Microbiota contaminante em repolho minimamente processado

A microbiota contaminante de repolho minimamente processado foi avaliada durante as etapas de sanitização e estocagem sob atmosfera modificada passiva em embalagens com diferentes taxas de permeabilidade a O2 e CO2 e a 1ºC, 5ºC e 12ºC. A sanitização do repolho por 10min., à temperatura ambiente, em soluções sanitizantes de hipoclorito de sódio a 200mgL-1, de composto orgânico clorado a 200mgL-1 ou ácido acético a 1% reduziu em, no máximo, 1,8log10 UFCg-1 a população de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos. A concentração de CO2 no interior das embalagens variou significativamente (P<0,05) ao longo de 15 dias de estocagem do repolho minimamente processado mantido tanto a 1ºC como a 5ºC. Nessas mesmas condições, não foi constatada variação na população de aeróbios e anaeróbios mesófilos e de psicrotróficos. Em avaliação subjetiva, o repolho minimamente processado apresentou-se em condições adequadas de consumo aos 20 dias de estocagem, a 1ºC e 5ºC, nas embalagens de filmes de alta permeabilidade ao O2. Quando acondicionado em bandejas plásticas transparentes, seladas com filme de PVC termoencolhível, o produto apresentou, no vigésimo dia, a 5ºC, características sensoriais indesejáveis. O repolho minimamente processado mantido a 12ºC apresentou sinais evidentes de deterioração após cinco dias, manifestados pelo aparecimento de manchas escuras, limosidade e odor desagradável, e teve um aumento de até 3log10 UFCg-1 na população inicial de aeróbios e anaeróbios mesófilos e de psicrotróficos.

Folhas de alface lisa (Lactuca sativa) minimamente processadas armazenadas em atmosfera modificada: análises físicas, químicas e físico-químicas

Alfaces (Lactuca sativa) cv. lisa, após seleção e pré-lavagem, foram lavadas com água clorada a 5ºC contendo 150ppm de cloro residual livre e pH ajustado para 6.0, enxagüadas e centrifugadas por 8 minutos a 2200rpm. Em seguida, foram acondicionadas em embalagens plásticas de nylon poli 5 camadas, sem e com atmosfera modificada (N2 contendo 20ppm de O2 e no máximo 20ppm umidade) e estocadas a 4ºC. Durante 5 dias foram realizadas mensurações de pH, concentração de sólidos solúveis (graus Brix) e análises de acidez (mL NaOH 0,1M/100g folhas de alface). Os produtos sofreram acidificação detectável pela diminuição do pH em ambas as atmosferas. O incremento da acidez foi mostrado, sendo os registros maiores para as amostras controle (sem atmosfera modificada), e não ocorreram variações de graus Brix. Os resultados fizeram concluir que avanços tecnológicos vêm sendo alcançados visando melhorar a qualidade e vida-de-prateleira do vegetal.

Efeito da embalagem e temperatura de armazenamento em repolho minimamente processado

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações no repolho minimamente processado quando armazenado em diferentes embalagens e temperaturas. O processamento mínimo consistiu em seleção, classificação e resfriamento da matéria-prima, seguido do processo de corte em tiras, enxágüe em água tratada para a remoção dos exudados celulares, sanitização em solução com 150mgL-1 de cloro ativo, enxágüe, centrifugação, pesagem, acondicionamento em bandejas de poliestireno expandido, revestidas com filme flexível de policloreto de vinila (PVC), 12µm, e embalagens de tereftalato de polietileno (PET), e armazenamento por 15 dias em temperaturas de 0, 5 e 10ºC. A cada três dias avaliou-se a concentração de O2 e CO2 na atmosfera interna das embal agens, bem como o pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e vitamina C no repolho minimamente processado. Concluiu-se que o repolho acondicionado na embalagem PVC apresentou menor perda de vitamina C durante os 15 dias de armazenamento nas três temperaturas. Esta embalagem também apresentou maior concentração de CO2 e menor de O2 , porém dentro dos níveis aceitáveis, garantindo assim maior vida útil ao repolho minimamente processado. Observou-se que não houve diferença significativa na vida útil do produto armazenado em temperaturas de 0 e 5ºC, nas duas embalagens avaliadas, porém a 10ºC a mesma reduziu-se significativamente, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade.

