PPARγ induces growth inhibition and apoptosis through upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in gastric cancer cells

Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor involved in the carcinogenesis of various cancers. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a tumor suppressor gene that has anti-apoptotic activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anticancer mechanism of PPARγ with respect to IGFBP-3. PPARγ was overexpressed in SNU-668 gastric cancer cells using an adenovirus gene transfer system. The cells in which PPARγ was overexpressed exhibited growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, and a significant increase in IGFBP-3 expression. We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of PPARγ in SNU-668 cells using an IGFBP-3 promoter/luciferase reporter system. Luciferase activity was increased up to 15-fold in PPARγ transfected cells, suggesting that PPARγ may directly interact with IGFBP-3 promoter to induce its expression. Deletion analysis of the IGFBP-3 promoter showed that luciferase activity was markedly reduced in cells without putative p53-binding sites (-Δ1755, -Δ1795). This suggests that the critical PPARγ-response region is located within the p53-binding region of the IGFBP-3 promoter. We further demonstrated an increase in PPARγ-induced luciferase activity even in cells treated with siRNA to silence p53 expression. Taken together, these data suggest that PPARγ exhibits its anticancer effect by increasing IGFBP-3 expression, and that IGFBP-3 is a significant tumor suppressor.

Silibinin improves palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes by attenuating IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition

The present study investigated the effect of silibinin, the principal potential anti-inflammatory flavonoid contained in silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from Silybum marianum seeds, on palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes and its potential molecular mechanisms. Silibinin prevented the decrease of insulin-stimulated 2-NBDG (2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose) uptake and the downregulation of glutamate transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation in C2C12 myotubes induced by palmitate. Meanwhile, silibinin suppressed the palmitate-induced decrease of insulin-stimulated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation, which was reversed by wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). We also found that palmitate downregulated insulin-stimulated Tyr632 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and up-regulated IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation. These effects were rebalanced by silibinin. Considering several serine/threonine kinases reported to phosphorylate IRS-1 at Ser307, treatment with silibinin downregulated the phosphorylation of both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-κB kinase β (IKKβ), which was increased by palmitate in C2C12 myotubes mediating inflammatory status, whereas the phosphorylation of PKC-θ was not significantly modulated by silibinin. Collectively, the results indicated that silibinin prevented inhibition of the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway, thus ameliorating palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes.

Fusarium graminearum growth inhibition mechanism using phenolic compounds from Spirulina sp

The application of natural antifungal substances is motivated by the need for alternatives to existing methods that are not always applicable, efficient, or that do not pose risk to consumers or the environment. Furthermore, studies on the behaviour of toxigenic species in the presence of natural fungicides have enabled their safe application in the food chain In this study, Spirulina LEB-18 phenolic extract was assessed for its antifungal activity on 12 toxigenic strains of Fusarium graminearum isolated from barley and wheat. The susceptible metabolic pathways were assessed through the determination of structural compounds (glucosamine and ergosterol) and enzyme activity of the microorganisms' primary metabolism. The results indicate that phenolic extracts reduced the growth rate of the toxigenic species investigated. The IC50 was obtained by applying 3 to 8% (p/p) of phenolic compounds in relation to the culture medium. The use of this natural fungicide proved promising for the inhibition of fungal multiplication, especially in terms of the inactivation of enzymatic systems (amylase and protease) of Fusarium graminearum.

Inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption as a novel treatment for diabetes patients

The importance of the kidney in glucose homeostasis has been recognized for many years. Recent observations indicating a greater role of renal glucose metabolism in various physiologic and pathologic conditions have rekindled the interest in renal glucose handling as a potential target for the treatment of diabetes. The enormous capacity of the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb the filtered glucose load entirely, utilizing the sodium-glucose co-transporter system (primarily SGLT-2), became the focus of attention. Original studies conducted in experimental animals with the nonspecific SGLT inhibitor phlorizin showed that hyperglycemia after pancreatectomy decreased as a result of forced glycosuria. Subsequently, several compounds with more selective SGLT-2 inhibition properties (“second-generation”) were developed. Some agents made it into pre-clinical and clinical trials and a few have already been approved for commercial use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In general, a 6-month period of therapy with SGLT-2 inhibitors is followed by a mean urinary glucose excretion rate of ~80 g/day accompanied by a decline in fasting and postprandial glucose with average decreases in HgA1C ~1.0%. Concomitant body weight loss and a mild but consistent drop in blood pressure also have been reported. In contrast, transient polyuria, thirst with dehydration and occasional hypotension have been described early in the treatment. In addition, a significant increase in the occurrence of uro-genital infections, particularly in women has been documented with the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors. Conclusion: Although long-term cardiovascular, renal and bone/mineral effects are unknown SGLT-2 inhibitors, if used with caution and in the proper patient provide a unique insulin-independent therapeutic option in the management of obese type 2 diabetes patients.

