A influência da incerteza no desenvolvimento de pesquisas com organismos geneticamente modificados no Brasil

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar a influência das incertezas legais, mercadológicas e tecnológicas no desenvolvimento de pesquisas com Organismos Geneticamente Modificados aplicados à agricultura no Brasil. Para tanto foi realizado um estudo multicasos em oito centros de P&D (4 públicos e 4 privados) de caráter qualitativo e exploratório. Para a realização dos estudos de casos foram realizadas entrevistas não-estruturadas (no período de agosto a outubro de 2005) com representantes de cada uma das empresas selecionadas, tendo como base um protocolo de pesquisa. Também foram coletados dados secundários de diferentes fontes. Observou-se que, apesar da polêmica instaurada em torno dos OGMs, as pesquisas e o plantio comercial vem avançando de forma significativa no Brasil e no mundo. Apesar desta expansão, percebeu-se que a incerteza legal, mercadológica e tecnológica vêm influenciando as decisões de pesquisa nos centros de P&D. A incerteza legal, observada principalmente pelo excesso de burocracia na aprovação dos pedidos e a lentidão na regulamentação da lei 11.105 de março de 2005, levou muitos centros de P&D a abortar ou adiar projetos de pesquisa. A incerteza mercadológica, observada principalmente pela resistência da população em aceitar a nova tecnologia tem levado a uma maior cautela por parte dos centros de P&D no momento das decisões de investimentos. A incerteza tecnológica, observada pelas possibilidades de conflitos de patentes e disputas entre empresas, é identificada como a menos impactante no processo de decisão de pesquisa. Estas incertezas têm levado os centros de P&D a ficarem mais atentos aos movimentos do ambiente institucional e a buscarem novas capacitações na busca por uma vantagem competitiva sustentável no mercado. Observou-se também que o enfoque das teorias evolucionária e institucional, juntamente com abordagem teórica de incertezas, foram fundamentais para o entendimento da influência das incertezas no processo de pesquisa com OGMs nos centros de P&D analisados.

Impressoras 3D: o direito da propriedade intelectual precisará alcançar novas dimensões?

A presente monografia tem como objeto a análise dos possíveis impactos causados no campo da Propriedade Intelectual oriundos do desenvolvimento da tecnologia de impressão 3D. Este trabalho se estrutura em torno de três grandes seções. A primeira visa à apresentação das impressoras 3D ao leitor, descrevendo um pouco de sua história e, também, suas aplicações. A segunda expõe os principais contornos jurídicos que caracterizam a Propriedade Intelectual e os direitos dela decorrentes, relacionando-os com a impressão 3D. Na última seção, por fim, realiza-se uma reflexão quanto aos desafios apresentados no decorrer do texto e, também, a apresentação de situações que indicam possíveis rumos para a interação entre a tecnologia em questão e a Propriedade Intelectual.

Understanding e-government technology transfer: evidence from the transfer of a patent management system from EPO to INPI

Drawing upon Brazilian experience, this research explores some of the key issues to be addressed in using e-government technical cooperation designed to enhance service provision of Patent Offices in developing countries. While the development of software applications is often seen merely as a technical engineering exercise, localization and adaptation are context bounded matters that are characterized by many entanglements of human and non-humans. In this work, technical, legal and policy implications of technical cooperation are also discussed in a complex and dynamic implementation environment characterized by the influence of powerful hidden agendas associated with the arena of intellectual property (IP), which are shaped by recent technological, economic and social developments in our current knowledge-based economy. This research employs two different theoretical lenses to examine the same case, which consists of transfer of a Patent Management System (PMS) from the European Patent Office (EPO) to the Brazilian Patent Office that is locally named ‘Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial’ (INPI). Fundamentally, we have opted for a multi-paper thesis comprising an introduction, three scientific articles and a concluding chapter that discusses and compares the insights obtained from each article. The first article is dedicated to present an extensive literature review on e-government and technology transfer. This review allowed the proposition on an integrative meta-model of e-government technology transfer, which is named E-government Transfer Model (ETM). Subsequently, in the second article, we present Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as a framework for understanding the processes of transferring e-government technologies from Patent Offices in developed countries to Patent Offices in developing countries. Overall, ANT is seen as having a potentially wide area of application and being a promising theoretical vehicle in IS research to carry out a social analysis of messy and heterogeneous processes that drive technical change. Drawing particularly on the works of Bruno Latour, Michel Callon and John Law, this work applies this theory to a longitudinal study of the management information systems supporting the Brazilian Patent Office restructuration plan that involved the implementation of a European Patent Management System in Brazil. Based upon the ANT elements, we follow the actors to identify and understand patterns of group formation associated with the technical cooperation between the Brazilian Patent Office (INPI) and the European Patent Office (EPO). Therefore, this research explores the intricate relationships and interactions between human and non-human actors in their attempts to construct various network alliances, thereby demonstrating that technologies embodies compromise. Finally, the third article applies ETM model as a heuristic frame to examine the same case previously studied from an ANT perspective. We have found evidence that ETM has strong heuristic qualities that can guide practitioners who are engaged in the transfer of e-government systems from developed to developing countries. The successful implementation of e-government projects in developing countries is important to stimulate economic growth and, as a result, we need to understand the processes through which such projects are being implemented and succeed. Here, we attempt to improve understanding on the development and stabilization of a complex social-technical system in the arena of intellectual property. Our preliminary findings suggest that e-government technology transfer is an inherently political process and that successful outcomes require continuous incremental actions and improvisations to address the ongoing issues as they emerge.