Shelf life of minimally processed carrot and green pepper

The postharvest losses of horticultural products justify the use of preservation techniques. The processing not only adds value to the products, but also makes the products more convenient to the consumers. The objective of this research was to define the methodologies for the minimal processing of carrot and green pepper as to the type and intensity of the adoption of conservation techniques, and to monitor the products after processing through microbiological, physicochemical and nutritional analysis. The vegetables were washed and they were immersed in cold (7ºC) water with 100 mg L-1 free chlorine for sanitation, followed by centrifugation for 5 min. The product was put into BOPP/LDPE (biaxially orientated polypropylene/low-density polyethylene) plastic bags, which were sealed under atmospheric air, vacuum and modified atmosphere (2% O2, 10% CO2, 88% N2) and stored at 1ºC±1ºC. The approximate composition of the vegetables stayed stable during the storage period, in the three tested treatments. The contents of vitamin C for the samples of minimally processed carrot and green pepper did not present differences among treatments. The contents of beta-carotene decreased slightly during the storage period for the minimally processed carrot and green pepper. After processing, carrot and green pepper had psychrotrophic counts of 10²-10(5) and 10³-10(6) CFU g-1, respectively. Anaerobic mesophiles and total coliforms were found in green peppers, representing 1.6x10³ - 7.4x10(5) and <10.g-1 - 7.4x10(5), respectively. Total and fecal coliforms, anaerobic mesophiles and Salmonella were not found in carrots. Salmonella was not found in green pepper.

Avaliação de melão minimamente processado armazenado em diferentes temperaturas e embalagens

Os produtos minimamente processados oferecem diversos benefícios para o consumidor, entre os quais destacam-se a redução do tempo de preparação dos alimentos, a oferta de produtos saudáveis com excelente qualidade e a necessidade de menor espaço para seu armazenamento. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar qual embalagem (tereftalato de poliestireno ou bandeja de poliestireno expandido com cobertura de policloreto de vinila) seria mais adequada para o armazenamento de melão minimamente processado, armazenado nas temperaturas de 4ºC e 10ºC. Os frutos passaram pelo processo mínimo que consistiu em: recepção, seleção, lavagem com água corrente, lavagem com solução de hipoclorito de sódio (200 mg.L-1/15 min), resfriamento 10ºC/24 h, descasque e corte manual (fatia), banho de imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio (40 mg.L-1/30 s), embalagem e armazenamento. Aos 0, 3, 5, 7 e 10 dias de armazenamento foram feitas análises da concentração de O2 e CO2, firmeza, pH, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares totais e redutores e avaliação sensorial com provadores treinados. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferenças significativas ao longo do armazenamento no teor de O2 e CO2, firmeza, pH, açúcares totais e redutores. Quando comparados com os demais tratamentos, as características das frutas armazenadas em embalagens de tereftalato de polietileno a 4ºC mantiveram-se mais estáveis. Na análise sensorial houve diferença significativa entre o primeiro dia de análise e os demais, mostrando que o melão minimamente processado diminui sua qualidade sensorial ao longo do tempo.

Avaliação da utilização de embalagem em atmosfera modificada sobre a conservação de sardinhas (Sardinella brasiliensis)

