Integrating environmental education in primary school education in Tanzania : teachers’ perceptions and teaching practices

The study focuses on primary school teachers’ perceptions of environmental education, its integration into primary school education and teachers’ teaching practices in Tanzania. The thesis is based on empirical research. The theoretical underpinnings of the study are based on Palmer’s (1998) model of environmental education. According to the model, meaningful environmental education should include education about, in or through and for the environment. The study is supported by national and international literature from research done on environmental education and education for sustainable development and policy statements. The study is qualitative in nature, adopting phenomenography and phenomenology as points of departure. The empirical data was collected from four primary schools in Morogoro region in Tanzania. The study sample consisted of 31 primary school teachers. Data was collected through interviews and lesson observations. According to the results of the study, primary school teachers expressed variations in their perceptions of environmental education and education for sustainable development. Most of the teachers focused on the aspect of knowledge acquisition. According to Tanzanian education and training policy, environmental education has to be integrated into all subjects. Although there is environmental education in the primary school curriculum, it is not integrated on an equal footing in all subjects. Some subjects like science, social studies and geography have more environmental content than other subjects. Teachers claim that the approach used to integrate environmental education into the school curriculum was not favoured because many claimed that what is to be taught as environmental education in the various subjects is not shown clearly. As a result, many teachers suggested that to ensure that it is taught properly it should be included in the curriculum as an independent subject or as specific topics. The study revealed that teachers’ teaching practices in integrating environmental education varied from one subject to another. Although most of the teachers said that they used participatory methods, lesson observations showed that they limited themselves to question and answer and group discussion. However, the teachers faced a number of barriers in the teaching of environmental education, some of which include lack of teaching and learning resources, time and large class size. The role of teachers in the implementation of environmental education in developing an environmentally literate citizenry is of great significance. The responsibility of the government in developing a curriculum with clear goals and content, developing teachers’ capacity in the teaching of environmental education and provision of teaching and learning materials needs to be taken seriously by the government in educational plans and programs.

Hepatectomia parcial em cirurgia pediátrica

OBJETIVO: Embora, atualmente, as indicações de hepatectomias em crianças sejam menos frequentes, em alguns casos elas constituem a melhor opção terapêutica. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência de dez anos com grandes ressecções hepáticas em pacientes pediátricos. MÉTODO: Foram analisados os dados de doze pacientes submetidos a lobectomia hepática nos serviços de Cirurgia Pediátrica do Hospital da Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e do Hospital Santa Lydia, em Ribeirão Preto (SP) de 1985 a 1995. RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas oito lobectomias esquerdas e quatro lobectomias direitas. Dez crianças foram operadas por neoplasia e duas por complicações de traumatismo hepático. A idade das dez crianças portadoras de neoplasia variou de seis dias a dezesseis meses, sendo em média 3,8 meses. O diagnóstico histopatológico foi hemangioendotelioma em cinco (50%), hepatoadenoma em dois (20%), hepatoblastoma em dois (20%) e hepatocarcinoma em um (10%). O peso do tumor correspondeu em média a 7,1% do peso do paciente. A duração média da cirurgia foi de 2 horas e 58 minutos. O seguimento pós-operatório variou até 141 meses, sendo em média 76,5 meses. Sete pacientes receberam transfusão de sangue intra-operatória, correspondente a 23,3% de sua volemia, em média. Um deles apresentou recidiva de tumor, necessitando reoperação. Nenhum dos doze pacientes apresentou complicações pós-operatórias. CONCLUSÃO: A hepatectomia parcial é um procedimento difícil tecnicamente, que, no entanto, pode ser realizado com segurança, mesmo em hospitais que não disponham de recursos tecnológicos sofisticados, desde que o cirurgião esteja bem preparado para enfrentar suas dificuldades.

Auto-estima em pacientes com carcinomas de pele

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a auto-estima de pacientes com carcinomas de pele da face e do pescoço. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 100 pacientes, com idades entre 30 e 90 anos (mediana = 55 anos), sendo 44 eram do gênero masculino e 56 do gênero feminino. O Grupo Estudo foi composto por 50 pacientes portadores de carcinomas de pele na face e no pescoço, com tamanho igual ou maior a 10 mm no seu maior eixo e com diagnóstico confirmado por biópsia prévia. O Grupo Controle consistiu de 50 indivíduos da população geral. Para avaliação da auto-estima, utilizou-se a Escala de Auto-estima de Rosenberg / UNIFESP-EPM. A análise estatística utilizou com o teste de Mann-Whitney e a Análise de Variância de Kruskal Wallis. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes portadores de câncer de pele e os da população geral não apresentaram diferenças significantes em relação à idade (p=0,331), gênero e escolaridade. O tamanho médio do tumor foi 20,9 + 2 mm. Os pacientes com câncer de pele apresentaram auto-estima significantemente mais baixa, com escore médio de 6,84 e 3,90 para o Grupo Controle (p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com câncer de pele na face e no pescoço apresentaram auto-estima menor do que os pacientes sem câncer.

