NATO, Britain, France and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe, 1949-2000

This is vol. I of my two-volume study of the nuclear strategies/strategy preferences of NATO collectively, and individually of Britain, France, and West Germany in the Cold War. It shows that NATO strategy was a fragile compromise, and that these three countries, all within range of Soviet medium/intermediate range nuclear missiles and thus with less geostrategic difference than in previous military threat contexts, had wildly divergent strategies/preferences which cannot be explained merely by geography. It raises the question of what made them so different, addressed in Volume II "Nuclear Mentalities" (q.v.)

‘What Price Solidarity? Nuclear Dependence in NATO, 1949-1967’

Archive-based study of the dependence of NATO member states on the USA as nuclear guarantor, and the problems this entailed.

Benevolence, hegemony and nationalism: fifty years of the 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act

This paper reviews the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 fifty years since its enactment. The Act is assessed in the light of fifty years of access policy and within the present context of political debates and manoeuvres over the ‘right to roam’. It is concluded that benevolence is still the prevailing attitude towards access provision, maintaining as it does the scope for alternative freedoms and opportunities to exploit land for consumptive practices such as leisure and recreation. As such, it is argued that the notion of the gift (Mauss, 1990) continues to dominate the provision of countryside access in England and Wales.

Effect of surface restoring on subsurface variability in a climate model during 1949-2005

Initializing the ocean for decadal predictability studies is a challenge, as it requires reconstructing the little observed subsurface trajectory of ocean variability. In this study we explore to what extent surface nudging using well-observed sea surface temperature (SST) can reconstruct the deeper ocean variations for the 1949–2005 period. An ensemble made with a nudged version of the IPSLCM5A model and compared to ocean reanalyses and reconstructed datasets. The SST is restored to observations using a physically-based relaxation coefficient, in contrast to earlier studies, which use a much larger value. The assessment is restricted to the regions where the ocean reanalyses agree, i.e. in the upper 500 m of the ocean, although this can be latitude and basin dependent. Significant reconstruction of the subsurface is achieved in specific regions, namely region of subduction in the subtropical Atlantic, below the thermocline in the equatorial Pacific and, in some cases, in the North Atlantic deep convection regions. Beyond the mean correlations, ocean integrals are used to explore the time evolution of the correlation over 20-year windows. Classical fixed depth heat content diagnostics do not exhibit any significant reconstruction between the different existing observation-based references and can therefore not be used to assess global average time-varying correlations in the nudged simulations. Using the physically based average temperature above an isotherm (14 °C) alleviates this issue in the tropics and subtropics and shows significant reconstruction of these quantities in the nudged simulations for several decades. This skill is attributed to the wind stress reconstruction in the tropics, as already demonstrated in a perfect model study using the same model. Thus, we also show here the robustness of this result in an historical and observational context.

Lojalitet eller kriminalitet? : Ransoneringsbrottsligheten i Sandviken/Högbo under åren 1939-1949.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka omfattningen av och karaktären på ransoneringsbrottsligheten i Sandviken/Högbo under åren 1939-1949 samt myndigheternas försök att stävja denna brottslighet. Det ska främst uppnås genom att studera den rannsakade ransonerings-brottsligheten som det framkommer i domböckerna.Materialet som använts i undersökningen är domböcker för Gästriklands östra domsaga, protokoll från Högbo kommuns och Sandvikens köpings kristidsnämnd, ett klipparkiv med pressklipp från lokaltidningarna samt ett brottmålsdiarium för Sandvikens distrikt.Resultatet är att det föll 119 st fällande domar för ransoneringsbrott i Sandviken/Högbo under de undersökta åren, de flesta sakfällda brotten begicks under åren 1944-45. Den övervägande delen av brotten handlade om olika varubrott, i regel olaga försäljning/köp av ransonerade varor. De varor som framförallt drabbades av olika brott var olika former av livsmedel, främst smör. De som framförallt begick ransoneringsbrotten var personer som på något sätt hanterade ransonerade varor eller ransoneringskuponger i sitt yrke. Påföljderna för ransoneringsbrotten var i regel dagsböter, vilka oftast låg på två normala dagslöner, varvid det märktes att myndigheterna försökte stävja denna brottslighet. Endast fem personer dömdes till fängelse eller straffarbete under de undersökta åren. Karaktären på brottsligheten var att den främst verkade drivas av vinstintressen eller bekvämlighet.

Vilhelm Ekelund och det litterära fältet 1897-1949

Vilhelm Ekelunds och det litterära fältet 1897-1949 [Vilhelm Ekelund and the literary field 1897-1949] The theoretical background of this study is Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological approach to literature. I use his theory concerning the importance of cultural (and other forms of symbolic) capital for the individual artist – and his description of the literary field as a place characterized by continuous conflict between different categories of participants. In the article, I argue that as a young poet, Ekelund held a position in the field that was with the intellectual group as opposed to the group of commercial authors – and among the young avant-garde as opposed to among the consecrated and well-established writers. However, this position changed somewhat during the years Ekelund spent in exile (1908-1921), and it continued to change after his return to Sweden. His reputation as a thoroughly intellectual writer was accentuated and, as time passed, he himself became a consecrated artist with certain privileges – e.g. grants and awards – to defend.

A casa moderna em Porto Alegre : projetos residenciais de Edgar Albuquerque Graeff 1949 - 1961

Esta pesquisa tem como núcleo o estudo de residências projetadas pelo arquiteto Edgar Albuquerque Graeff em Porto Alegre. Formado em 1947 pela Faculdade Nacional de Arquitetura da Universidade do Brasil no Rio de Janeiro, Graeff revelou grande influência da arquitetura moderna carioca em seu trabalho. Partindo do estudo mais abrangente da produção residencial em Porto Alegre entre 1940 e 1960, em seu contexto e suas peculiaridades, buscase uma compreensão dos caminhos da arquitetura moderna na cidade de Porto Alegre em sua origem e desenvolvimento. Pretende-se sustentar através de registros históricos, depoimentos e dos próprios projetos, o caráter pioneiro e singular do trabalho de Edgar Graeff em Porto Alegre, sua contribuição para o surgimento local de uma arquitetura moderna com fortes referências à obra de Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer e outros expoentes da escola carioca. O trabalho compreende a revisão e o estudo das diferentes influências e orientações arquitetônicas locais nas primeiras décadas do século XX, registrando a evolução do cenário porto-alegrense até o momento de introdução do modernismo na cidade. Na década de 40 Edgar Graeff contribuiu para a evolução desta arquitetura, sendo arquiteto praticante, teórico e professor do curso de arquitetura da UFRGS. O impacto de residências como a projetada para Edvaldo P. Paiva foi um marco divisor no campo das idéias, dos costumes e da cultura arquitetônica em Porto Alegre, transpondo para o nosso contexto local estratégias e elementos de arquitetura que até então eram usadas principalmente por arquitetos do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Tais propostas arquitetônicas manifestaram localmente o pensamento moderno preconizado por Le Corbusier.

Encerramento do Curso de Formação de Psicotécnicos em 1949

Aparecem na foto da esquerda para direita: João Carlos Vital (em pé), Irene Estevão de Oliveira, Emilio Mira y López (último)

Encerramento do Curso de Formação de Psicotécnicos em 1949

Estão presentes na fotografia da esquerda para direita: 1.Jorge Oscar de Mello Flôres. 3. Irene estevão de Oliveira. 4. Manoel Bergstrom Lourenço Filho. 7. Luiz Simões Lopes. 8. João Carlos Vital. 13. Emilio Mira y López.