A vida útil dos alimentos perecíveis conservados em atmosfera normal é limitada principalmente pelo efeito do oxigênio atmosférico e o crescimento de microorganismos aeróbios produtores de alterações, que promovem mudanças de odor, sabor, cor e textura, conduzindo à perda da qualidade. A modificação da atmosfera prolonga significativamente a vida útil dos alimentos, quando comparados à refrigeração, podendo chegar a um aumento de três a quatro vezes. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da embalagem de sardinhas (Sardinella brasiliensis) em atmosfera modificada. As amostras foram divididas em 8 lotes, embaladas com aproximadamente 1,5 L de ar (100%), CO2 (100%), 50/50 CO2/O2 e vácuo e termo-seladas, sendo armazenadas por um período de 22 dias. A cada 2 dias as amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao pH, bases voláteis totais (BVT) e contagens totais de microrganismos heterotróficos aeróbios mesófilos. Os valores de pH aumentaram durante o tempo de estocagem, com exceção das amostras armazenadas em 100 e 50% CO2. A evolução de BVT foi compatível com outros parâmetros, como pH e contagem de bactérias totais, sendo sua evolução mais lenta nas amostras em que ocorreu o uso de atmosfera modificada. Os microrganismos mesófilos, nas atmosferas enriquecidas com CO2, apresentaram fases de latência e tempos de duplicação maiores, quando comparados com os das amostras em que não foi aplicado o método. Sob o ponto de vista microbiológico, as embalagens enriquecidas com CO2 demonstraram ser o melhor método de conservação, como também os resultados de BVT se encontraram dentro dos limites de 30 mg.100 g -1 de acordo com o estabelecido pela RIISPOA8. Recomenda-se o uso da atmosfera de 100% de CO2 como forma de conservação da sardinha por apresentar melhores parâmetros de vida útil.

Postharvest respiratory activity and changes in some chemical constituents during maturation of yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) fruit

Mature fruit from the yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) was monitored for its respiration activity. Mature green fruit from the yellow mombin was stored in closed glass chambers and the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the end of a six hour respiration period was determined. At the same interval of time, the lid of the chamber was opened for air renewal. The increase in carbon dioxide and decrease in oxygen concentration demonstrated that the fruit was climacteric. The maximum liberation of CO2 54.2 mL Kg-1 h-1 and maximum absorption of O2 49.0 mL Kg-1 h-1 occurred 186 hours after the harvest which, obviously, represented the optimum fruit quality after the senescence process started. The respiratory quotient of fruit at a climacteric maximum was 1.11 representing the oxidation of carbohydrates. Total soluble solids increased from 9.1 °Brix (initial) to 13.7 °Brix (climacteric maximum) during maturation, while the total number of acids in the fruit decreased during maturation i.e. from 1.55% initially to 1.40% at pre-climacteric, 1.0% at climacteric maximum and 0.8% in the post-climacteric stage. A similar behaviour was observed in the case of ascorbic acid. There was a continuous decrease in chlorophyll and a continuous increase in the carotenoid content of fruit during maturation.

Quality evaluation of fresh-cut ‘Pérola’ pineapple stored in controlled atmosphere

The purpose of this research was to determine the best gas mixture in controlled atmosphere conditions to store fresh-cut ‘Pérola’ pineapple, particularly in relation to the maintenance of visual quality and reduction of microbial growth. After sanitation, fruit was manually peeled, sliced and dipped in 20 mg.L-1 NaOCl solution for 30 seconds. Then, the excess liquid was drained and the slices were placed in sealed glass jars connected to a flowboard installed in a cold room (5 ± 1 °C). Desired gas mixtures were supplied continuously for 12 days from cylinders connected to the flowboard. Controlled atmospheres of 2:5, 2:10, 2:15, 5:5, 5:10, 5:15, 8:5, 8:10 and 8:15 (O2:CO2, %) and air were used. The product was evaluated for pulp color, total and fecal coliforms, mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic, mold and yeast counts. Total and fecal coliforms were not detected. The fresh-cut ‘Pérola’ pineapple was not very sensitive to storage in controlled atmosphere, considering that the slices had little browning and were free of contamination, that would affect the food safety at the end of the storage period

Características físicas e químicas de morango processado minimamente e conservado sob refrigeração e atmosfera controlada

