¿Que viva la revolución? cuádrense pa la foto : nación, ley y jaque al rey 5

Fondo Margaritainés Restrepo

Modelo de gestión para los proyectos comunitarios bajo la coordinación del Centro de desarrollo económico social (CDES), en el municipio de Santo Tomás.

En el departamento de San Salvador, específicamente en la zona sur se encuentra ubicado el municipio de Santo Tomás, lugar donde se encuentra el Centro de Desarrollo Económico Social (CDES), organismo no gubernamental, ni lucrativo que está formado por cuatro asociaciones las cuales trabajan en forma conjunta, para llevar desarrollo local a las comunidades del municipio, todo con la finalidad de mejorar la situación económica y social de los pobladores. En este sentido en la actualidad no cuenta con una herramienta administrativa conocida como modelo de gestión que ejecute los proyectos comunitarios uniformemente, bajo la coordinación del Centro de Desarrollo Económico Social (CDES). Por otra parte, el objetivo que se persigue es formular un modelo de gestión que permita desarrollar eficientemente cada uno de los proyectos que en la actualidad maneja el Centro. De igual forma se pretende crear un modelo genérico que se pueda adaptar a cualquier proyecto comunitario que otra institución desee implementar. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología que contó con las siguientes técnicas de investigación: Encuestas, observación directa y entrevista; con la finalidad de recolectar toda la información necesaria para establecer un diagnóstico de la situación actual del Centro. Fue a través de la encuesta y entrevista estructurada que se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados de cual fue el propósito de la creación del Centro, además los beneficios que brinda a la comunidad, los resultados que obtiene la persona de participar en un proyecto, cada destacar en los porcentajes obtenidos fueron de mucha relevancia ya que en este caso la institución cuenta con muy buena aceptación por parte de la comunidad de Santo Tomás. También por medio de la observación directa a través de visitas múltiples al Centro de Desarrollo Económico Social se constató que no posee una estructura organizativa bien definida que contribuya a la departamentalización de cada una de las jefaturas para conocer las responsabilidades asignadas al personal del Centro. De igual forma, no cuenta con formularios apropiados para inscribir a los participantes, contar con estos, les permitiría llevar un buen control de todas las personas que se asocian o participan en cada uno de los proyectos. Finalmente se recomendó mejoras a los siguientes aspectos importantes como: Elaborar una estructura organizativa bien definida en la cual se acompañe de su correspondiente manual de organización con el fin de establecer claramente cada una de las responsabilidades del personal del Centro. Asimismo se sugiere la creación de documentos que permitan llevar un registro y control de las personas que se inscriben en los proyectos y de las que ya se encuentran en los proyectos, con el propósito que se pueda llevar un seguimiento formal de cada uno de los procedimientos que lleva a cabo el Centro.

TRIBUNAL ARBITRAL DE ORTIZ REY INGENIEROS S.A. VS. TELMEX COLOMBIA S.A

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Carbonic anhydrase IX expression and outcome after radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Aims: Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) expression has been described as an endogenous marker of hypoxia in solid neoplasms. Furthermore, CA IX expression has been associated with an aggressive phenotype and resistance to radiotherapy. We assessed the prognostic significance of CA IX expression in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with radiotherapy. Materials and methods: A standard immunohistochemistry technique was used to show CA IX expression in 110 muscle-invasive bladder tumours treated with radiotherapy. Clinicopathological data were obtained from medical case notes. Results: CA IX immunostaining was detected in 89 (∼81%) patients. Staining was predominantly membranous, with areas of concurrent cytoplasmic and nuclear staining and was abundant in luminal and perinecrotic areas. No significant correlation was shown between the overall CA IX status and the initial response to radiotherapy, 5-year bladder cancer-specific survival or the time to local recurrence. Conclusions: The distribution of CA IX expression in paraffin-embedded tissue sections seen in this series is consistent with previous studies in bladder cancer, but does not provide significant prognostic information with respect to the response to radiotherapy at 3 months and disease-specific survival after radical radiotherapy. © 2007 The Royal College of Radiologists.

Carbonic anhydrase IX expression, a novel surrogate marker of tumor hypoxia, is associated with a poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer

Purpose To evaluate carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX as a surrogate marker of hypoxia and investigate the prognostic significance of different patterns of expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Standard immunohistochemical techniques were used to study CA IX expression in 175 resected NSCLC tumors. CA IX expression was determined by Western blotting in A549 cell lines grown under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Measurements from microvessels to CA IX positivity were obtained. Results CA IX immunostaining was detected in 81.8% of patients. Membranous (m) (P = .005), cytoplasmic (c) (P = .018), and stromal (P < .001) CA IX expression correlated with the extent of tumor necrosis (TN). The mean distance from vascular endothelium to the start of tumor cell positivity was 90 μm, which equates to an oxygen pressure of 5.77 mmHg. The distance to blood vessels from individual tumor cells or tumor cell clusters was greater if they expressed mCA IX than if they did not (P < .001). Hypoxic exposure of A549 cells for 16 hours enhanced CAIX expression in the nuclear and cytosolic extracts. Perinuclear (p) CA IX (P = .035) was associated with a poor prognosis. In multivariate analysis, pCA IX (P = .004), stage (P = .001), platelet count (P = .011), sex (P = .027), and TN (P = .035) were independent poor prognostic factors. Conclusion These results add weight to the contention that mCA IX is a marker of tumor cell hypoxia. The absence of CA IX staining close to microvessels suggests that these vessels are functionally active. pCA IX expression is representative of an aggressive phenotype. © 2003 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.