Predictors of academic achievement and social competence in adolescence : facilitation, inhibition and general cognitive processing /

The relevance of attentional measures to cognitive and social adaptive behaviour was examined in an adolescent sample. Unlike previous research, the influence of both inhibitory and facilitory aspects of attention were studied. In addition, contributions made by these attentional processes were compared with traditional psychometric measures of cognitive functioning. Data were gathered from 36 grade 10 and 1 1 high school students (20 male and 16 female students) with a variety of learning and attentional difficulties. Data collection was conducted in the course of two testing sessions. In the first session, students completed questionnaires regarding their medical history, and everyday behaviours (the Brock Adaptive Functioning Questionnaire), along with non-verbal problem solving tasks and motor speed tasks. In the second session, students performed working memory measures and computer-administered tasks assessing inhibitory and facilitory aspects of attention. Grades and teacher-rated measures of cognitive and social impulsivity were also gathered. Results indicate that attentional control has both cognitive and social/emotional implications. Performance on negative priming and facilitation trials from the Flanker task predicted grades in core courses, social functioning measures, and cognitive and social impulsivity ratings. However, beneficial effects for academic and social functioning associated with inhibition were less prevalent in those demonstrating a greater ability to respond to facilitory cues. There was also some evidence that high levels of facilitation were less beneficial to academic performance, and female students were more likely to exceed optimal levels of facilitory processing. Furthermore, lower negative priming was ''S'K 'i\':y-: -'*' - r " j«v ; ''*.' iij^y Inhibition, Facilitation and Social Competence 3 associated with classroom-rated distraction and hyperactivity, but the relationship between inhibition and social aspects of impulsivity was stronger for adolescents with learning or reading problems, and the relationship between inhibition and cognitive impulsivity was stronger for male students. In most cases, attentional measures were predictive of performance outcomes independent of traditional psychometric measures of cognitive functioning. >,, These findings provide support for neuropsychological models linking inhibition to control of interference and arousal, and emphasize the fundamental role of attention in everyday adolescent activities. The findings also warrant further investigation into the ways which inhibitory and facilitory attentional processes interact, and the contextdependent nature of attentional control.associated with classroom-rated distraction and hyperactivity, but the relationship between inhibition and social aspects of impulsivity was stronger for adolescents with learning or reading problems, and the relationship between inhibition and cognitive impulsivity was stronger for male students. In most cases, attentional measures were predictive of performance outcomes independent of traditional psychometric measures of cognitive functioning. >,, These findings provide support for neuropsychological models linking inhibition to control of interference and arousal, and emphasize the fundamental role of attention in everyday adolescent activities. The findings also warrant further investigation into the ways which inhibitory and facilitory attentional processes interact, and the contextdependent nature of attentional control.

An investigation of ethylene inhibition of growth in etiolated Avena sativa coleoptiles /

Growth rates of etiolated Avena sativa coleoptiles in pH 7.0 buffered medium are stimulated in a synergistic manner by IAA and 320 ~l/l carbon dioxide. The suggestion that carbon dioxide stimulated growth involves dark fixation is supported by the ability of 1 mM malate to replace carbon dioxide, with neither factor able to stimulate growth in the presence of the other (Bown, Dymock and Aung, 1974). The regulation of Avena coleoptile growth by ethylene has been investigated in the light of this data and the well documented antagonism between carbon dioxide and ethylene in the regulation of developmental processes. The influence of various permutations of ethylene, IAA, carbon dioxide and malate on the rates of growth, l4c-bicarbonate incorporation, l4C-bicarbonate fixation, and malate decarboxylation have been investigated. In the presence of 320 ~l/l carbon dioxide, 10.8 ~l/l ethylene inhibited growth both in the absence and presence of 20 ~M IAA with inhibition times, of 8-10 and 12-13 minutes respectively. In contrast ethylene inhibition of growth was not significant in the absence of growth stimulation by CO2 or 1 mM malate, and the normal growth increases in response to CO2 and malate were blocked by the simultaneous application of ethylene. The rates of incorporation and dark fixation of l4C-bicerbonate were not measurably. influenced by ethylene, IAA or malate, either prior to or during the changes in growth ,ates induced by these agents. The data does not support the hypothesis that ethylene inhibition of growth results from an inhibition of dark fixation, but suggests that ethylene may inhibit a process which is subsequent to fixation.