Why is patent production so comparatively low at Petrobras?

As a latecomer firm, Petrobras’ innovation progress has previously been measured in terms of its productive capacity, capability accumulation, and more recently in terms of its strategic R&D and new product development. Patents are an acceptable proxy for innovation, especially for complex innovations such as biofuels and deepwater oil exploration & production, and this study evaluates Petrobras’ patent intensity relative to Shell and ExxonMobil for the years 2008–2012. The study found that while Petrobras may be a world-leader in deepwater E&P, its patent activities and portfolio are not competitive with its peers. This low patent intensity (and, by proxy, innovation) of Petrobras’ is explained by past and present institutional, cultural, and firm-specific factors.

Concorrência e acesso a medicamentos: evergreening em perspectiva comparada

Este trabalho estuda o fenômeno do evergreening, definido como o uso de patenteamento secundário para a obtenção de extensão indevida na proteção patentária sobre uma criação, sob a perspectiva do direito da concorrência no Brasil, União Europeia, Estados Unidos e Índia. Baseia-se em suas experiências com esta prática para determinar a aplicabilidade do direito da concorrência brasileiro e mais alternativas institucionais para abordar o problema.

Capitalismo de estado e inovação: facetas da relação entre estado e iniciativa privada no desenvolvimento nacional

While countries managed to rapidly rise and recover economically, Brazilian social indicators have advanced at short pace in the last decades. Although millions of Brazilians have recently left poverty, Brazil still has a long way to go regarding its socioeconomic development. Circa one fifth of the population is still considered functionally illiterate, basic education has one of the poorest performances in the world, the country has no top-level universities nor produces technology or patents at relevant levels. This paper, at first, analyses how the interaction between government and private agents influenced Brazil’s industrial and economic development, identifying the existence of bonds based on the exchange of private interests that at great extension kept public policies from reaching goals of national interest – the so called crony capitalism. Secondly, the paper verifies how development policies based on the promotion of innovative companies and segments of the industry may positively impact broad socioeconomic development. The paper delves specifically into the cooperation between universities and industry as a development tool. Enterprises and universities, guided by their endogenous interests, may be combined for the structuring of a national innovation system. While universities are fundamentally interested in promoting knowledge accumulation, enterprises are willing to invest financial capital in universities in exchange for the economic exploitation of products developed within the academic environment and direct access to its human capital. Lastly, the paper identifies the legal and cultural barriers and advances of this mechanism in Brazil. It verifies that, notwithstanding the institutional advance promoted by the Law of Innovation to the university-enterprise cooperation in Brazil, the law wasn’t entirely capable of eliminating the legal uncertainty of this relationship and capturing in an efficient way the interests of the agents involved. Recently, federal law n. 12.863/2013 officially offered universities the option of bypassing problems related to public law by regulating support foundations, which conceives greater certainty and simplicity to the cooperation. There are, however, remaining uncertainties regarding the norms to be edited by the executive power, as well as conflicts of interest linked to the property rights over patents resulting from this kind of cooperation. The paper verifies, moreover, the existence of ideological resistance to this tool within universities, in such a way that it is unlikely that those relationships develop in a systematic way throughout the country without further engagement from the government and its executive and legislative bodies.

Not delivering as one: asymmetric outcomes in firm-university collaborations

Extant literature examined the benefits of relational embeddedness in facilitating collaboration between organizations, as well as the necessity of firms to balance their knowledge generation into exploration and exploitation activities. However, the effects of relational embeddedness in the specific outputs of firm-university collaborations, as well as the elements that affect the exploratory nature of such outcomes remain underexplored. By examining fine grained data of more than 4.000 collaborative research and development projects by a firm and universities, 5.000 patents, and 300.000 scientific publications, it was proposed that relational embeddedness would have a positive effect on resource commitment and on joint scientific publications, but a negative effect on joint patents and exploratory outcomes resulting of such collaborations. Additionally, it was proposed that knowledge similarity would have a negative impact in exploratory endeavors made in such projects. Although some of the propositions were not supported by the data, this study revealed that relational embeddedness increases resource commitment and the production of joint scientific publications in such partnerships. At last, this study presents interesting opportunities for future research.