Morangos cv. Oso Grande foram processados minimamente e mantidos em três diferentes atmosferas: 3% O2 + 10% CO2 (balanço N2), 3% O2 + 15% CO2 (balanço N2) e atmosfera ambiente (controle), a 5 e 10 ºC, durante 7 dias, com o objetivo de avaliar suas características físicas e químicas ao longo do armazenamento. Os frutos foram avaliados nos dias 0, 3 e 7 quanto à perda de massa, firmeza, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares (sacarose, frutose e glicose) e teor de antocianinas totais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), e as médias comparadas estatisticamente pelo teste de Diferença Mínima Significativa (LSD), a 5% de probabilidade. Verificou-se que o aumento da temperatura, de 5 para 10 ºC, não influenciou de forma significativa as variáveis físicas e químicas avaliadas. A utilização das atmosferas contendo 3% O2 + 10% CO2 e 3% O2 + 15% CO2 foi importante para a manutenção da qualidade dos morangos processados minimamente, pois mantiveram melhor firmeza em relação à atmosfera ambiente, e foram mais efetivas no controle da perda de massa dos frutos. Todavia, os frutos processados minimamente mantidos nestas atmosferas apresentaram menor teor de antocianinas que os mantidos em atmosfera ambiente.

Influence of temperature on the respiration rate of minimally processed organic carrots (Daucus Carota L. cv. Brasília)

The objective of this work was to study the influence of temperature on the respiration rate of minimally processed organic carrots (Daucus Carota L. cv. Brasília) with and without the application of a gelatin film. The samples were packed in flexible bags and stored at 1, 5 and 10 °C. During the five days of storage, the CO2 and O2 concentrations in the headspace of the package were monitored by gas chromatography, and the mathematical model based on enzymatic kinetics was used to estimate the respiration rate of minimally processed organic carrots. The effect of temperature on the respiration rate was evaluated by the Arrhenius equation. The results showed that the O2 concentration decreased during the storage period and the CO2 concentration increased. The lowest O2 concentrations of 2.59 and 2.66% were found for the samples stored at 10 °C with and without the film, respectively. For the CO2 concentration, the highest concentrations of 16.25 and 16.32% were again found for the temperature of 10 °C with and without the application of the film, respectively. At the temperature of 1 °C, the maximum respiratory rates for the samples without and with the film were 10.82 and 10.44 mL CO2.kg-1/hour, respectively, after 72 hours of storage. The greatest respiratory rate was obtained at 10 °C, the maximum peak being reached after 50 hours. Activation energy values were of 50.59 kJ.mol-1, for the samples with the film, and 51.88 kJ.mol-1 for the samples without the film.

Effect of controlled atmosphere on postharvest quality of 'Douradão' peaches

This study was carried out with one of the most important cultivar grown in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, which has gained the preference of consumers, due to its sweet taste, intense skin color and large size; however, these fruits are susceptible to chilling injury when cold stored for long periods. The use of controlled atmosphere (CA) with elevated CO2 and reduced O2 concentrations prevent the onset of the chilling symptom. Thus, the effect of three different conditions of controlled atmosphere (CA1, CA2, CA3 and Control) was evaluated in order to extend the storage life of 'Douradão' peaches. After 14, 21 and 28 days, samples were withdrawn from CA and kept in fresh air at 25 ± 1 °C and 90 ± 5% RH to complete ripening. On the day of removal and after 4 days, were the peaches quality characteristics were evaluated. The results showed that the use of CA during cold storage reduced weight loss and prevented postharvest decay. CA2 and CA3 treatments were effective in keeping good quality of 'Douradão' peaches during 28 days of cold storage, the ripe fruits showed reduced incidence of woolliness, adequate juiciness and flesh firmness. CA1 and Control treatments did not present marketable conditions after 14 days of cold storage.

