Antimicrobial Resistance of Shigella spp. isolated in the State of Pará, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Shigella spp. are Gram-negative, nonsporulating, rod-shaped bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and are responsible for shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We studied the antibiotic resistance profiles of 122 Shigella spp. strains (81 S. flexneri, 41 S. sonnei, 1 S. boydii) isolated from patients (female and male from 0 to 80 years of age) presenting diarrhea in different districts of the State of Pará, in the North of Brazil. The antibiotic resistance of the strains, isolated from human fecal samples, was determined by the diffusion disk method and by using the VITEK-2 system. RESULTS: The highest resistance rate found was the resistance rate to tetracycline (93.8%), followed by the resistance rate to chloramphenicol (63.9%) and to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (63.1%). Resistance to at least three drugs was more common among S. flexneri than S. sonnei (39.5% vs. 10%). Six (4.9%) strains were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. All strains were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of multidrug resistance in Shigella spp. are a serious public health concern in Brazil. It is extremely important to continuously monitor the antimicrobial resistances of Shigella spp. for effective therapy and control measures against shigellosis.

Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in the city of Belém, state of Pará, northern Brazil, determined by a neonatal screening program: preliminary results

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determinate the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis among a group of newborns (NBs) from Belém using neonatal screening. METHODS: Among the 6,000 newborns referred for investigation of genetic and metabolic diseases, 1,000 were selected for screening for congenital toxoplasmosis by determining the amount of IgM in the eluates of blood collected on filter paper. Positive tests were confirmed using paired serology of the NB and his mother. RESULTS: Out of the 1,000 NBs assessed, one had a positive screening result that was confirmed by paired serology. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in Belém was 10/10,000 live NBs.

Descriptive study of HTLV infection in a population of pregnant women from the state of Pará, Northern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, studies have shown that HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women varies from 0 to 1.8%. However, this seroprevalence was unknown in the State of Pará, Brazil. The present study describes, for the first time, the HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil. METHODS: 13,382 pregnant women were submitted to HTLV screening during prenatal care, and those with non-seronegative results to anti-HTLV were submitted to Western blot (WB) test to confirm and separate HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 carriers. RESULTS: HTLV seroprevalence in the population of pregnant women was 0.3%, and HTLV-1 was identified in 95.3% of patients. The demographic profile of HTLV carriers was as follows: women with age between 20 and 40 years old (78.4%); residing in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará (67.6%); and with educational level of high school (56.8%). Other variables related to infection were as follows: beginning of sexual intercourse between the age of 12 and 18 years old (64.9%) and have being breastfed for more than 6 months (51.4%). Most of the women studied had at least two previous pregnancies (35.1%) and no abortion (70.3%). Coinfections (syphilis and HIV) were found in 10.8% (4/37) of these pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women assisted in basic health units from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil, was 0.3% similar to those described in other Brazilian studies. The variables related to infection were important indicators in identifying pregnant women with a higher tendency to HTLV seropositivity, being a strategy for disease control and prevention, avoiding vertical transmission.

A participação dos stakeholders em processos de decisão da União Europeia – o caso da Estratégia da União Europeia para a cibersegurança

A incompreensão sobre como funcionam os processos que conduzem às decisões na União Europeia (UE) e que representam hoje, principalmente, uma panóplia legislativa com impacto significativo no dia-a-dia dos cidadãos, das empresas e dos governos, é reconhecida pela própria Comissão Europeia a par duma existente desconfiança das pessoas na política, e o seu consequente distanciamento entre elas e as instituições. Para esta situação muito contribui o complexo xadrez de instituições da UE (Comissão Europeia, Parlamento Europeu, Conselho Europeu, Conselho da União Europeia, Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia, Banco Central Europeu, Comité das Regiões, agências da União Europeia, etc.) com fronteiras pouco claras entre si no que respeita às áreas de intervenção, responsabilidades e competências, assim como a forma como são nomeados e/ou eleitos os seus representantes. Todas estas dúvidas por parte dos cidadãos acentuam não só um legítimo desconhecimento pelos mecanismos de decisão, pois variam de instituição para instituição e a informação e regras de funcionamento encontram-se dispersas por vários documentos, bem como enraízam uma desconfiança sobre os verdadeiros interesses nas decisões tomadas e, ainda, sobre os actores que nelas estão envolvidos. Procurámos no nosso estudo, em primeiro lugar, estabelecer a relação entre os processos de decisão na UE e a forma como com ele interagem redes de partes interessadas – stakeholders. Em segundo lugar, à luz dum quadro teórico desenvolvido em torno do estudo do ciclo político das decisões no quadro comunitário, tentámos fazer a correlação deste com um processo de decisão específico. Foi nossa intenção perceber se o decurso e o envolvimento dos stakeholders no processo de decisão estudado se coaduna com a bibliografia que aponta os processos de decisão da UE como sendo abertos e inclusivos.