Relatório de Estágio para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação Pré-escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

O trabalho aqui apresentado insere-se no âmbito do relatório de estágio do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1º ciclo do Ensino Básico da Universidade da Madeira, para a aquisição do grau de mestre em Educação Básica. Este procurou apresentar a prática desenvolvida no contexto de Educação Pré-Escolar, nomeadamente na Escola Básica do 1º Ciclo com Pré-Escolar da Nazaré, no anexo da Azinhaga. O relatório está estruturado em duas partes distintas. A primeira parte do referese às considerações teóricas que se debruçam sobre a edificação da identidade profissional docente, o conceito da Educação Pré-Escolar (EPE), os objetivos e finalidades, o primeiro espaço educativo – a família, a investigação-ação como construtora do papel docente, e os pressupostos teóricos que sustentaram toda a prática. Na segunda parte do relatório pretendo espelhar todo o desenvolvimento da ação na “Sala das Borboletas”. No contexto da intervenção pedagógica, todas as atividades desenvolvidas tiveram por base uma aprendizagem ativa, de modo a compreender a importância do papel ativo da criança na construção do seu próprio conhecimento, bem como, a importância da diferenciação pedagógica e a aprendizagem cooperativa. Sendo que a criança constrói e manipula os materiais que lhe permitem conhecer o mundo que a rodeia, apresentado assim, efeitos positivos no seu desenvolvimento. Durante o levantamento de dados relativos ao contexto educativo e às caraterísticas das crianças foram utilizados diversos instrumentos, sendo estes, a observação direta, as notas de campo, os registos fotográficos e a análise documental. O relatório aborda também as estratégias da pedagogia participativa adotadas durante a intervenção pedagógica e expõe os efeitos positivos da mesma no desenvolvimento das crianças e no sucesso das suas aprendizagens. Nas considerações finais estão patentes as situações com maior relevância para a prática profissional futura.

Relatório de estágio realizado na Escola Básica do 1.º Ciclo com Pré-Escolar da Nazaré

O presente relatório de estágio insere-se no segundo ano do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, tendo sido elaborado para a obtenção do grau de mestre. O estágio pedagógico foi realizado na turma 3.º B da Escola Básica do 1.º Ciclo com Pré-Escolar da Nazaré. Com a redação deste relatório pretendo expor a análise e a reflexão relativas ao estágio pedagógico desenvolvido. Todo este processo reveste-se de fundamentação teórica, com o intuito de credibilizar as afirmações, o planeamento, a metodologia e as estratégias educativas utilizadas. São apresentados os dados adquiridos através da metodologia de investigaçãoação, que possibilitou determinar a questão-problema a investigar, desenvolvendo a competência matemática. Permitindo também recolher dados acerca dos interesses e dificuldades dos alunos, a fim de reajustar a prática educativa. A práxis baseou-se sobretudo na aprendizagem significativa e na aprendizagem pela ação, ou seja, num processo de ensino-aprendizagem onde os alunos são os principais construtores do seu conhecimento. Neste sentido, os pressupostos metodológicos adotados incidiram na perspetiva construtivista, na aprendizagem cooperativa e na promoção de atividades contextualizadas e promotoras da motivação dos alunos. Ao longo do relatório estão patentes as atividades promovidas com os alunos nas diversas áreas curriculares e as intervenções realizadas com a comunidade educativa. Estas últimas tiveram como finalidade promover uma parceria entre a escola, pais e restante comunidade escolar, pois quando esta está entrosada surte nos alunos aprendizagens significativas e contextualizadas. De igual modo, exibe-se a avaliação, que foi imprescindível para a recolha de informações, que permitiram aperfeiçoar as práticas. O relatório desfecha com a reflexão final acerca da intervenção pedagógica desenvolvida, constituída pelos aspetos mais pertinentes que contribuíram para o meu crescimento e desenvolvimento enquanto pessoa e profissional.

Gestão compartilhada de P&D em petróleo:a interação entre a Petrobrás e a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

This work addresses the relationship between University-Firm aims to understand the model of shared management of R&D in petroleum of Petrobras with UFRN. This is a case study which sought to investigate whether the model of cooperation established by the two institutions brings innovation to generate technical-scientific knowledge and contribute to the coordination with other actors in the promotion of technological innovation. In addition to desk research the necessary data for analysis were obtained by sending questionnaires to the coordinators of projects in R&D at the company and university. Also, interviews were conducted with subjects who participated in the study since its inception to the present day. This case study were analysed through the Resource-Based View and Interorganizational Networks theory. The sample data also stands that: searches were aligned to the strategic planning and that 29% of R&D projects have been successful on the scope of the proposed objectives (of which 11% were incorporated into business processes); which was produced technical and scientific knowledge caracterized by hundreds of national and international publications; thesis, dissertations, eleven patents, and radical and incremental innovations; the partnership has also brought benefits to the academic processes induced by the improved infrastructure UFRN and changing the "attitude" of the university (currently with national prominence in research and staff training for the oil sector). As for the model, the technical point of view, although it has some problems, it follows that it is appropriate. From the viewpoint of the management model is criticized for containing an excess of bureaucracy. From the standpoint of strategic allocation of resources from the legal framework needs to be reassessed, because it is focused only on the college level and it is understood that should also reach the high school given the new reality of the oil sector in Brazil. For this it is desirable to add the local government to this partnership. The set of information leads to the conclusion that the model is identified and named as a innovation of organizational arrangement here known as Shared Management of R&D in petroleum of Petrobras with UFRN. It is said that the shared management model it is possible to exist, which is a simple and effective way to manage partnerships between firms and Science and Technology Institutions. It was created by contingencies arising from regulatory stand points and resource dependence. The partnership is the result of a process of Convergence, Construction and Evaluation supported by the tripod Simplicity, Systematization and Continuity, important factors for its consolidation. In practice an organizational arrangement was built to manage innovative university-industry partnership that is defined by a dyadic relationship on two levels (institutional and technical, therefore governance is hybrid), by measuring the quarterly meetings of systematic and standardized financial contribution proportional to the advancement of research. These details have led to the establishment of a point of interaction between the scientific and technological-business dimension, demystifying they are two worlds apart

Projeto, construção e análise de um prototipo vibracional em escala de bancada aplicável ao tratamento de água de produção de petróleo bruto, mediante inovadora operação híbrida de adsorção e auto-flotação

A self-flotator vibrational prototype electromechanical drive for treatment of oil and water emulsion or like emulsion is presented and evaluated. Oil production and refining to obtain derivatives is carried out under arrangements technically referred to as on-shore and off-shore, ie, on the continent and in the sea. In Brazil 80 % of the petroleum production is taken at sea and area of deployment and it cost scale are worrisome. It is associated, oily water production on a large scale, carrier 95% of the potential pollutant of activity whose final destination is the environment medium, terrestrial or maritime. Although diversified set of techniques and water treatment systems are in use or research, we propose an innovative system that operates in a sustainable way without chemical additives, for the good of the ecosystem. Labyrinth adsor-bent is used in metal spirals, and laboratory scale flow. Equipment and process patents are claimed. Treatments were performed at different flow rates and bands often monitored with control systems, some built, other bought for this purpose. Measurements of the levels of oil and grease (OGC) of efluents treaty remained within the range of legal framework under test conditions. Adsorbents were weighed before and after treatment for obtaining oil impregna-tion, the performance goal of vibratory action and treatment as a whole. Treatment technolo-gies in course are referenced, to compare performance, qualitatively and quantitatively. The vibration energy consumption is faced with and without conventional flotation and self-flotation. There are good prospects for the proposed, especially in reducing the residence time, by capillary action system. The impregnation dimensionless parameter was created and confronted with consecrated dimensionless parameters, on the vibrational version, such as Weber number and Froude number in quadratic form, referred to as vibrational criticality. Re-sults suggest limits to the vibration intensity

Essas pessoas na sala de jantar : espaços históricos em canções tropicalistas (1963-1973)

Tropicalia concerns the attempt of understanding of Brazil and a national identity characterized by the transience of time and space, rhizomatic action, perpetual laceration of cultural boundaries and at the same time act synchronously to instances such as policy and the social. A word created by artist Hélio Oiticica and registered by him on the National Register of Trademarks and Patents, was later used to a name the eponymous song by Caetano Veloso and also in this fertile cultural impulse at the turn of the sixties to the seventies on last century, who had the intention to make creating new spaces and simultaneously rethink the spatial cuts of Brazilian culture, encouraging them to be much more than a myth of a paradise within a lush new look of a tropical truth.

Espacios iberoamericanos: vínculos entre universidades y empresas para el desarrollo tecnológico

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Espacios iberoamericanos: hacia una nueva arquitectura del Estado para el desarrollo

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Espaços ibero-americanos: a uma nova arquitetura do Estado para o desenvolvimento

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