Quality of yellow passion fruit stored under refrigeration and controlled atmosphere

In this study, it was evaluated the quality of yellow passion fruits stored under refrigeration and controlled atmospheres of different composition aiming to extend the postharvest life of the fruits. The characteristics of skin color, appearance, mass loss, as well as the chemical quality of the juice of yellow passion fruits stored at: 21% O2 plus 0.03% CO2; 1% O2 plus 0.03% CO2; 5% O2 plus 0.03% CO2; 12% O2 plus 5% CO2; and 5% O2 plus 15% CO2, with 1 control treatment (refrigeration at 13 ºC and 90% UR) were determined. The analyses were performed before and after 30 days of storage and after removing the controlled atmospheres and storage for 9 days under refrigeration at ambient atmosphere. The data were interpreted by simple statistical analysis using the test by confidence intervals with 95% of probability. It was concluded that the application of atmospheres with low oxygen concentration and high carbon dioxide level minimized quality losses. At atmosphere with 5% O2 and 15% CO2, it was observed the lowest color change indexes and mass loss, and also the smallest decrease in acidity, soluble solids content, vitamin C, reducing sugars, and total soluble sugars.

Dynamics of gas levels inside packages containing minimally processed Pera orange

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in concentrations of O2 and CO2 inside packages of minimally processed Pera orange. Previously selected oranges that were washed, sanitized, and chilled were peeled using hydrothermal treatment (immersion of fruits in water at 50 °C for 8 minutes). The peeled oranges were then packed in five different plastic packages under passive and active modified atmosphere (5% O2 + 10% CO2 + 85% N2). The fruits were stored at 6 °C and 12 °C. The package headspace gas composition was evaluated for twelve days at 6 °C and nine days at 12 °C. The polypropylene film (32 µm) promoted modified atmosphere similar to that initially injected (5% O2 + 10% CO2 + 85% N2) at 6 °C and 12 °C. With regard to the atmosphere modification system, the injection of a gas mixture anticipated achieving an equilibrium atmosphere inside the packages at 12 °C. At 6 °C, the gas composition inside the packages was kept close to that of the injection, but the equilibrium was not verified.

Estimate of respiration rate and physicochemical changes of fresh-cut apples stored under different temperatures

In this study, the influence of storage temperature and passive modified packaging (PMP) on the respiration rate and physicochemical properties of fresh-cut Gala apples (Malus domestica B.) was investigated. The samples were packed in flexible multilayer bags and stored at 2 °C, 5 °C, and 7 °C for eleven days. Respiration rate as a function of CO2 and O2 concentrations was determined using gas chromatography. The inhibition parameters were estimated using a mathematical model based on Michaelis-Menten equation. The following physicochemical properties were evaluated: total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and reducing sugars. At 2 °C, the maximum respiration rate was observed after 150 hours. At 5 °C and 7 °C the maximum respiration rates were observed after 100 and 50 hours of storage, respectively. The inhibition model results obtained showed a clear effect of CO2 on O2 consumption. The soluble solids decreased, although not significantly, during storage at the three temperatures studied. Reducing sugars and titratable acidity decreased during storage and the pH increased. These results indicate that the respiration rate influenced the physicochemical properties.

Phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of propolis (Apis mellifera L.) from Algarve, South Portugal

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees to seal honeycomb, which has been used in folk medicine due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In the present study, water and methanol were used to extract phenols and flavonoids from propolis collected in thirteen different areas in the Algarve region during the winter and spring. The ABTS•+, DPPH•, and O2•- scavenging capacity, and metal chelating activity were also evaluated in the propolis samples. Methanol was more effective than water in extracting total phenols (2.93-8.76 mg/mL) (0.93-2.81 mg/mL). Flavones and flavonols were also better extracted with methanol (1.28-2.76 mg/mL) than with water (0.031-0.019 mg/mL). The free radical scavenging activity, ABTS (IC50=0.006-0.036 mg/mL), DPPH (IC50=0.007-0.069 mg/mL) and superoxide (IC50=0.001-0.053 mg/mL), of the samples was also higher in methanolic extracts. The capacity for chelating metal ions was higher in aqueous extracts (41.11-82.35%) than in the methanolic ones (4.33-29.68%). Propolis from three locations of Algarve region were richer in phenols and had better capacity for scavenging free ABTS and DPPH radicals than the remaining samples. These places are part of a specific zone of Algarve known as Barrocal.