961 resultados para Pommerening, Otto
Resumo:
Tutkimus käsittelee kääpien sukulaisuussuhteita. Käävät ovat kantasienten (Basidiomycota) muotoryhmä, joiden itiöemien alapinta muodostuu yhteensulautuneista pilleistä. Muotoryhmänä kääpiä voi verrata vaikka puihin siinä mielessä, että käävät kuten puutkaan eivät ole samankaltaisuudestaan huolimatta kaikki sukua toisilleen. DNA:n käyttö sukulaisuussuhteiden selvittämisessä on aloittanut mullistuksen kääpien luokittelussa. Aiemmin käytetty, itiöemien ominaisuuksiin perustunut luokittelu on osoittautunut keinotekoiseksi sukulaisuussuhteiden kannalta. Tutkimuksessani syvennyttiin useamman kääpäsuvun polveutumishistoriaan hyödyntäen DNA:ta ja perinteisiä menetelmiä. Tutkimuksen keskeisimmät tulokset liittyvät sitkokääpien sukuun (Antrodiella). Tämä noin 70 lajia sisältävä suku osoittautui rikkonaiseksi - sitkokääpiin luetut lajit kuuluvat kahteen sienilahkoon ja oikesti vähintään 13 sukuun. Tutkimuksessa löytyi kaksi Suomelle uutta sitkokääpää, leppikääpä (A. ichnusana) ja nipukkakääpä (A. leucoxantha). Uudet suvut kuvattiin Suomessa esiintyville sirppikääville (Sidera) ja talikääville (Obba). Uusi kääpäsuku ja -laji kuvattiin myös Indonesiasta (Sebipora aquosa). Valtaosa sitkokääpiin luetuista lajeista kuuluu orakarakoiden heimoon (Steccherinaceae), joka rajattiin tässä tutkimuksessa uudelleen. Heimoon kuuluvat mm. karakäävät (Junghuhnia) ja orakasmaiset orakarakat (Steccherinum). Sen sisällä selvitettiin kääpien ja orakkaiden sukulaisuussuhteita. Perinteisesti käävät ja orakkaat on viety eri sukuihin riippumatta niiden mikroskooppisesta samankaltaisuudesta. Tulosten valossa orakarakoiden heimossa käävät ja orakkaat pysyvät pääosin erillisissä suvuissa, mutta tästä on myös poikkeuksia (Antrodiella, Metuloidea ja Steccherinum). Lähes kaikki DNA:n perusteella määriteltävissä olevat suvut ovat tunnistettavissa itiöemien ominaisuuksiensa perusteella. Tulokset antavat eväitä kääpien luokitteluun laajemminkin osoittamalla, mitkä ominaisuudet ovat luokittelun kannalta merkityksellisiä. Tarkentunut tieto lajimäärästä ja lajien sukulaisuussuhteista hyödyttää ekologista tutkimusta sekä arvioita lajien uhanalaisuudesta. Tutkimuksen aikana luotua DNA-kirjastoa käytetään lajien tunnistamiseen. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää myös etsittäessä bioteknologisia sovelluksia käävistä, sillä sovellusten kannalta kiinnostavat ominaisuudet seuraavat usein sienten sukupuuta.
Resumo:
Mansikka (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) on tärkein Suomessa viljelty marja sekä määrällisesti että taloudellisesti. Suomessa ongelmana on lyhyt satokausi ja matala satotaso. Pääsadon aikaan runsas mansikan tarjonta markkinoilla laskee huomattavasti mansikan hintaa. Paras hinta saadaan normaalin satokauden ulkopuolella. Jatkuvasatoiset mansikkalajikkeet mahdollistaisivat pidemmän ja tasaisen satokauden, mikä vakauttaisi mansikan hintaa. Jatkuvasatoinen mansikka sopii viljelyyn kausihuoneissa korotetuilla kasvualustoilla, jolloin lannoitus ja kastelu hoidetaan tippukastelulla. Jatkuvasatoinen mansikka tuottaa kukkia ja marjoja koko satokauden, mikä vaikuttaa sen ravinnetarpeeseen. Tehdyssä tutkimuksessa testattiin kolmea eri lannoitustasoa 1,5 mS/cm, 2,3mS/cm ja 3,0 mS/cm, joiden N:K –suhde marjojen kypsymisvaiheessa oli 1:1,5. Neljäs käsittely oli kastelu johtokyvyllä 2,3 mS/cm N:K –suhteen ollessa 1:2 marjojen kypsyessä. Tutkimuksessa havainnointiin taimien vegetatiivista kasvua sekä sadon muodostusta ja marjojen laatua. Samalla seurattiin ylivaluntaveden määrää sekä veden mukana huuhtoutunutta fosforia ja typpeä. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt lajikkeet olivat ’Malling Opal’ ja ’Rondo’. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset tukevat aikaisempia tutkimuksia, että mansikan ravinnetarve on suhteellisen matala. Voimakkain vegetatiivinen kasvu, suurin sato ja suurimmat marjat saatiin alimmalla testatulla johtokyvyllä (1,5 mS/cm). Lannoitustasolla oli hyvin vähän vaikutusta marjan laatuun tai sadon ajoittumiseen. Myöskään N:K – suhteen muutoksella ei ollut vaikutusta marjan laatuun. Taimien veden otto oli suurinta alimmalla lannoitustasolla, ja mahdollisesti kasteluveden korkea ionipitoisuus vaikeutti kasvin veden ottoa korkeilla veden johtokyvyillä. Valumaveden mukana poistuneet typpi- ja fosforipäästöt kasvoivat huomattavasti kasteluveden johtokyvyn noustessa.
Resumo:
In meteorology, observations and forecasts of a wide range of phenomena for example, snow, clouds, hail, fog, and tornados can be categorical, that is, they can only have discrete values (e.g., "snow" and "no snow"). Concentrating on satellite-based snow and cloud analyses, this thesis explores methods that have been developed for evaluation of categorical products and analyses. Different algorithms for satellite products generate different results; sometimes the differences are subtle, sometimes all too visible. In addition to differences between algorithms, the satellite products are influenced by physical processes and conditions, such as diurnal and seasonal variation in solar radiation, topography, and land use. The analysis of satellite-based snow cover analyses from NOAA, NASA, and EUMETSAT, and snow analyses for numerical weather prediction models from FMI and ECMWF was complicated by the fact that we did not have the true knowledge of snow extent, and we were forced simply to measure the agreement between different products. The Sammon mapping, a multidimensional scaling method, was then used to visualize the differences between different products. The trustworthiness of the results for cloud analyses [EUMETSAT Meteorological Products Extraction Facility cloud mask (MPEF), together with the Nowcasting Satellite Application Facility (SAFNWC) cloud masks provided by Météo-France (SAFNWC/MSG) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SAFNWC/PPS)] compared with ceilometers of the Helsinki Testbed was estimated by constructing confidence intervals (CIs). Bootstrapping, a statistical resampling method, was used to construct CIs, especially in the presence of spatial and temporal correlation. The reference data for validation are constantly in short supply. In general, the needs of a particular project drive the requirements for evaluation, for example, for the accuracy and the timeliness of the particular data and methods. In this vein, we discuss tentatively how data provided by general public, e.g., photos shared on the Internet photo-sharing service Flickr, can be used as a new source for validation. Results show that they are of reasonable quality and their use for case studies can be warmly recommended. Last, the use of cluster analysis on meteorological in-situ measurements was explored. The Autoclass algorithm was used to construct compact representations of synoptic conditions of fog at Finnish airports.
Resumo:
Table of Contents [pdf, 1 Kb] Summary [pdf, 85 Kb] Introduction [pdf, 0.8 Mb] Major Species and Stocks of Crabs in the PICES Region [pdf, 1.23 Mb] Major Species and Stocks of Shrimps in the PICES Region [pdf, 0.5 Mb] Oceanography [pdf, 0.4 Mb] Sampling and Data Analysis [pdf, 0.38 Mb] Acknowledgements [pdf, 0.27 Mb] References [pdf, 0.33 Mb] Appendices [pdf, 0.3 Mb] Plates 1-5 [pdf, 0.95 Mb] (Document contains 83 pages)
Resumo:
Entsprechend dem Rahmenkonzept für die Bundesforschungsanstalten im Geschäftsbereich des damaligen Bundesministeriums für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten vom 12. 6. 1996 ist an der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei in Hamburg die Anzahl der Institute von fünf auf vier zu reduzieren. Das ab 1. 1. 2001 neu gebildete Institut für Fischereitechnik und Fischqualität (IFF) nimmt die Forschungsaufgaben der beiden bisherigen Institute für Fischereitechnik (IFH) sowie Biochemie und Technologie (IBT) wahr. Damit bietet sich für das aus zweivergleichsweise kleinen Instituten hervorgegangene IFF die Möglichkeit, in einem integrierten Ansatz Fische, Krebse und Weichtiere auf verschiedenen Stufen der Produktions- und Verarbeitungskette zu untersuchen und zu bewerten. Fangprozess und Folgebehandlung der Fangobjekte werden dadurch ganzheitlich betrachtet, was sich nicht zuletzt in Maßnahmen zur Qualitätserhaltung und -verbesserung von Fischen und Fischereierzeugnissen niederschlagen soll.
Resumo:
The presentation includes investigations and results regarding Baltic flatfish selectivity with different trawl codend constructions. These investigations were carried out 1999/ 2000 on board of FRV “Clupea” and a commercial 17 m cutter. As could be shown, both an enlarged mesh size and another mesh form than rhombic can improve the selectivity of these fish. As flatfish catches with trawls mostly also cover cod, this mixed fishery at the southern Baltic coast should in future be managed by differentiated technical regulations for an improved selectivity. The results, also based on UW observations, current measurements, and wind tunnel tests with models, demonstrate some possible technical solutions.
Resumo:
When drafting a new model of a towed technical system for fisheries (trawl, towed TV gear or similar), and also when measuring an existing and already tested system it is not easy to foresee of practical behaviour, which depends of various parameters. The measuring programme for recording all data needs a lot of time and money, and also has some limitations. Therefore we developed for such systems mathematical-physical models, which allow a complex calculation. Their real value, however, results only from practical verification. During the cruise no. 222 of “Walther Herwig III” in November 2000 comparative investigations for 2concrete systems were carried out. This was done in cooperation with the University in Rostock, where such models are being developed and computerized. One of the systems mesasured was a pelagic herring trawl and the other one the towed TV gear for underwater observations of the Institute for Fishery Technology and Fish Quality. The correspondence between model calculation and measurements was very high for both systems.
Resumo:
Since the beginning of the nineties the situation of the Baltic cod stock is deteriorating constantly. The fishery administration (International Baltic Sea Fisheries Commission) tries to counter this by issuing new technical measures. Existing measures (raise of mesh opening from 105 to 120 mm, “Danish” and “Swedish” escape windows) and newly introduced technical measures (BACOMA codend and raise of the mesh opening in conventional codends to 130 mm) show a number of deficiencies putting their efficiency in doubt. Available well tested alternatives to the newly introduced measures without their negative side effects (codends made of netting turned by 90°, and other designs) are presently left out of regard. Models of socioeconomic effects are likewise ignored.
Resumo:
The herring of the Baltic Sea shows a complicated population structure. Comparable to herring in other areas it can also be discriminated as spring and autumn spawning herring. Autumn spawning herring has been nearly vanished since the late 1960’s. Baltic Sea spring spawning herring show a broad variety as far as morphometric and other biological characteristics are concerned. It seems not very likely that all those differences are genetically based. The spawning sites of populations are, however, often clearly separated and such groups of herring are in most cases characterized by distinct differences in individual growth. Therefore for assessment purposes it is necessary to distinguish between as small as possible units in order to not endanger smaller populations to become extinct by overexploitation. On the other hand migrations and mixing of herring of different origin especially during the summer feeding period result in extreme difficulties of the discrimination of small units. For this reason only three herring assess ment units have been identified for the central and the northern Baltic Sea: herring in Sub-divisions 25–32+32, herring in Sub-division 30 and herring in Sub-division31. The spring spawning herring of the western Baltic Sea has been combined with spring spawning herring in Division IIIa. Only the herring stock in Sub-division 30 shows a positive development in the past. The largest assessment unit in Sub-divisions 25–29+32 decreased continuously during the whole period 1974–1998. The western Baltic Spring spawning herring stock decreased from 1990 to 1996. There is an ongoing debate on scientific level whether the combination of small populations into large assessment units like the one in S-D’s 25–29&32 might include the danger of the extinction of small compartments of the unit. On the other hand the practice by the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission of managing the Baltic Sea herring fisheries by dividing a yearly Total Allowable Catch for the whole area among fishery zones without taking care of any biological structure and any individual stock development is totally against the idea of sustainability of fisheries.
Resumo:
The introduction of a long-term management plan for the cod socks by the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBSFC) to ensure stable and high yields and to conserve the fish stocks of the Baltic demands certain conservation measures. One is the use of the Total Allowable Catches (TACs) based on precautionary approches. In addition the exploitation pattern and the selectivy of trawls shall be improved to increase the spawning stock biomass and to reduce the presently high discard rates. The contributation demonstrates by means of model calculations for the cod stock of the ICES Sub-divisions 22 to 24 ( Western Baltic ) the short- and long-term effects of an improvement of the trawl selectivity on stock size, yields and profit.
Resumo:
The intensified trawl fishery for flounder and otherflatfishes along the German Baltic coast during summer months resulted in the problem of increased undersized bycatches and their discarding. Thereforeselectivity trials with a standard codend, a codend withenlarged meshes and a so-called multipanel codendwith partly transverse netting were investigated. Results show that improvements in selectivity are possible, and tests including UW-TV observations shouldbe continued.
Resumo:
The sprat of the Baltic Sea is not as short-lived as inother Seas probably because fish predator species arerestricted mainly on cod and salmon. Sea bird popula-tions are much smaller and marine mammals are rare inthe Baltic Sea. The sprat stock biomass is fluctuatingstrongly. The fluctuation is mainly influenced by thestock recruitment and is also dependent on the strengthof the cod stock. After a strong decrease during the1980ies sprat catches increased again from 1992 onwardsand reached a peak with over half a million tonnes in 1997. At about the same time the character of the BalticSea sprat fishery changed from catches mainly for hu-man consumption to catches mainly for industrial pur-poses initiated by the fishery of Sweden. The recentrecord high catches of sprat have been possible only dueto the low level of the cod stock of the main Baltic SeaBasins over some years. A sprat fishery on such a highcatch level might cause conflicts with a recovering codstock in future.
Resumo:
Die wissenschaftlich-technische Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Institut für Fischereitechnik (IFH) und dem russischen Institut MariNPO in Kaliningrad war 1997/98 schwerpunktmäßig auf die Entwicklung flexibler Vorrichtungen zur Größenselektion von Fischen in Schleppnetzsteerten sowie deren gemeinsame Erprobung in der Ostsee-Dorschfischerei ausgerichtet. Die Vorteile solcher flexiblen Vorrichtungen aus textilem Material verglichen mit starren, meist aus Metall gefertigten bestehen darin, daß sie bei der Handhabung keine dauerhaften Verformungen bekommen, keine Erschwernisse oder Gefährdungen der Decksbesatzung, insbesondere bei schwerem Wetter, verursachen und problemlos mit dem Netz aufgetrommelt werden können. Außerdem sind sie wesentlich billiger in den Anschaffungskosten als Metallgitter aus nichtrostendem Stahl. Ihre Installation vor dem Hievteil ermöglicht zudem ein ungestörteres Selektieren als bei Fluchtfenstern im Bereich des Steertendes, wo die Fische stark verdichtet sind und mehr oder weniger gewaltsam an bzw. durch die Maschen gepreßt werden. Der Umlauftank in Kaliningrad sowie das geschleppte, steuerbare UW-Videosystem des IFH bieten gute Voraussetzungen für eine umfassende experimentelle Untersuchung der entwickelten Vorrichtungen, über die im folgenden berichtet wird.
Resumo:
On the basis of the ”Gdansk Convention on Preservation of Living Resources of the Baltic Sea” the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBSFC) has been regulating catches of most important fish species in the area since 1974. This article reviews, in a first step for Baltic Sea cod, the development of stocks and fishery since 1970 in the light of respective catch regulations of IBSFC. TACs have been fixed by IBSFC by species for the whole Baltic Sea and resulting quotas have been split according to national and/or international fishery zones from 1975 up to now. The Baltic Sea cod is on biological background treated in scientific stock assessment as two separate stocks. Both stocks, in the western and eastern Baltic Sea, show clearly different developments over the period since 1970. After a short living peak in stock size of the eastern compartment about 20 years ago this stock has been on a very low level since the late 1980’s. During that period with increasing effort big cod catches have been landed.. The level of fishing effort is more or less the same still with much lower catches nowadays. A detailed description of development of stock sizes and recruitment is given. The conclusion is that with the present regime of regulation on the basis of one TAC for the total Baltic Sea and with high fishing capacity available for cod it will be impossible to meet the aim of good and stable yields.