Rapid [Gamma]-amino acid synthesis and the inhibition of the growth and development of oblique banded leaf-roller larvae

The hypothesis that rapid y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation is a plant defense against phytophagous insects was investigated. Simulation of mechanical damage resulting from phytophagous insect activity increased soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf GABA 10- to 25-fold within 1 to 4 min. Pulverizing leaf tissue resulted in a value of 2. 15 (±O. 11 SE) ~mol GABA per gram fresh weight. Increasing the GABA levels in a synthetic diet from 1.6 to 2.6 Jlffiol GABA per gram fresh weight reduced the growth rates, developmental rates, total biomass (50% reduction), and survival rates (30% reduction) of cultured Oblique banded leaf-roller (OBLR) (Choristonellra rosacealla Harris) larvae. In field experiments OBLR larvae were found predominantly on young terminal leaves which have a reduced capacity to produce GABA in response to mechanical damage. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is a cytosolic enzyme which catalyses the decarboxylation of L-Glu to GABA. GAD is a calmodulin binding enzyme whose activity is stimulated dramatically by increased cytosolic H+ or Ca2 + ion concentrations. Phytophagous insect activity will disrupt the cellular compartmentation of H+ and Ca2 +, activate GAD and subsequent GABA accumulation. In animals GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. The possible mechanisms resulting in GABA inhibited growth and development of insects are discussed.

Inhibition of human lung cancer cell proliferation and survival by wine

Compounds of plant origin and food components have attracted scientific attention for use as agents for cancer prevention and treatment. Wine contains polyphenols that were shown to have anti-cancer and other health benefits. The survival pathways of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), and the tumor suppressor p53 are key modulators of cancer cell growth and survival. In this study, we examined the effects of wine on proliferation and survival of human Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and its effects on signaling events.

Inhibition of human lung cancer cell proliferation and survival by wine

Compounds of plant origin and food components have attracted scientific attention for use as agents for cancer prevention and treatment. Wine contains polyphenols that were shown to have anti-cancer and other health benefits. The survival pathways of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), and the tumor suppressor p53 are key modulators of cancer cell growth and survival. In this study, we examined the effects of wine on proliferation and survival of human Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and its effects on signaling events.

Inhibition de l’absorption intestinale du glucose par les produits naturels issus de la pharmacopée traditionnelle des Cris de la Baie James

Le diabète de type 2 et l'obésité sont des problèmes de santé majeurs et les peuples autochtones sont particulièrement à risque. Pour remédier à ce problème largement répandu dans les populations autochtones canadiennes pour qui la médication moderne n’est pas culturellement adaptée, notre équipe s’est donné comme objectif d’étudier les activités potentielles antidiabétique et anti-obésité de la pharmacopée traditionnelle des Cris de la Baie James. Le but de cette étude est de tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle certaines plantes médicinales pourraient inhiber l'absorption intestinale du glucose, une activité anti-hyperglycémique qui, par la même occasion, contribuerait à combattre l’obésité. Les extraits éthanoliques de dix-sept plantes médicinales de la forêt boréale ont été testés dans des cellules intestinales Caco-2 et comparés à l’effet d’inhibiteurs compétitifs connus, tels que la phlorizine et la phlorétine. Ces inhibiteurs sont des composés polyphénoliques qui partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques structurelles avec des constituants moléculaires de plusieurs plantes Cri. Les résultats démontrent que treize des dix-sept extraits de plantes ont inhibé de façon significative l'absorption intestinale du 3H-D-glucose. Pour valider ces effets in vivo, quatre extraits ont été administrés à des rats Wistar par gavage intragastrique (250 mg/kg) en même temps qu’un bolus de glucose (3 g/kg). Suite à ce gavage, deux de ces extraits ont restreint l’augmentation de la glycémie d'environ 40% par rapport à un contrôle sans extrait. Ces résultats indiquent qu’une inhibition compétitive de l'absorption intestinale du glucose peut être atteinte par des extraits bruts de plantes médicinales. La prise de ces plantes durant les repas aiderait à un meilleur contrôle post-prandial de la glycémie, particulièrement chez les personnes à risque.

Évaluation pré-clinique et clinique de deux nouvelles stratégies dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires : activité anti-thrombotique de l'inhibition du récepteur P2Y1 et activité anti-inflammatoire de l'inhibition du récepteur PAR-1.

