Ação inibidora do gás carbonico sobre as convulsões experimentais: III) experiências na crioepilepsia da rã: mecanismo da ação inibidora do gás carbonico nas convulsões

Neste trabalho descrevemos experiencias destinadas a mostrar a influência do pH nas crises convulsivas por resfriamento da medula espinhal da rã e estudar o mecanismo da ação inibidora do gás carbonico sobre estas conculsões. Verificamos que o CO² não age atravez um abaixamento do pH do sangue ou do meio intercelular. O gás carbonico teria uma ação específica que estaria ligada á sua grande difusibilidade. Essa sua propriedade permitiria que penetrasse ràpidamente no interior de neurônio, abaixando sensìvelmente o pH intracelular, sem que houvesse nítida variação do pH do sangue.

Endogeneizing know-how flows through the nature of R&D investments

In this paper we carefully link knowledge flows to and from a firms innovation process with this firms investment decisions. Three types of investments are considered: investments in applied research, investments in basic research, and investments in intellectual property protection. Only when basic research is performed, can the firm effectively access incoming knowledge flows and these incoming spillovers serve to increase the efficiency of own applied research.. The firm can at the same time influence outgoing knowledge flows, improving appropriability of its innovations, by investing in protection. Our results indicate that firms with small budgets for innovation will not invest in basic research. This occurs in the short run, when the budget for know-how creation is restricted, or in the long-run, when market opportunities are low, when legal protection is not very important, or, when the pool of accessible and relevant external know-how is limited. The ratio! of basic to applied research is non-decreasing in the size of the pool of accessible external know-how, the size and opportunity of the market, and, the effectiveness of intellectual property rights protection. This indicates the existence of economies of scale in basic research due to external market related factors. Empirical evidence from a sample of innovative manufacturing firms in Belgium confirms the economies of scale in basic research as a consequence of the firms capacity to access external knowledge flows and to protect intellectual property, as well as the complementarity between legal and strategic investments.

Generalized property R and the Schoenflies Conjecture

There is a relation between the generalized Property R Conjecture and the Schoenflies Conjecture that suggests a new line of attack on the latter. The new approach gives a quick proof of the genus 2 Schoenflies Conjecture and suffices to prove the genus 3 case, even in the absence of new progress on the generalized Property R Conjecture.

Firm strategies in R&D: cooperation and participation in R&D programs

This paper presents empirical evidence on firms’ decisions to cooperate in R&D and the extent to which government sponsored R&D programs increase cooperation. Using a sample of firms from the Spanish innovation survey we jointly estimate the determinants of firm participation in R&D programs and of choice of cooperation partners. We find that (i) firms participating in national and European programs have different profiles, suggesting program complementarity; (ii) private-private and publicprivate cooperation are associated on average with firms with different characteristics, and (iii) national R&D programs seem to have a positive effect on all types of cooperation, but especially on public-private partnerships.

Who participates in R&D subsidy programs? The case of spanish manufacturing firms.

Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of R&D subsidies to firms has produced mixed results so far. One possible explanation is that firms and project selection rules may be quite heterogeneous both across agencies and across industries, leading to different outcomes in terms of the induced additional private effort. Here we focus on the participation stage. Using a sample of Spanish firms, we test for differences across agencies and industries. Our results suggest that firms in the same industry face different hurdles to participate in different agencies’ programs, that participation patterns may reflect a combination of agency goals, and that patterns differ across high-tech and low-tech industries.

Contribuição ao estudo do gênero Phaenicia (R. D., 1863): (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

The author redescribes four species of Phaenicia refered to Brazil: P. sericata (Meigen), P. pallescens (Shannon), P. mexicana (Macquart) and P. eximia (Wiedemann). A new species, P. japuhybensis from the State of Rio de Janeiro, was also studied.

Sôbre o Phlebotomus Brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1932 (Diptera, Psychodidae)

In 1939, Mangabeira obtained, under laboratory conditions, the development of eggs of Phlebotomus brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1932, collected at Lassance (typical locality), Minas Gerais, Brasil. He then studied the female and immature stages of this Phlebotomus. The results of these observations plus some more recent data on the male, geographical distribution and bionomics are presented. Morphologically it is closest to Phlebotomus runoides. However, the male Phlebotomus brasiliensis differs from all other Phlebotomus because of its very long spicules, similar to those of Brumptomyia. The female differs by its longer ducts, and by possessing only four horizontal teeth in the buccal cavity, whereas P. runoides has approximately 12 teeth. The pupae of P. brasiliensis is characterized by its two pre-alar setae, which are very simple and small and by the abdominal setae, which are not planted on a protruding tubercle. The fourth stage larvae main characteristics are very thin antennae, inserted on a protruding tuberculum, and slightly brush-like hind frontal setae. P. brasiliensis is here reported, for the first time, for the State of Bahia (Cachoeira, Pojuca and Salvador). The species has almost always been found in armadillo burrows. In the State of Bahia it is more frequent during the dry season. Under laboratory conditions, the female lays about 53 eggs.

Capacidade receptora de Salmonella typhi A fatores R*1

Estudando a incidência de fatores infecciosos de resistência, em amostras de Salmonella, foi verificado apresentarem as amostras de S. typhi uma fraca habilidade receptora inicial a esses fatores.

Estudo do gênero Rhopalias stiles & Hassall, 1898 (Trematoda, Rhopaliasidae)

Os autores fazem um estudo de todas as espécies do gênero Rhopalias Stiles & Hassall, 1898, ratificando quatro espécies e invalidando duas. Ficando assim o gênero com as espécies R. coronatus (Rudolphi, 1819), R. horridus (Diesing, 1850), R. baculifer Braun, 1901 e R. macracanthus Chandler, 1932, as quais são no presente trabalho bem caracterizadas com descrições, quadros comparativos e figuras. Nesta oportunidade aproveitam para determinar todo material pertencente ao gênero depositado na Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

Formas de cultura de Trypanosoma rotatorium Mayer, 1843: isolado da rã Leptodactylus ocellatus do Brasil

Os autores estudaram o comportamento "in vitro" do Trypanosoma encontrado nas rãs brasileiras, visando critérios adicionais na caracterização específica deste grupo. Utilizaram diferentes meios de cultura (NNN, Novy e Mac Neal, SNB 9 de Diamond 1954, Boné & Steinert, 1956 Boné & Parent 1963 e Halevy & Gisry 1964) no isolamento do Trypanosoma rotatorium encontrado com certa freqüência na rã Leptodactylus com larga distribuição na região Neotropical. Observamso que o comportamento do T. rotatorium das rãs desta região em meios de cultura mostra características bem diferentes daquelas observadas com tripanosomas de outras regiões, quer seja pela dificuldade de manutenção em subcultura, quer pelas formas de divisão desenvolvidas. Empregamos os mesmos meios de cultura utilizados nos isolamentos dos tripanosomas de rã da Europa e como pode ser visto no Quadro I os resultados obtidos com material da região Neotropical são concordantes, surgerindo, pelo menos uma variação dentro da espécie.