Trends in drug use among students in Brazil: analysis of four surveys in 1987, 1989, 1993 and 1997

The consumption of psychotropic drugs among Brazilian secondary school students was examined by comparing data from four surveys using a questionnaire adapted from the WHO's Program on Research and Reporting on the Epidemiology of Drug Dependence. Students filled out the form in their classrooms without the presence of teachers. The target population consisted of 10-18-year-old students (on average, 15,000 students responded to each survey) in Brazil's ten largest state capitals: Belém, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and São Paulo. Among the legal drugs, lifetime use (use at least once during life) of tobacco was increased in seven cities (the exceptions were Brasília, Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro). There was also a significant increase in frequent use of alcohol (six times or more per month) in 6 of the cities, from an average of 9.2% in 1987 to 15.0% in 1997. With respect to illegal drugs, there was a significant increase in lifetime use of marijuana (a 3-fold increase from 2.8% in 1987 to 7.6% in 1997). Cocaine use increased 4-fold over the survey period (0.5% in 1987 to 2.0% in 1997). Lifetime use of cocaine significantly increased in eight capitals (except Recife and Rio de Janeiro). However, frequent cocaine use increased in only three capitals (Belém, Fortaleza and Porto Alegre), from an average of 1.0% in 1987 to 3.6% in 1997. Lifetime use of medications such as anxiolytics and amphetamines increased 2-fold on average over the survey period. Comparing the four studies, the main conclusion is that there were significant increases in the frequencies for lifetime use, frequent use and heavy use of many drugs.

In situ enzyme immunoassay for titration of a Brazilian hepatitis A virus strain (HAF-203)

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) replicates relatively slowly in cell culture without a cytopathic effect, a fact that limits the use of tissue culture assays. The radioimmunofocus assay is the standard method for HAV titration, although it is labor intensive and requires the use of radioisotopes. A simple, rapid and objective infectivity assay based on an in situ enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is described here for a Brazilian cell culture-adapted HAV strain (HAF-203). The assay uses a peroxidase-labeled polyclonal antibody to fixed monolayers as an indicator of infection. EIA may be completed within 7 days using serial 5-fold dilutions of the virus, yielding a titer of 5.024 log 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/ml for HAF-203. This technique had a detection limit of 1.1 log TCID50/ml and the specificity was demonstrated by detecting no reaction on the columns of uninfected wells. The reproducibility (with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranging from 1.9 to 3.8% and from 3.5 to 9.9%, respectively) and quantitation of the assay were demonstrated by close agreement in virus infectivity titers among different assays of the same amount of virus and between assays of different amounts of virus. Furthermore, this assay does not require the use of radiolabeled antibodies. We describe here an efficient EIA that is highly reproducible and that could be used to monitor HAV growth in cell culture and to determine the quantity of HAV antigen needed for diagnostic assays. This is the first report of the infectious titer of the Brazilian cell culture-adapted HAV strain (HAF-203).

In silico analysis identifies a C3HC4-RING finger domain of a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase located at the C-terminus of a polyglutamine-containing protein

Almost identical polyglutamine-containing proteins with unknown structures have been found in human, mouse and rat genomes (GenBank AJ277365, AF525300, AY879229). We infer that an identical new gene (RING) finger domain of real interest is located in each C-terminal segment. A three-dimensional (3-D) model was generated by remote homology modeling and the functional implications are discussed. The model consists of 65 residues from terminal position 707 to 772 of the human protein with a total length of 796 residues. The 3-D model predicts a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) as a binding site for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). Both enzymes are part of the ubiquitin pathway to label unwanted proteins for subsequent enzymatic degradation. The molecular contact specificities are suggested for both the substrate recognition and the residues at the possible E2-binding surface. The predicted structure, of a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3, enzyme class number 6.3.2.19, CATH code 3.30.40.10.4) may contribute to explain the process of ubiquitination. The 3-D model supports the idea of a C3HC4-RING finger with a partially new pattern. The putative E2-binding site is formed by a shallow hydrophobic groove on the surface adjacent to the helix and one zinc finger (L722, C739, P740, P741, R744). Solvent-exposed hydrophobic amino acids lie around both zinc fingers (I717, L722, F738, or P765, L766, V767, V733, P734). The 3-D structure was deposited in the protein databank theoretical model repository (2B9G, RCSB Protein Data Bank, NJ).

Chromogenic in situ hybridization compared with other approaches to evaluate HER2/neu status in breast carcinomas

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) has been evaluated in breast cancer patients to identify those most likely to benefit from herceptin-targeted therapy. HER2 amplification, detected in 20-30% of invasive breast tumors, is associated with reduced survival and metastasis. The most frequently used technique for evaluating HER2 protein status as a routine procedure is immunohistochemistry (IHC). HER2 copy number alterations have also been evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in moderate immunoexpression (IHC 2+) cases. An alternative procedure to evaluate gene amplification is chromogenic in situhybridization (CISH), which has some advantages over FISH, including the correlation between HER2 status and morphological features. Other methodologies have also been used, such as silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (SISH) and quantitative real-time RT-PCR, to determine the number of HER2 gene copies and expression, respectively. Here we will present a short and comprehensive review of the current advances concerning HER2 evaluation in human breast cancer.

An in vitro analysis of the total phenolic content, antioxidant power, physical, physicochemical, and chemical composition of Terminalia Catappa Linn fruits

This study assessed the antioxidant, total phenolic, and physicochemical properties of in vitro Terminalia Catappa Linn (locally called castanhola) using the DPPH assay. The castanhola fruits had an average weight of 19.60 ± 0.00 g, combining shell, pulp, and seed weight, and a soluble solids content of 8 °Brix. The chemical composition was determined with predominance of carbohydrates (76,88 ± 0,58%).The titration method was used to determine Vitamin C content using 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCFI), known as reactive Tillmans resulting in no significant levels. Aqueous extracts of castanhola pulp showed a higher concentration of phenolics, 244.33 ± 18.86 GAE.g-1 of fruit, and alcoholic extracts, 142.84 ± 2.09 GAE.g-1 of fruit. EC50 values of the aqueous extract showed a greater ability to scavenge free radicals than the alcoholic extracts. The fruit had a significant content of phenolic compounds and high antioxidant capacity.

An in-depth analysis of real and perceived barriers to speech and language program participation for children with speech and language delays : a question of barriers to service?

The current study investigated the effects that barriers (both real and perceived) had on participation and completion of speech and language programs for preschool children with communication delays. I compared 36 families of preschool children with an identified communication delay that have completed services (completers) to 13 families that have not completed services (non-completers) prescribed by Speech and Language professionals. Data findings reported were drawn from an interview with the mother, a speech and language assessment of the child, and an extensive package of measures completed by the mother. Children ranged in age from 32 to 71 mos. These data were collected as part of a project funded by the Canadian Language and Literacy Research Networks of Centres of Excellence. Findings suggest that completers and non-completers shared commonalities in a number of parenting characteristics but differed significantly in two areas. Mothers in the noncompleting group were more permissive and had lower maternal education than mothers in the completing families. From a systemic standpoint, families also differed in the number of perceived barriers to treatment experienced during their time with Speech Services Niagara. Mothers in the non-completing group experienced more perceived barriers to treatment than completing mothers. Specifically, these mothers perceived more stressors and obstacles that competed with treatment, perceived more treatment demands and they perceived the relevance of treatment as less important than the completing group. Despite this, the findings suggest that non-completing families were 100% satisfied with services. Contrary to predictions, there were no significant differences in child characterisfics and economic characteristics between completers and non-completers. The findings in this study are considered exploratory and tentative due to the small sample size.

Factors Contributing to Reading Performance: An In-Depth Analysis of the “Boy Crisis”

This research used a quantitative study approach to investigate the “boy crisis” in Canada. Boy crisis advocates suggest that boys are being surpassed by girls on reading assessments and promote strategies to assist male students. A feminist framework was used in this study that allowed for an investigation and discussion of the factors that mediate between gender and success at reading comprehension, interpretation, and response to text without ignoring female students. Reading scores and questionnaire data compiled by the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program were used in this research, specifically the PCAP-13 2007 assessment of approximately 30,000 13-year-old students from all Canadian provinces and Yukon Territory (CMEC, 2008). Approximately 20,000 participants wrote the reading assessment, while 30,000 students completed the questionnaire responses. Predictor variables were tested using parametric tests such as independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, chi-square analysis, and Pearson r. Findings from this study indicate that although boys scored lower than girls on the PCAP-13 2007 reading assessment, factors were found to influence the reading scores of both male and female students to varying degrees. Socioeconomic status, perceptions of the reading material used in language arts classrooms, reading preference, reading interest, parental involvement, parental encouragement for reading, and self-efficacy were all found to affect the reading performance of boys and girls. Relationships between variables were also found and are discussed in this research. The analysis presented in this study allows parents, educators, and policy makers to begin to critically examine and re-evaluate boy crisis literature and offers suggestions on how to improve reading performance for all students of all socioeconomic backgrounds.

Identificación de alteraciones numéricas y estructurales de cromosomas sexuales mediante hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH) y técnicas citogenéticas clásicas

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Biología Celular) UANL

Producción de materia seca y digestibilidad in situ del forraje de 85 genotipos del pasto Buffel ( Cenchrus Ciliaris L.)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Agrícola) UANL

Análisis de la expresión de un nuevo gen aislado de la región mesencefálica de ratón mediante hibridación in situ

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Morfología) UANL

Implementación de la técnica de hibridación in situ con fluorescencia (fish) en el laboratorio de hematología clínica para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con leucemia granulocítica crónica

Tesis (Especialidad en el Laboratorio de Hematología) UANL

Variación estacional del perfil nutritivo y digestibilidad in SITU de materia seca, proteína cruda y fibra detergente neutro, del follajede ocho especies arbustivas del noreste de México

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas con Especialidad en Botánica) UANL

Generación in situ del ion ferrato [Fe (VI)] cía fotocatalítica y electroquímica para la degradación del ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético.

Tesis (Doctor en Química Analítica Ambiental) UANL, 2011.

In silico analysis of mitochondrial proteins

Le rôle important joué par la mitochondrie dans la cellule eucaryote est admis depuis longtemps. Cependant, la composition exacte des mitochondries, ainsi que les processus biologiques qui sy déroulent restent encore largement inconnus. Deux facteurs principaux permettent dexpliquer pourquoi létude des mitochondries progresse si lentement : le manque defficacité des méthodes didentification des protéines mitochondriales et le manque de précision dans lannotation de ces protéines. En conséquence, nous avons développé un nouvel outil informatique, YimLoc, qui permet de prédire avec succès les protéines mitochondriales à partir des séquences génomiques. Cet outil intègre plusieurs indicateurs existants, et sa performance est supérieure à celle des indicateurs considérés individuellement. Nous avons analysé environ 60 génomes fongiques avec YimLoc afin de lever la controverse concernant la localisation de la bêta-oxydation dans ces organismes. Contrairement à ce qui était généralement admis, nos résultats montrent que la plupart des groupes de Fungi possèdent une bêta-oxydation mitochondriale. Ce travail met également en évidence la diversité des processus de bêta-oxydation chez les champignons, en corrélation avec leur utilisation des acides gras comme source dénergie et de carbone. De plus, nous avons étudié le composant clef de la voie de bêta-oxydation mitochondriale, lacyl-CoA déshydrogénase (ACAD), dans 250 espèces, couvrant les 3 domaines de la vie, en combinant la prédiction de la localisation subcellulaire avec la classification en sous-familles et linférence phylogénétique. Notre étude suggère que les gènes ACAD font partie dune ancienne famille qui a adopté des stratégies évolutionnaires innovatrices afin de générer un large ensemble denzymes susceptibles dutiliser la plupart des acides gras et des acides aminés. Finalement, afin de permettre la prédiction de protéines mitochondriales à partir de données autres que les séquences génomiques, nous avons développé le logiciel TESTLoc qui utilise comme données des Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). La performance de TESTLoc est significativement supérieure à celle de tout autre outil de prédiction connu. En plus de fournir deux nouveaux outils de prédiction de la localisation subcellulaire utilisant différents types de données, nos travaux démontrent comment lassociation de la prédiction de la localisation subcellulaire à dautres méthodes danalyse in silico permet daméliorer la connaissance des protéines mitochondriales. De plus, ces travaux proposent des hypothèses claires et faciles à vérifier par des expériences, ce qui présente un grand potentiel pour faire progresser nos connaissances des métabolismes mitochondriaux.

Les relations entre la scène et le cinéma dans le spectacle d'avant-garde : une étude intermédiale et in situ de Relâche de Picabia, Satie et Clair

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal