derivada do biodiesel de óleo de mamona

In this work, biodiesel was produced from castor oil that was a byproduct glycerin. The molar ratio between oil and alcohol, as well as the use of (KOH) catalyst to provide the chemical reaction is based on literature. The best results were obtained using 1 mol of castor oil (260g) to 3 moles of methyl alcohol (138g), using 1.0% KOH as catalyst at a temperature of 260 ° C and shaken at 120 rpm. The oil used was commercially available, the process involves the reaction of transesterification of a vegetable oil with methyl alcohol. The product of this reaction is an ester, biodiesel being the main product and the glycerin by-product which has undergone treatment for use as raw material for the production of allyl alcohol. The great advantage of the use of glycerin to obtain allyl alcohol is that its use eliminates the large amount of waste of the biodiesel and various forms of insult to the environment. The reactions for the formation of allyl alcohol was conducted from formic acid and glycerin in a ratio 1/1, at a temperature of 260oC in a heater blanket, being sprayed by a spiral condenser for a period of 2 hours and the product obtained contains mostly the allylic alcohol .. The monitoring of reactions was performed by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer: FTIR Fourier transform, the analysis showed that these changes occur spectrometer indicating the formation of the product allylic alcohol (prop-2-en-1-ol) in the presence of water, This alcohol was appointed Alcohol GL. The absorption bands confirms that the reaction was observed in (υ C = C) 1470 -1600 cm -1 and (υ CO), 3610-3670 attributed to C = C groups and OH respectively. The thermal analysis was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer SDT Q600, where the mass and temperature are displayed against time, that allows checking the approximate rate of heating. The innovative methodology developed in the laboratory (LABTAM, UFRN), was able to treat the glycerine produced by transesterification of castor oil and used as raw material for production of allyl alcohol, with a yield of 80%, of alcohol, the same is of great importance in the manufacture of polymers, pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, herbicides, pesticides and other chemicals

Pirólise rápida catalítica do capim elefante utilizando materiais mesoporosos e óxidos metálicos para deoxigenação em bio-óleo

The fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a thermochemical conversion process for production energy which have been very atratactive due to energetic use of its products: gas (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc.), liquid (bio-oil) and charcoal. The bio-oil is the main product of fast pyrolysis, and its final composition and characteristics is intrinsically related to quality of biomass (ash disposal, moisture, content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and efficiency removal of oxygen compounds that cause undesirable features such as increased viscosity, instability, corrosiveness and low calorific value. The oxygenates are originated in the conventional process of biomass pyrolysis, where the use of solid catalysts allows minimization of these products by improving the bio-oil quality. The present study aims to evaluate the products of catalytic pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) using solid catalysts as tungsten oxides, supported or not in mesoporous materials like MCM-41, derived silica from rice husk ash, aimed to reduce oxygenates produced in pyrolysis. The biomasss treatment by washing with heated water (CEL) or washing with acid solution (CELix) and application of tungsten catalysts on vapors from the pyrolysis process was designed to improve the pyrolysis products quality. Conventional and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC/MS. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X ray fluorescence, temperature programmed reduction and thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic studies applying the Flynn and Wall model were performed in order to evaluate the apparent activation energy of holoceluloce thermal decomposition on samples elephant grass (CE, CEL and CELix). The results show the effectiveness of the treatment process, reducing the ash content, and were also observed decrease in the apparent activation energy of these samples. The catalytic pyrolysis process converted most of the oxygenate componds in aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc

Avaliação da espécie vegetal Croton cajucara Benth como inibidor de biocorrosão em aço carbono Aisi 1020

Actually in the oil industry biotechnological approaches represent a challenge. In that, attention to metal structures affected by electrochemical corrosive processes, as well as by the interference of microorganisms (biocorrosion) which affect the kinetics of the environment / metal interface. Regarding to economical and environmental impacts reduction let to the use of natural products as an alternative to toxic synthetic inhibitors. This study aims the employment of green chemistry by evaluating the stem bark extracts (EHC, hydroalcoholic extract) and leaves (ECF, chloroform extract) of plant species Croton cajucara Benth as a corrosion inhibitor. In addition the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition of bioactive trans-clerodane dehydrocrotonin (DCTN) isolated from the stem bark of this Croton was also evaluated. For this purpose, carbon steel AISI 1020 was immersed in saline media (3,5 % NaCl) in the presence and absence of a microorganism recovered from a pipeline oil sample. Corrosion inhibition efficiency and its mechanisms were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. Culture-dependent and molecular biology techniques were used to characterize and identify bacterial species present in oil samples. The tested natural products EHC, ECF and DCTN (DMSO as solvent) in abiotic environment presented respectively, corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 57.6% (500 ppm), 86.1% (500 ppm) and 54.5% (62.5 ppm). Adsorption phenomena showed that EHC best fit Frumkin isotherm and ECF to Temkin isotherm. EHC extract (250 ppm) dissolved in a polar microemulsion system (MES-EHC) showed significant maximum inhibition efficiency (93.8%) fitting Langmuir isotherm. In the presence of the isolated Pseudomonas sp, EHC and ECF were able to form eco-compatible organic films with anti-corrosive properties

Atividade antiplasmódica e toxicológica de plantas medicinais usadas popularmente no Brasil : uma abordagem etnobotânica

Malaria is a disease of global distribution, recognized by governments around the world as a serious public health problem, affecting more than 109 countries and territories and endangering more than 3.3 billion people. The economic costs of this disease are also relevant: the African continent itself has malaria-related costs of about $ 12 billion annually. Nowadays, in addition to chloroquine, Plasmodium falciparum is resistant to many drugs used in the treatment of malaria, such as amodiaquine, mefloquine, quinine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; resistance of Plasmodium vivax to treatments, although less studied, is also reported. Nature, in general, is responsible for the production of most known organic substances, and the plant kingdom is responsible for the most of the chemical diversity known and reported in the literature. Most medicinal plants commercialized in Brazil, however, are of exotic origin, which makes the search for endemic medicinal plants, besides a patent necessity, a fascinating subject of academic research and development. This study aimed to: (i) verify the antimalarial activity of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts of Boerhavia paniculata Rich. And acetonic extract of Clethra scabra Pers. in Swiss albino mice infected by Plasmodium berghei NK65, (ii) observe possible combined effects between the course of infection by P. berghei NK65 and administration of these extracts in Swiss albino mice, and (iii) conduct a preliminary study of the acute toxicity of these extracts in Swiss albino mice. All extracts notable pharmacological activities - with parasite infections inhibitions ranging from 22% to 54%.These characteristics suggest that the activities are relevant, although comparatively lower than the activity displayed by the positive control group (always above 90%). The general framework of survival analysis demonstrates an overall reduction in survival times for all groups. Necroscopy has not pointed no change in color, shape, size and/or consistency in the evaluated organs - the only exception was the livers of rats submitted to treatment to hydroalcoholic extracts: these organs have been presented in a slightly congestive aspect with mass increasing roughly 28% higher than the other two groups and a p-value of 0.0365. The 250 mg/Kg ethanolic group has been pointed out by the Dunn s post test, as the only class with simultaneous inequalities (p<0.05) between positive and negative control groups. The extracts, notably ethanol extract, have, in fact, a vestigial antimalarial activity, although well below from the ones perceived to chloroquine-treated groups; nevertheless, the survival times of the animals fed with the extracts do not rise by presence of such therapy. Both the toxicopharmacological studies of the synergism between the clinical course of malaria and administration of extracts and the isolated evaluation of toxicity allow us to affirm the absence of toxicity of the extracts at the level of CNS and ANS, as well as their non-influence on food and water consumption patterns, until dosages of 500 mg/Kg. Necroscopic analysis leads us to deduct a possible hepatotoxic effect of hydroalcoholic extract at dosages of 500 mg/Kg, and an innocuous tissue activity of the ethanol extract, in the same dosage. We propose a continuation of the studies of these extracts, with protocol modifications capable of addressing more clearly and objectively their pharmacological and toxicological aspects

Estimativa da área foliar do antúrio com o uso de funções de regressão

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar quais variáveis dimensionais da folha são mais adequadas para utilização na estimativa da área foliar do antúrio (Anthurium andraeanum), cv. Apalai, por meio de equação de regressão linear, e comparar o desempenho de diferentes funções de regressão obtidas com o uso de aprendizado de máquina (AM). A variável que melhor estimou a área foliar foi o produto das dimensões lineares (comprimento e largura), CxL, sendo a equação proposta Af = 0.9672 *C x L, com coeficiente de determinação (R²) de 0,99. Verificou-se, também, com o uso de AM, que as funções lineares são mais adequadas para a estimação da área foliar dessa espécie vegetal.

Efeito de preparações de produtos naturais (cravo da índia e tomate) e de um produto sintético na marcação de constituintes sangüineos com tecnécio-99m e na morfologia de hemácias isoladas de sangue de ratos wistar

There are strong interests in the evaluation of the biological effects of natural and synthetic products. Blood constituents labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) are used in nuclear medicine. The aim of this work was to study the effects of Clove (Caryophyllus aromaticas L.) and OZE (preparation used in the Health Sciences) on the labeling blood constituents with 99mTc and on the morphologic red blood cells (RBC) and the action of an extract of tomato (TO) on the labeling of blood constituents Blood samples were incubated with clove or OZE or TO, stannous chloride and 99mTc. Plasma (P), blood cells (BC), insoluble fractions (IF) of plasma and blood cells were separated. The radioactivity was counted and percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) to each blood fraction was calculated. The shape and morphometric parameter (perimeter/area ratio) were evaluated in the studies with clove and OZE. Clove extract and OZE altered significantly (p<0.05) the %ATI of blood constituents and the shape of red blood cells. However, clove extract not altered the red blood cells perimeter/area ratio. The tomato extract used at the highest concentrations reduced significantly (p<0.05) the %ATI in IF-P, although this extract did not modify the radiolabeling on BC, neither the radioactivity fixation on IFBC. The results indicate that these chemical compounds would have oxidative/chelating actions