Occurrence of strongyloidiasis among patients with HTLV-1/2 seen at the outpatient clinic of the Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil

IntroductionThis study investigated the occurrence of Strongyloides stercoralis infestation and coinfection with HTLV-1/2 in Belém, Brazil.MethodsS. stercoralis was investigated in stool samples obtained from individuals infected with HTLV-1/2 and their uninfected relatives.ResultsThe frequency of S. stercoralis was 9% (9/100), including six patients infected with HTLV-1 (14.3%), two patients infected with HTLV-2 (11.1%), and one uninfected relative. Two cases of hyperinfestation by S. stercoralis were characterized as HTLV-1.ConclusionsThese results support the need for the routine investigation of S. stercoralis in patients with HTLV-1, in an attempt to prevent the development of severe forms of strongyloidiasis.

Prevalence of HCV infection and associated factors among illicit drug users in Breves, State of Pará, northern Brazil

Introduction: Illicit drug users (DUs) are vulnerable to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The shared use of illicit drugs is the main method of HCV transmission. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Breves, in northern Brazil. We surveyed 187 DUs to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with HCV infection. Results: The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 36.9%, and the prevalence of hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was 31%. Hepatitis C virus infection was associated with tattoos, intravenous drug use, shared use of equipment for drug use, drug use for longer than 3 years, and daily drug use. Conclusions: Strategies for preventing and controlling HCV transmission should be implemented among DUs.

Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi (y strain) in mice

Since 1958, we have studied experimental Chagas' disease (CD) by subcutaneous inoculation of 1,000 blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain) in Balb/C. mice. Evolution of parasitemia remained constant, beginning on the 5th and 6th day of the disease, increasing progressively, achieving a maximum on about the 30th day. After another month, only a few forms were present, and they disappeared from the circulation after the third month, as determined from direct examination of slides and the use of a Neubauer Counting Chamber. These events coincided with the appearance of amastigote nests in the tissues (especially the cardiac ones), starting the first week, and following the Gauss parasitemia curve, but they were not in parallel until the chronic stage. In 1997, we began to note the following changes: Parasites appeared in the circulation during the first week and disappeared starting on the 7th day, and there was a coincident absence of the amastigote nests in the tissues. A careful study verified that young forms in the evolutionary cycle of T. cruzi (epi + amastigotes) began to appear alongside the trypomastigotes in the circulation on the 5th and 7th post-inoculation day. At the same time, rounded, oval, and spindle shapes were seen circulating through the capillaries and sinusoids of the tissues, principally of the hematopoietic organs. Stasis occurs because the diameter of the circulating parasites is greater than the vessels, and this makes them more visible. Examination of the sternal bone marrow revealed young cells with elongated forms and others truncated in the shape of a "C" occupying the internal surface of the blood cells that had empty central portions (erythrocytes?). We hypothesize that there could be a loss of virulence or mutation of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi.