Alors que la plaquette a un rôle prépondérant dans le maintient de l'hémostase, son implication dans la formation de la thrombose est également incontestée. Il existe à présent des traitements antiplaquettaires mais ceux-ci présentent quelques failles. Le but de ma maîtrise a donc été de caractériser de nouvelles voies d'inhibition de l'activité plaquettaire. Les deux études qui ont été réalisées concernent l'inhibition de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G, soit le récepteur à l'ADP P2Y1 et le récepteur à la thrombine PAR-1. Dans un premier temps, l'étude du récepteur P2Y1 suggère que l'inhibition de celui-ci seul ou en combinaison avec l'inhibition du récepteur P2Y12 présente un potentiel thérapeutique chez des patients coronariens stables. Dans un deuxième temps, l'étude d'un nouvel antiplaquettaire qui est présentement en phase III de son développement clinique, soit le SCH 530348, a été effectuée. Étant un antagoniste du récepteur PAR-1, le SCH 530348 a des effets qui se répercutent à la fois chez la plaquette et les leucocytes qui possèdent eux aussi ce récepteur. Cette deuxième étude suggère que complémentairement à son effet chez la plaquette, cet inhibiteur diminue les marqueurs de l'inflammation systémique.

Rôles du stress du réticulum endoplasmique et de l'immunité innée dans l'inhibition de la transcription du gène de l'insuline : étude du facteur de transcription ATF6 et du récepteur TLR4

Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) est caractérisé par une résistance des tissus périphériques à l’action de l’insuline et par une insuffisance de la sécrétion d’insuline par les cellules β du pancréas. Différents facteurs tels que le stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et l’immunité innée affectent la fonction de la cellule β-pancréatique. Toutefois, leur implication dans la régulation de la transcription du gène de l’insuline demeure imprécise. Le but de cette thèse était d’identifier et de caractériser le rôle du stress du RE et de l’immunité innée dans la régulation de la transcription du gène de l’insuline. Les cellules β-pancréatiques ont un RE très développé, conséquence de leur fonction spécialisée de biosynthèse et de sécrétion d’insuline. Cette particularité les rend très susceptible au stress du RE qui se met en place lors de l’accumulation de protéines mal repliées dans la lumière du RE. Nous avons montré qu’ATF6 (de l’anglais, activating transcription factor 6), un facteur de transcription impliqué dans la réponse au stress du RE, lie directement la boîte A5 de la région promotrice du gène de l’insuline dans les îlots de Langerhans isolés de rat. Nous avons également montré que la surexpression de la forme active d’ATF6α, mais pas ATF6β, réprime l’activité du promoteur de l’insuline. Toutefois, la mutation ou l’absence de la boîte A5 ne préviennent pas l’inhibition de l’activité promotrice du gène de l’insuline par ATF6. Ces résultats montrent qu’ATF6 se lie directement au promoteur du gène de l’insuline, mais que cette liaison ne semble pas contribuer à son activité répressive. Il a été suggéré que le microbiome intestinal joue un rôle dans le développement du DT2. Les patients diabétiques présentent des concentrations plasmatiques élevées de lipopolysaccharides (LPS) qui affectent la fonction de la cellule β-pancréatique. Nous avons montré que l’exposition aux LPS entraîne une réduction de la transcription du gène de l’insuline dans les îlots de Langerhans de rats, de souris et humains. Cette répression du gène de l’insuline par les LPS est associée à une diminution des niveaux d’ARNms de gènes clés de la cellule β-pancréatique, soit PDX-1 (de l’anglais, pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1) et MafA (de l’anglais, mammalian homologue of avian MafA/L-Maf). En utilisant un modèle de souris déficientes pour le récepteur TLR4 (de l’anglais, Toll-like receptor), nous avons montré que les effets délétères des LPS sur l’expression du gène de l’insuline sollicitent le récepteur de TLR4. Nous avons également montré que l’inhibition de la voie NF-kB entraîne une restauration des niveaux messagers de l’insuline en réponse à une exposition aux LPS dans les îlots de Langerhans de rat. Ainsi, nos résultats montrent que les LPS inhibent le gène de l’insuline dans les cellules β-pancréatiques via un mécanisme moléculaire dépendant du récepteur TLR4 et de la voie NF-kB. Ces observations suggèrent ainsi un rôle pour le microbiome intestinal dans la fonction de la cellule β du pancréas. Collectivement, ces résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la répression du gène de l'insuline en réponse aux divers changements survenant de façon précoce dans l’évolution du diabète de type 2 et d'identifier des cibles thérapeutiques potentielles qui permettraient de prévenir ou ralentir la détérioration de l'homéostasie glycémique au cours de cette maladie, qui affecte plus de deux millions de Canadiens.

Évaluation des mécanismes d'inhibition dans le trouble cognitif léger et la maladie d'Alzheimer

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal