Descenso y transición epidemiológica de la mortalidad infantil en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye bibliografía

La economía del cambio climático en Bolivia: Impactos en salud

En este estudio se modela la relación entre los factores climáticos y el nivel de vulnerabilidad de 4 enfermedades: diarreicas, infecciones respiratorias, malaria y dengue, y se usa un modelo para simular los efectos del cambio climático previsto por el modelo PRECIS hasta el año 2100. La modelación se realizó a nivel municipal para poder tomar en cuenta la gran heterogeneidad de Bolivia.

Importância da presença de granulações tóxicas para o diagnóstico hematológico de septicemia

Este trabalho visou investigar a associação da coexistência da presença de granulações tóxicas com resultados de hemocultura positivas, idade dos pacientes, condições de internamento e tipos de agentes bacterianos. Foi realizada análise retrospectiva e prospectiva, cega, para a presença de granulações tóxicas em amostras sangüíneas de trezentos pacientes, de ambos os sexos, internados em hospitais da Cidade de Belém – Pará, com solicitação de hemocultura, num período de dois anos. Com os hemogramas e as hemoculturas realizadas por métodos de automação, e todos os dados submetidos à metodologia de comparação estatística pelo Qui-quadrado (método de clump). Nossos resultados mostraram a existência de associação estatística entre: (1) a presença de granulações tóxicas e os resultados de hemoculturas positivas; (2) a menor idade dos pacientes (neonatos) associadas a hemocultura positiva; (3) a condição de internamento em UTI com hemocultura positiva; e (4) a presença de granulações tóxicas e a observação de leucocitose e desvio à esquerda, em pacientes internados em UTI, com hemoculturas positivas. E que os cinco principais agentes bacterianos identificados nas hemoculturas deste estudo foram Klebsiella oxytoca (22%), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (20%), Escherichia coli (18%), Enterobacter cloacae (14%), e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%).

Colonização de cateteres venosos centrais por biofilme microbiano

Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicadas à Farmácia - FCFAR

Determinação qualitativa de enterobactérias presentes em tartarugas da Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) de vida livre e cativeiro

A tartaruga da amazônia (Podocnemis expansa) corresponde a um recurso faunístico muito importante para as populações ribeirinhas da região amazônica, além de ser uma das principais espécies indicadas para produção em cativeiro. O consumo dessa espécie como alimento na região, gerou uma demanda de estudos quanto à questão sanitária e seu impacto na saúde pública. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a microbiota intestinal de tartarugas da amazônia de vida livre e cativeiro, verificando a ocorrência de bactérias da Família Enterobacteriaceae no trato intestinal desses animais. Para isso, foram utilizadas 116 tartarugas adultas, de ambos os sexos, sendo que, 51 foram capturadas na Ilha de São Miguel, município de Santarém (PA), 50 animais pertenciam a um cativeiro comercial e 15 eram provenientes de um criadouro conservacionista, localizados na região metropolitana de Belém, Pará. De cada animal, foi colhida amostra de material biológico cloacal, utilizando-se swabs estéreis para em seguida serem acondicionados em tubos com meios de transporte e enviados ao laboratório para análises bacteriológicas. Todas as amostras foram imersas em caldos Selenito e BHI durante 24 horas e posteriormente semeadas em Agar Shigella-Salmonella e Agar Mac Conkey na temperatura de 37ºC por 24 horas. As UFCs (Unidades formadoras de colônia) foram semeadas em Agar Muller Hilton por mais 24 horas em estufa a 37ºC e identificadas pelo sistema Vitek® totalmente automatizado. Do total de 116 amostras foram obtidos 245 crescimentos bacterianos nos quais 83 (33,87%) eram provenientes dos animais de vida livre, com a identificação de 20 espécies bacterianas. Nos animais mantidos em cativeiro, foram obtidos 162 (65,72%) isolamentos, identificando-se 10 espécies de bactérias. Oito espécies foram encontradas em ambos os ambientes e 14 espécies em apenas um deles. A espécie Klebsiella pneumoniae foi a mais frequente, com 52 isolamentos, totalizando 21,22% dos crescimentos bacterianos, seguida de Enterobacter cloacae (35/14,29%), Serratia marcescens (29/11,84%) e Salmonella species (24/9,80%). Nos quelônios de vida livre, os microrganismos mais isolados constituiram-se dos genêros Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter e Aeromonas. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae e Salmonella spp. apresentaram frequências elevadas naqueles animais cativos. Este resultado evidencia uma maior diversidade de microrganismos entre os animais de vida livre e uma contaminação elevada por amostra nos animais de cativeiro. As espécies Salmonella sp., E. coli e Acinetobacter ssp., tiveram sua frequência aumentada provavelmente devido a influência do cativeiro, sendo portanto, sugeridas como indicativas da qualidade sanitária de populações da tartaruga da Amazônia.

Bases moleculares da resistência ao mercúrio em bactérias Gram-negativas da Amazônia brasileira

Mercúrio é um dos elementos mais tóxicos tanto para seres humanos como os demais animais. Em ambientes naturais seus compostos podem ter origem em fontes naturais ou em decorrência da ação do homem. A atividade microbiana tem papel crítico na biorremediação. A resistência ao mercúrio nas bactérias está associada a um conjunto de genes organizados no operon mer. Considerando este cenário realizamos um estudo com bactérias Gram-negativas isoladas de sedimento de rios de duas áreas com distintos graus de atividade antropogênica, Barreiras e Caxiuanã. A resistência ao mercúrio foi avaliada em ensaios de crescimento in vitro da bactéria em meio contendo Hg. A presença do operon mer foi determinada por PCR para os genes RTPCABD, componentes do operon. O ensaio in vitro, determinou que apenas 2 isolados dos 107 avaliados, Acinetobacter baumannii de Caxiuanã e Pseudomonas stutzeri de Barreiras, apresentavam resistência ao Hg. Um operon mer foi identificado e caracterizado apenas do isolado Acinetobacter baumannii. Este apresenta os genes RTPCAD e sua organização e seqüência nucleotídica possui identidade total com o operon mer de um isolado de Acinetobacter calcoaceticus da Rússia.

Tropical Healthcare Epidemiology: Weather Determinants of the Etiology of Bloodstream Infections in a Brazilian Hospital

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Condições bacteriológicas da superfície das poltronas hematológicas par hemodiálise

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem (mestrado profissional) - FMB

Estudo de dinâmicas populacionais aplicado a processos de tratamento biológico de efluentes

The purpose of this work is to perform studies of mathematical modeling of the relationship of interaction occurring between microrganisms participants from wastewater treatment processes aimed at understanding, through simulations, such as inter-relationships can affect the performance of such units. The methodology was the implementation in FORTRAN computer language of mathematical models of microbial interactions. The first model addresses the interaction of bacteria-forming flakes and filamentous bacteria in activated sludge systems, which seeks to strike a balance between these bacteria to improve efficiency of the process. Another model is studied the interaction between bacteria and protozoa in activated sludge systems and analyzing the efficiency of the process, observing the changes in daily load. Microbial interactions in anaerobic reactors were dealt a third model, in which there is the mutualistic interaction between acidogenic and methanogenic bacteria. In a fourth and final model was examined the relationship between the bacteria Acinetobacter sp. and Gordonia sp., which are present in activated sludge systems, showing the competitive capacity of Acinetobacter sp. can control the growth of unwanted bacteria.

Contaminación microbiana en las líneas de agua de las unidades odontológicas

Introduction and Objective: Microorganisms are responsible for multiple infections and pathologies; this is why it is important to control microbes that can be found in the triple syringe used for irrigation in different dental procedures. The aim of this study was to identify cultivable species of microbes (fungus and bacteria) found in some dental units water lines of a private dental clinic from Medellín, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Random samples were taken from 11 chairs from a total of 89; a sample of water of 500ml was collected from the triple syringe of each selected chair. The study aim to search for the presence of total coliforms, filamentous fungi and leavened Results: the average presence of microorganisms was between 40CFU and more of 200 CFU. Microorganisms such as Aeromona salmonicida, Actinobacilus sp and Pseudomona maltophil were isolated. No total coliforms neither fecal coliforms were found. Conclusions: the high levels of contamination suggest that there is a mature biofilm in somewhere of the dental unit water line, but the absence of total and fecalis coliforms suggest that the water had been treated.

Percepción de un grupo de mujeres acerca del hecho de ser portadoras del VPH

Background: The possibility to acquire sexually transmitted diseases generates bio-psycho-social conflicts affecting daily life of women. Objective: To investigate the knowledge of women on the concept of being infected by the human papilloma virus (HPV) and to understand the significance they attributed to their condition as HPV carriers. Material and method: It is a qualitative study in which ten women were interviewed, after the result of a cytopathological exam suggesting HPV. Data were collected at the Center of Health School of the Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP-Brazil. Results: The significant items were: deception and preoccupation about the cure, since they indicate that it is very deceptive to be infected with an incurable disease by a person whom they trust; the method of having sexual relations and being infected again; the necessity of care and of being optimistic to face the disease and the threat of cervix cancer originating anxiety. Discussion: Orientations made by health professionals were efficacious to clarify the relationship with cancer development. It is possible to understand the necessity of assistance orientations and the opportunity to hear them, offering individualized quality care. This study also offers important elements to reinforce the educational role of health professionals, principally those referring to sexually transmitted infection and cancer, seeking prevention and early treatment with the offered information. However, there is no desire of finishing the subject regarding perception, thus there is much to discover about diseases related to human papilloma virus. Key words: women carriers of HPV, feelings attributed by women.

A flow cytometry method for testing the susceptibility of Cryptococcus spp. to amphotericin B

Human fungal infections have increased at an alarming rate in recent years, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Cryptococcosis is the second most prevalent systemic fungal infection worldwide, and the most prevalent systemic infection in immunocompromised individuals, representing more than 70% of cases. The incidence of cryptococcosis is high in people with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with recent estimates indicating that there are one million cases of cryptococcal meningitis globally per year in AIDS patients. The aim of this research was to develop a rapid flow cytometric antifungal susceptibility test and to compare the results with the standard methods. A reference strain and clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii were tested for susceptibility to amphotericin B by flow cytometry using propidium iodide as indicator of viability. Flow cytometry (FC) results were compared with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values determined by microdilution. The antifungal activity of amphotericin B ranged from MICs of 0.06 to 2μg/ml for the 11 isolates studied. The same results were found by FC. The FC method allows same-day results, assisting in the selection of appropriate antifungal therapies. These results demonstrate an excellent correlation between FC and the classic methods of testing for susceptibility to antifungal agents. This rapid diagnosis method makes it possible to quickly administer effective therapeutic interventions, often saving lives.

Emprego de redes complexas para modelar e analisar a disseminação de microrganismos da familia enterobacteriaceae em pacientes mantidos em unidades de terapia intensiva

Nowadays the studies of different methodologies to interfere in the growing and spread of serious infections and systemic status in institutionalized patients those kept on intensive therapy units are relevant to understanding these complex systems and bring benefits to several health areas, particularly public health. In this study, it was analyzed the clinical and microbiological data from patients hospitalized in intensive therapy units. The interaction between patients and caregivers was modeled and analyzed using dynamic system model and complex network theory, identifying outbreaks values of microorganisms of Enterobacteriaceae Family.

Speech-language therapy for treatment of dysphagia and dysphonia in systemic granulomatous diseases: granulomatous diseases: dysphagia and dysphonia treatments

The granulomatous lesions are frequently founded in infectious diseases and can involve the larynx and pharynx and can cause varying degrees of dysphonia and dysphagia. There is still no systematic review that analyzes effectiveness of speech therapy in systemic granulomatous diseases. Research strategy: A systematic review was performed according to Cochrane guideline considering the inclusion of RCTs and quasi-RCTs about the effectiveness of speech-language therapy to treat dysphagia and dysphonia symptoms in systemic granulomatous diseases of the larynx and pharynx. Selection criteria: The outcome planned to be measured in this review were: swallowing impairment, frequency of chest infections and voice and swallowing symptoms. Data analysis: We identified 1,140 citations from all electronic databases. After an initial shift we only selected 9 titles to be retrieved in full-text. After full reading, there was no RCT found in this review and therefore, we only described the existing 2 case series studies. Results: There were no randomized controlled trials found in the literature. Therefore, two studies were selected to be included only for narratively analysis as they were case series. Conclusion: There is no evidence from high quality studies about the effectiveness of speech-language therapy in patients with granulomatous diseases of the larynx and pharynx. The investigators could rely in the outcomes suggested in this review to design their own clinical trials.

Avaliação do grau de conhecimento sobre Leishmaniose e Toxoplasmose em moradores do município de Araçatuba, SP

Considering the importance of zoonotic infections by Leishmania spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in Araçatuba region, São Paulo, this study determined the degree of knowledge of residents of Araçatuba about these two diseases. Questionnaires about these diseases were applied to 123 people. Regarding schooling, all the respondents were literate, and 69.9% (86/123) did not attend higher education and 30.8% (37/123) completed an undergraduate degree. Of these, 91.9% (34/37) knew the meaning of the term zoonosis, with significant difference compared to those who were not trained. This word was unknown by 57% (29/123) of total respondents. Most non-graduates, 59.3% (51/86) did not know what is toxoplasmosis and among graduates, 35.1% (13/37) ignored the subject.There were significant difference between these groups. Regarding the prevention of Leishmania infection, a greater proportion of the residents advocated environmental cleanup, the collar repellent and use of citronella. In relation to toxoplasmosis, 54.5% did not know the ways of transmission of this disease and among those with graduate degree, 13 ignoring any transmission medium. When it comes to prevention of this disease, 55.3% (68/123) did not know any prophylactic. In the group of higher education, 14 did not know how to prevent toxoplasmosis. The results of this study show that the majority of respondents are not aware about the mode of transmission of these diseases, especially in relation to toxoplasmosis.