The effect of deforestation on the water cycle in the amazon basin: an attempt reformulate the problem

If widespread deforestation in Amazon results in reduced evaporative water flux, then either a decrease in evaporation is compensated locally by reduced rainfall,or else changed moisture balance expresses itself downwind in the yet undisturbed forest. The question of where rain will occur is crucial. It is suggested that the appearance of clouds and the occurrence of rainout is governed primarily by the interplay of local meteorologic and physical geography parameters with the atmospheric stability structure except for a few well-defined periods when rain is dominated by large scale atmospheric instability. This means that the study of these phenomena (local heat balances,studies on cloud formation mechanism, vertical atmospheric stability, etc.) must be made on the scale of the cloud size, a few tens of kilometers at most.

Tropical lowland mosses disjunct between Africa and the Americas, including Calyptothecium planifrons (Ren. & Par.) Argent, new to the Western Hemisphere

Calyptothecium planifrons (Ren. & Par.) Argent is reported new to the Western Hemisphere based on two recent collections from Brazilian Amazonia, in Pará and Rondônia; C. planifrons was originally described from Madagascar. Forteen Other species of mosses with apparently disjunct distributions between tropical Africa and tropical America are also discussed. It is likely that mos or all of this species discussed will prove to have wider distributions in the tropics when world-wide revisions are carried out.

Um sistema agroflorestal na várzea do estuário amazônico (Ilha das Onças, Município de Barcarena, Estado do Pará)

Apesar de seu potencial na região amazônica, sistemas agroflorestais têm sido estudados principalmente entre grupos indígenas, que são culturalmente afastados da maioria da população atual em zonas rurais. Este estudo descreve um sistema agroflorestal utilizado por uma família de cultura Luso-brasileira. O sistema foi desenvolvido na mata de várzea do estuário amazônico, sujeita a inundações periódicas e prolongadas que dificultam as práticas convencionais de agricultura. Três zonas de maneio na vizinhança da casa são descritas detalhadamente: quintal, floresta manejada, e mata. Juntas essas zonas apoiam ou possibilitam uma grande variedade de atividades, tais como caça; pesca; criação de animais domésticos; e utilização de frutos, palmito, madeira, adubo, plantas ornamentais, fibras, látex, mel, sementes oleaginosas, remédios, utensílios, etc. Além de produtos de subsistência, essas atividades fornecem muitos produtos de mercado que são comercializados em Belém, possibilitando a compra de materiais agrícolas de primeira necessidade. Entre a família estudada, o sistema agroflorestal permitiu a substituição da agricultura convencional pela colheita de produtos silvestres. Sob certas condições, essa estratégia poderia ser uma alternativa viável de uso de terra no estuário amazônico.

Triatomíneos da Amazônia: Ocorrência de triatomíneos na área do reservatório da hidrelé trica de Tucuruí (Pará) e observações sobre o ciclo evolutivo de Rhodnius robustos Larrousse, 1927 (HEMIPTERA, REDUVIIDAE, TRIATOMINAE).

Os autores apresentam dados sobre a ocorrênncia de triatomíneas silvestres encon-tiados em vários ecótopos (palmeiras, tocas de roedores e epífitas aéreas), assim como, capturas através de atração luminosa, no reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica Tucu ruí, num trecho compreendido entre Santo Antonio e Ipixuna, rio Tocantins; enfocando as pectos do ciclo de vida de Rhodnius robustus realizado no laboratôrio do INPA, Manaus.

A pictorial field guide for the rapid identification of sandflies (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE), commonly encountered in Pará state, Brazil.

A pictorial field guide to the 30 species of sandfly most commonly encountered in Pará State is presented, based on the easily recognised external characters of the length of the 5th palpal segment, thoracic infuscation, abdominal colour and head and body size. In most cases this allows identification to the species. In others, especially with females, it gives an indication of the species, which may then be confirmed with data from more detailed taxanomix studies. This type of field guide helps in teaching, rapid sorting of flies prior to dissection and in acquainting visitors with the variety of species present in a given area.A rapid technique for the taxonomic sorting of unmounted, freshly killed female sandflies is required, prior to the dissection of large numbers of a particular species. Such a method is useful in areas where numerous species occur in studies on natural flagellate infections, age determination and for ecological studies. With the above points in mind a pictorial field guide has been designed that enables the identification of unmounted, unmacerated specimens of the 30 more commonly encountered species of phleboto-mine sandflies (***) in Pará State, North Brazil. It is based on the easily recognised external characters of the length of the 5th palpal segment, thoracic infuscation, ad-dominal colour and proboscis and body size.Taxonomy of male phlebotomine sandflies is based on the structure of the genitalia and, as most of this is external, a wholly external character key is readily made. Female taxonomy, however, is based on the internal character of the cibarium, pharynx and sperma thecae. In order to produce an external character key we therefore return to an unso phisticated "phlebotometry" (see Martins et al., 1978 p. 3 for review), using relative lengths of the proboscis, palpal segments and body, along with the degree of infuscation. Ihis idea is not new; indeed many sandfly specialists presently use external characters to separate certain species (H. Fraiha, R. P. Lane, P. D. Ready, D. G. Young and R. D. Ward personal communications 1983 & 1984).A key used to separate five anthropophillic sandflies by Biagi (1966), in Mexico, was based mainly on palpal segment length and infuscation. Floch and Abonnenc (1952) stressed the use of relative lengths of palpal segments in their keys to the sandflies of French Guiana, and four members of the shannoni group have been similarly separated according to the degree of infuscation by Morales et al. (1982). The use of thoracic infuscation as a reliable character seems to be gaining favour, having been used by young & Fairchild (1974) and Ready & Fraiha (1981). Indeed Chariotis 1974) showed the usefulness of thoracic infuscation to sepenate 7 anthropophillic species, during studies onvesicular stomatitis in Panama. Identification using external characters is essential for work on viral isolations from sandflies, where bulk samples of whole sandflies are used.Perhaps the major advantage of a simple visual guide is for teaching purposes. Technical staff in this lnstitute are able to identify most of the species they encounter without having to use the standard, more unwieldly (and in many cases unavailable) internal character keys, and the guides presented below have allowed rapid species sorting prior to the dissection of sandflies in our leismaniasis study areas (Ryan et at. ,1985).

Ocorrência de aflatoxinas em castanhas do Pará (Bertholletia excelsa, Humb. & Bonpl., 1808)

Foi investigada a ocorrência de aflatoxinas em 100 amostras de castanhas do Pará (Bertholletia excelsa HUMB. BONPL.) provenientes de produtores e de diversos pontos de comercializacão das sementes na região de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas e de São Pauto, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras foram classificadas em 4 tipos de apresentação do produto (natural em casca, desidratada com e sem casca, desidratada com e sem casca e em ouriço) . Três amostras apresentaram-se contaminadas por aflatoxinas com níveis de toxidez considerados: em termos deB1médio (0,1 ppm) e muito elevado (2,25 ppm) e, em G1, baixo (0,075 ppm) e muito elevado (1,5 ppm).

Fungos contaminantes e produtores de aflatoxinas em castanha do Pará (Bertholletia excelsa HUMB. & BONPL 1808)

Cem amostras de castanhas do Para, procedentes dos Estados do Amazonas e Sao Paulo, foram analisadas micológico e toxicologicamente para aflatoxinas B1 e G1. Isolou-se 312 colônias de fungos, sendo 91 do gênero Aspergillus, 83 do gênero Penicillium e as restantes incluídas em 23 gêneros diferentes. Entre as amostras de Aspergillus, 26 foram aflatoxigênicos, distribuídos em 3 espécies: Aspergillus flavas Link (18); Aspergillus parasiticus Speare (7) e Aspergillus fresenii Subram (1). Dos 100 extratos de castanhas analisados 3 foram positivos para aflatoxina.

Doença de Chagas na bacia amazônica: ocorrência de um novo caso autóctone do Estado do Pará

Os autores registraram a ocorrência de mais um caso autóctone de doença de Chagas no Estado do Pará, desta feita na localidade de São Francisco do Pará, distante 95 km da capital. Esse caso constitui o 11° registro no Estado e o 29° da bacia amazônica. O paciente, um menino de 7 anos de idade, teve diagnóstico sorológico e paraitológico positivos para T. cruzi. O perfil enzimático da amostra isolada foi caracterizado por eletroforese de enzimas como zimodema 3.