Perfusão isolada de membro com hipertermia na trataento das metástases em trânsito do melanoma cutâneo

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a casuística do Setor de Tumores Cutâneos da Disciplina de Cirurgia Plástica da Escola Paulista de Medicina/ Universidade Federal de São Paulo em relação à Perfusão Isolada de Membro (PIM) para o tratamento das metástases em trânsito do melanoma cutâneo, bem como os resultados conseqüentes, comparando-os com a literatura internacional. MÉTODO: De maio de 1993 a abril de 2007, 41 pacientes portadores de metástases em trânsito do melanoma cutâneo submeteram-se a 44 PIM. Por meio da observação de seus prontuários, foram avaliados quanto à toxicidade regional e sistêmica, e resposta tumoral após a PIM. Após a coleta dos resultados, procedeu-se a comparação com a literatura internacional e as posteriores conclusões. RESULTADOS: Houve 43,2% de respostas completas, 36,4% de respostas parciais e 20,4% sem resposta ao tratamento proposto. A toxicidade regional aguda descrita foi, de modo geral, restrita a edema e eritema discretos, não havendo nenhum caso de complicação sistêmica grave. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados obtidos nessa casuística corroboram os descritos pela literatura internacional, demonstrando a importância e a possibilidade da PIM para o controle locoregional das metástases em trânsito do melanoma cutâneo também na realidade brasileira.

Avaliação de sintomas depressivos em pessoas com diabetes mellitus e pé ulcerado

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a intensidade de sintomas de depressão nos pacientes diabéticos com úlceras no pé. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, analítico e transversal, realizado no ambulatório de feridas de um hospital público, de Sorocaba/SP. Participaram 50 pacientes com diabetes mellitus e pé ulcerado. Para mensurar a intensidade dos sintomas de depressão foi utilizado o inventário de Avaliação de Depressão de Beck. RESULTADOS: Dos 50 pacientes avaliados, 41 apresentavam algum grau de sintoma depressivo, sendo que 32 (64%) com depressão moderada, apresentando sintomas de autodepreciação, tristeza, distorção da imagem corporal e diminuição da libido. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes diabéticos com pé ulcerado apresentaram graus variados de sintomas depressivos.

Tratamento cirúrgico de carcinomas cutâneos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde: análise de custos

OBJETIVO: analisar os custos do tratamento cirúrgico de carcinomas cutâneos, realizado em serviço de Cirurgia Plástica de hospital universitário, em pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS:setenta e um pacientes foram incluídos e registrados seus dados sociodemográficos e da operação. Para análise de custos diretos foi considerado o período de internação do paciente, incluindo custos materiais e humanos. RESULTADOS: o custo material médio por procedimento foi R$.324,70, e o valor médio da taxa de serviço hospitalar, segundo a tabela do SUS, foi R$.193,66. Com isso, obteve-se um custo total médio de R$.518,36 por procedimento. Entretanto, o valor médio repassado pelo SUS ao hospital por procedimento foi R$.429,19. CONCLUSÃO: o tratamento cirúrgico dos carcinomas cutâneos gerou para o hospital, um déficit médio de R$.89,16 reais por procedimento.

Proactive and Preventive Student Welfare Activities in Finnish Preschool and Elementary School: Handling of Transition to Formal Schooling and a National Anti-Bullying Program as Examples

Prerequisites and effects of proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities in Finnish preschool and elementary school were of interest in the present thesis. So far, Finnish student welfare work has mainly focused on interventions and individuals, and the voluminous possibilities to enhance well-being of all students as a part of everyday school work have not been fully exploited. Consequently, in this thesis three goals were set: (1) To present concrete examples of proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities in Finnish basic education; (2) To investigate measurable positive effects of proactive and preventive activities; and (3) To investigate implementation of proactive and preventive activities in ecological contexts. Two prominent phenomena in preschool and elementary school years—transition to formal schooling and school bullying—were chosen as examples of critical situations that are appropriate targets for proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities. Until lately, the procedures concerning both school transitions and school bullying have been rather problem-focused and reactive in nature. Theoretically, we lean on the bioecological model of development by Bronfenbrenner and Morris with concentric micro-, meso-, exo- and macrosystems. Data were drawn from two large-scale research projects, the longitudinal First Steps Study: Interactive Learning in the Child–Parent– Teacher Triangle, and the Evaluation Study of the National Antibullying Program KiVa. In Study I, we found that the academic skills of children from preschool–elementary school pairs that implemented several supportive activities during the preschool year developed more quickly from preschool to Grade 1 compared with the skills of children from pairs that used fewer practices. In Study II, we focused on possible effects of proactive and preventive actions on teachers and found that participation in the KiVa antibullying program influenced teachers‘ self-evaluated competence to tackle bullying. In Studies III and IV, we investigated factors that affect implementation rate of these proactive and preventive actions. In Study III, we found that principal‘s commitment and support for antibullying work has a clear-cut positive effect on implementation adherence of student lessons of the KiVa antibullying program. The more teachers experience support for and commitment to anti-bullying work from their principal, the more they report having covered KiVa student lessons and topics. In Study IV, we wanted to find out why some schools implement several useful and inexpensive transition practices, whereas other schools use only a few of them. We were interested in broadening the scope and looking at local-level (exosystem) qualities, and, in fact, the local-level activities and guidelines, along with teacherreported importance of the transition practices, were the only factors significantly associated with the implementation rate of transition practices between elementary schools and partner preschools. Teacher- and school-level factors available in this study turned out to be mostly not significant. To summarize, the results confirm that school-based promotion and prevention activities may have beneficial effects not only on students but also on teachers. Second, various top-down processes, such as engagement at the level of elementary school principals or local administration may enhance implementation of these beneficial activities. The main message is that when aiming to support the lives of children the primary focus should be on adults. In future, promotion of psychosocial well-being and the intrinsic value of inter- and intrapersonal skills need to be strengthened in the Finnish educational systems. Future research efforts in student welfare and school psychology, as well as focused training for psychologists in educational contexts, should be encouraged in the departments of psychology and education in Finnish universities. Moreover, a specific research centre for school health and well-being should be established.

Incapacidade e fatores associados à lombalgia durante a gravidez

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de lombalgia em gestantes, descrever suas principais características e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas 269 gestantes, do primeiro ao terceiro trimestre de gestação, assistidas em um ambulatório de obstetrícia do Nordeste do Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário no qual foram registrados dados referentes à variáveis sociodemográficas, história obstétrica e características da dor lombar. Aplicaram-se também os questionários Oswestry e Rolland Morris para avaliar a incapacidade e a escala visual analógica de dor para medir a intensidade da dor. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de dor lombar foi de 73% com o seguinte padrão: "em pontada" (62/31,6%), irradiação (162/82,6%), com frequência diária (105/53,5%), iniciando geralmente no período noturno (83/42,3%) quando também era mais intensa (122/62,2%), com duração em torno de 1 hora em 118 (60,2%). Foi observada melhora com o repouso (100/51%) e piora na posição ortostática ou sentada por longo tempo (86/43,9%) e com atividades domésticas (85/43,4%). Os níveis de incapacidade foram geralmente "leve" e "moderada". As variáveis infecção urinária (p=0,02) e o escore dos questionários Oswestry e Rolland Morris apresentaram associação significante com a escala visual analógica de dor. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de dor lombar entre as gestantes é alta, com características variadas. O grau de incapacidade chega a ser moderado e, nesse grupo, a presença de infecção urinária e os maiores escores de incapacidade foram associados a maior intensidade de lombalgia.

Effect of wave frequency on the nonlinear interaction between Görtler vortices and three-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting waves

The nonlinear interaction between Görtler vortices (GV) and three-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves nonlinear interaction is studied with a spatial, nonparallel model based on the Parabolized Stability Equations (PSE). In this investigation the effect of TS wave frequency on the nonlinear interaction is studied. As verified in previous investigations using the same numerical model, the relative amplitudes and growth rates are the dominant parameters in GV/TS wave interaction. In this sense, the wave frequency influence is important in defining the streamwise distance traveled by the disturbances in the unstable region of the stability diagram and in defining the amplification rates that they go through.

Atrazine and picloram adsorption in organic horizon forest samples under laboratory conditions

Adsorption of two herbicides, atrazine and picloram, displaying different sorption characteristics, were evaluated for O (organic) horizon samples collected from SMZs (streamside management zones) in Piedmont (Ultisol) of Georgia, USA. Samples were randomly collected from within 5 SMZs selected for a study of surface flow in field trials. The five SMZs represented five different slope classes, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20%. Results indicate that 0 horizons have the potential for sorbing atrazine from surface water moving through forested SMZs. Atrazine adsorption was nearly linear over a 24-hour period. Equilibrium adsorption, determined through 24-hour laboratory tests, resulted in a Freundlich coefficient of 67.5 for atrazine. For picloram, negative adsorption was observed in laboratory experiments. This seemed to be due to interference with ELISA analyses; however, this was not confirmed. The adsorption coefficient (Kd) obtained for atrazine in 0 horizons was greater than it would have been expected for mineral soil (from 1 to 4). Picloram was not sorbed in 0 horizons at any significant degree. Although there is a significant potential for the direct adsorption of soluble forms of herbicides in SMZs, the actual value of this adsorption for protecting water is likely to be limited even for relatively strongly sorbed chemicals, such as atrazine, due to relatively slow uptake kinetics.

Streamside management zone (SMZ) efficiency in herbicide retention from simulated surface flow

Plot-scale overland flow experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of streamside management zones (SMZs) in retaining herbicides in runoff generated from silvicultural activities. Herbicide retention was evaluated for five different slopes (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20%), two cover conditions (undisturbed O horizon and raked surface), and two periods under contrasting soil moisture conditions (summer dry and winter wet season) and correlated to O horizon and site conditions. Picloram (highly soluble in water) and atrazine (moderately sorbed into soil particles) at concentrations in the range of 55 and 35 µg L-1 and kaolin clay (approximately 5 g L-1) were mixed with 13.000 liters of water and dispersed over the top of 5 x 10 m forested plots. Surface flow was collected 2, 4, 6, and 10 m below the disperser to evaluate the changes in concentration as it moved through the O horizon and surface soil horizon-mixing zone. Results showed that, on average, a 10 m long forested SMZ removed around 25% of the initial concentration of atrazine and was generally ineffective in reducing the more soluble picloram. Retention of picloram was only 6% of the applied quantity. Percentages of mass reduction by infiltration were 36% for atrazine and 20% for picloram. Stronger relationships existed between O horizon depth and atrazine retention than in any other measured variable, suggesting that better solid-solution contact associated with flow through deeper O horizons is more important than either velocity or soil moisture as a determinant of sorption.

Differential suppression of rice weeds by allelopathic plant aqueous extracts

Herbicidal potential of different plant aqueous extracts was evaluated against early seedling growth of rice weeds in pot studies. Plant aqueous extracts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), brassica (Brassica compestris), mulberry (Morris alba), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldunensis), and winter cherry (Withania somnifera) at a spray volume of 18 L ha-1 each at the 2-4 leaf stage of rice weeds viz horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) [broad-leaf], jungle rice (Echinochloa colona), and E. crus-galli (barnyard grass) [grasses] and purple nut sedge (Cyperus rotundus) and rice flat sedge (C. iria) [sedges]. The results showed significant interactive effects between plant aqueous extracts and the tested weed species for seedling growth attributes depicting that allelopathic inhibition was species-specific. Shoot and root length, lateral plant spread, biomass accumulation, and leaf chlorophyll contents in test species were all reduced by different extracts. The study suggested the suppressive potential of allelopathic plant aqueous extracts against rice weeds, and offered promise for their usefulness as a tool for weed management under field conditions.

Not Going it Alone: The US National Agenda for Digital Stewardship and Repositories

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

The brain decade in debate: I. Neurobiology of learning and memory

This article is a transcription of an electronic symposium in which some active researchers were invited by the Brazilian Society for Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC) to discuss the last decade's advances in neurobiology of learning and memory. The way different parts of the brain are recruited during the storage of different kinds of memory (e.g., short-term vs long-term memory, declarative vs procedural memory) and even the property of these divisions were discussed. It was pointed out that the brain does not really store memories, but stores traces of information that are later used to create memories, not always expressing a completely veridical picture of the past experienced reality. To perform this process different parts of the brain act as important nodes of the neural network that encode, store and retrieve the information that will be used to create memories. Some of the brain regions are recognizably active during the activation of short-term working memory (e.g., prefrontal cortex), or the storage of information retrieved as long-term explicit memories (e.g., hippocampus and related cortical areas) or the modulation of the storage of memories related to emotional events (e.g., amygdala). This does not mean that there is a separate neural structure completely supporting the storage of each kind of memory but means that these memories critically depend on the functioning of these neural structures. The current view is that there is no sense in talking about hippocampus-based or amygdala-based memory since this implies that there is a one-to-one correspondence. The present question to be solved is how systems interact in memory. The pertinence of attributing a critical role to cellular processes like synaptic tagging and protein kinase A activation to explain the memory storage processes at the cellular level was also discussed.