A H-1-NMR STUDY OF BILIRUBIN IX-ALPHA SOLUBILIZATION BY CHOLATE MICELLES - APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECTS

The solubilization of bilirubin IX-Alpha in aqueous solution by sodium cholate micelles has been examined by 270 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Incorporation of bilirubin into the micelles is accompanied by specific shifts of bilirubin vinyl and bridgehead protons and the C18 and C19 methyl groups of the steroid. The observed chemical shifts show a monotonic concentration dependence suggesting that changes in aggregation size are continuous. Nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) have been shown to be a useful probe or micellization. A 4:1 cholate/bilirubin mixture has been investigated by difference NOE spectroscopy. The observation of intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects between peripheral protons of bilirubin and cholate are diagnostic of spatially proximate groups. Inter-cholate nuclear Overhauser effects increase in magnitude upon bilirubin incorporation suggesting closer packing of steroid molecules on solubilization of the pigment. Intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effects observed for solubilized bilirubin are consistent with a compact intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded conformation resembling that determined for bilirubin in the solid state.

Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland. IX. Simulation of soil carbon and nitrogen pools using CENTURY model

Cultivation and cropping of soils results in a decline in soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen, and can lead to reduced crop yields. The CENTURY model was used to simulate the effects of continuous cultivation and cereal cropping on total soil organic matter (C and N), carbon pools, nitrogen mineralisation, and crop yield from 6 locations in southern Queensland. The model was calibrated for each replicate from the original datasets, allowing comparisons for each replicate rather than site averages. The CENTURY model was able to satisfactorily predict the impact of long-term cultivation and cereal cropping on total organic carbon, but was less successful in simulating the different fractions and nitrogen mineralisation. The model firstly over-predicted the initial (pre-cropping) soil carbon and nitrogen concentration of the sites. To account for the unique shrinking and swelling characteristics of the Vertosol soils, the default annual decomposition rates of the slow and passive carbon pools were doubled, and then the model accurately predicted initial conditions. The ability of the model to predict carbon pool fractions varied, demonstrating the difficulty inherent in predicting the size of these conceptual pools. The strength of the model lies in the ability to closely predict the starting soil organic matter conditions, and the ability to predict the impact of clearing, cultivation, fertiliser application, and continuous cropping on total soil carbon and nitrogen.

Studio portrait of Emanuel Ebstein with Luis and Erna.

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Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase from Plasmodium falciparum is anaerobic and is localized to the mitochondrion

Earlier studies in this laboratory had shown that the malarial parasite can synthesize heme de novo and inhibition of the pathway leads to death of the parasite. It has been proposed that the pathway for the biosynthesis of heme in Plasmodium falciparum is unique involving three different cellular compartments, namely mitochondrion, apicoplast and cytosol. Experimental evidences are now available for the functionality and localization of all the enzymes of this pathway, except protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PfPPO), the penultimate enzyme. In the present study. PfPPO has been cloned, expressed and shown to be localized to the mitochondrion by immunofluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, the enzyme has been found to be active only under anaerobic conditions and is dependent on electron transport chain (ETC) acceptors for its activity. The native enzyme present in the parasite is inhibited by the ETC inhibitors, atovaquone and antimycin. Atovaquone, a well known inhibitor of parasite dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, dependent on the ETC, inhibits synthesis of heme as well in P. falciparum culture. A model is proposed to explain the ETC dependence of both the pyrimidine and heme-biosynthetic pathways in P. falciparum. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Organometallic chemistry of diphosphazanes. Part IX: Syntheses and spectroscopic studies of molybdenum and tungsten tetracarbonyl complexes of unsymmetrical diphosphazanes

The unsymmetrical diphosphazanes X2PN(Pr(i))PYY'(1a-1h) {X = Ph, YY' = O2 C6H4 (1a) or YY' = O2C12H8 (1b); X = Ph, Y = Ph, Y' = OC6H4Me-4 (1c), OC6H4Br-4 (1d), OC6H3Me2-3,5 (1e), OC5H4N-2 (1f), N2C3HMe2-3,5 (1g) or Cl (1h)} react with [M(CO)4(NHC5H10)2] (M = Mo, W) to yield the cis-chelate complexes [M(CO)4{X2PN(Pr(i)) PYY'}] {M = Mo (2a-2h); M = W (3-f,3-g)}. These complexes have been characterized by H-1, P-31 and C-13 NMR and IR spectroscopic studies.

A novel adeno-associated virus serotype (AAV)-8 capsid mutant improves human coagulation factor IX expression in vivo

Recombinant AAV-8 vectors have shown significant promise for hepatic gene therapy of hemophilia B. However, the theme of AAV vector dose dependent immunotoxicity seen with AAV2 vectors earlier seem to re-emerge with AAV8 vectors as well. It is therefore important to develop novel AAV8 vectors that provide enhanced gene expression at significantly less vector doses. We hypothesized that AAV8 during its intracellular trafficking, are targeted for destruction in the cytoplasm by the host-cellular kinase/ubiquitination/proteasomal degradation machinery and modification of specific serine/threonine kinase or ubiquitination targets on AAV8 capsid (Fig.1A) may improve its transduction efficiency. To test this, point mutations at specific serine (S)/threonine (T) > alanine (A) or lysine (K)>arginine (R) residues were generated on AAV8 capsid. scAAV8-EGFP vectors containing the wild-type (WT) and each one of the 5 S/T/K-mutant(S276A, S501A, S671A, T251A and K137R) capsids were evaluated for their liver transduction efficiency at a dose of 5 X 1010 vgs/ animal in C57BL/6 mice in vivo. The best performing mutant was found to be the K137R vector in terms of either the gene expression (46-fold) or the vector copy numbers in the hepatocytes (22-fold) compared to WT-AAV8 (Fig.1B). The K137R-AAV8 vector that showed significantly decreased ubiquitination of the viral capsid had reduced activation of markers of innate immune response [IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor α, Kupffer cells and TLR-9]. In addition, animals injected with the K137R mutant also demonstrated decreased (2-fold) levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies when compared to animals that received the WT-AAV8 vector. To study further the utility of the novel AAV8-K137R mutant in a therapeutic setting, we delivered human coagulation factor IX (h.FIX) under the control of liver specific promoters (LP1 or hAAT) at two different doses (2.5x10^10 and 1x10^11 vgs per mouse) in 8-12 weeks old male C57BL/6 mice. As can be seen in Fig.1C/D, the circulating levels of h.FIX were higher in all the K137R-AAV8 treated groups as compared to the WT-AAV8 treated groups either at 2 weeks (62% vs 37% for hAAT constructs and 47% vs 21% for LP1 constructs) or 4 weeks (78% vs 56% for hAAT constructs and 64% vs 30% for LP1 constructs) post hepatic gene transfer. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of the use of this novel vector for potential gene therapy of hemophilia B.

Diagnóstico situacional de hemoparasitos en bovinos lecheros mayores de un año en el municipio de Matagalpa, departamento de Matagalpa

ÍNDICE Pág. I. Introducción. 1 II. Objetivos. 3 III. Revisión literaria. 4 3.1 Aspecto bioecológicos y moñológicos de la garrapata. 3.2 Babesiosis. 6 3.3 Anaplasmosis. 15 IV. Materiales y métodos. 26 V. Resultados. 30 VI. Análisis estadístico. 34 VII. Discusión. 38 VIII. Conclusiones. 41 IX. Recomendaciones. 42 X. Bibliografia. 43 XI. Anexos. 49

Estudio preliminar de la utilizacion del aceite y resina de Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) en el tratamiento de la sarna Psoroptica equina en la comarca Pilar del municipio de Santo Domingo, departamento de Chontales

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca "El Porvenir" ubicada en los 12°15' de latitud norte y 85"04' de longitud oeste, en el municipio de Santo Domingo departamento de Chontales, el clima es de sabana tropical con temperaturas entre 25 a 27"C. La duración del experimento fue de 18 días a partir de la selección e identificación de los animales bajo los tratamientos evaluados. Con el objetivo de comparar el efecto del aceite y resina de Neem al 40 % versus lvermectina pasta al 1% en el control de la sama Psoróptica equina. Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente al Azar (D.C.A.). Se seleccionaron 21 equinos con edades promedios de 1O a l 5 años, estos se dividieron en 3 grupos, cada grupo formado por 7 equinos por tratamiento, Tratamiento P: Ivermectina pasta 1% a razón de lg por cada 100 kg de peso vivo, vía oral. Tratamiento A:aceite de Neem acaricida tópico botánico a base de aceite de Neem, se aplicó vía tópica un promedio de 20 mi por cada animal. Tratamiento R: resina de Neem, acaricida tópico botánico a base de resina de Neem, se aplicó vía tópica, un promedio de 20 mi por cada equino. A los equinos se les realizó un examen clinico al inicio del ensayo y a los 14 días post aplicación, se utilizó el diagnóstico clínico y sintomatológico para evaluar el comportamiento de los tratamientos. Para cuantificar las reducciones de las lesiones se utilizaron tres variables: detención, reducción y control de las lesiones. Los tratamientos con Neem aceite y resina al 400/o arrojaron los siguientes resultados: Aceite 40% logró alcanzar un 100% del control de las lesiones y la resina alcanzó 86%. La Ivermectina pasta 1% sólo alcanzó la reducción de las lesiones en un 100%. Entre los tres tratamientos, el que dio mejores resultados fue el aceite de Neem al 40% con un porcentaje de eficiencia en el control de la sama equina en un 100%.