Sorologia positiva para sífilis, toxoplasmose e doença de Chagas em gestantes de primeira consulta em centros de saúde de área metropolitana, Brasil

Alguns testes sorológicos têm sido utilizados para detectar, indiretamente, a presença de possíveis agentes etiológicos infecciosos durante a gestação, que sendo transmitidos ao feto, por via placentária, causam infecções congênitas com seqüelas leves ou graves e até morte fetal. Foram estudadas 481 gestantes, com idade média de 24,5 anos (de 14 a 46 anos), atendidas em primeira consulta nos Centros de Saúde, na Cidade de São Paulo, SP (Brasil) no período de abril a outubro de 1988. Segundo o trimestre gestacional, 230 pacientes (47,8%) estavam no primeiro trimestre; 203 (42,2%) no 2º e 48 (10,0%) no 3º. Das 474 pacientes que declararam algum tipo de renda mensal, 309 (65,2%) pertenciam a familias com renda até 1 SMPC (salário mínimo per capita) e somente 15 (3,2%) pertenciam a famílias com renda superior a 3 SMPC, caracterizando o baixo nível econômico das gestantes. Das 481 pacientes 159 (33,1%) eram nascidas no Estado de São Paulo e as 322 (66,9%) restantes eram imigrantes procedentes de outros Estados, destacando-se Bahia (23,1%); Minas Gerais (11,4%); Paraná (7,5%); Paraíba (5,4%) e Pernambuco(5,4%). Foram realizados testes imunodiagnósticos para sífilis, toxoplasmose e doença de Chagas. Foram observados resultados positivos para sífilis em 25 gestantes (5,2%). Para toxoplasmose, 157 (32,4%) não tinham anticorpos em nível detectável e 67 (13,9%) apresentaram títulos elevados, indicativos de infecção ativa, das quais em 6 (10,3%) foram detectados anticorpos da classe IgM. Para doença de Chagas foram encontrados anticorpos específicos em 14 (2,9%) gestantes, sendo que destas, 10 (71,4%) eram procedentes da Bahia e Minas Gerais.

Dengue in the South-eastern region of Brazil: historical analysis and epidemiology

The aim of the study is an historical analysis of the work undertaken by the Public Health organizations dedicated to the combat of the Aedes aegypti, as well as an epidemiolocal study of persons with unexplained fever, with a view to evaluating the ocurrence of dengue within the population. The Mac-Elisa, Gac-Elisa, hemaglutination inhibition, isolation and typage tests were used. Organophosphate intoxication in agricultural workers was also assessed by measuring concentrations of serie cholinesterase. A sera samples of 2,094 were collected in 23 towns, and the type 1 dengue virus was detected in 17 towns and autochthony was confirmed in 12 of them. The cholinesterase was measured in 2,391 sera samples of which 53 cases had abnormal levels. Poisoning was confirmed in 3 cases. Results reveal an epidemic the gravity of which was not officially know. The relationshipe between levels of IgM and IgG antibodies indicates the outbreak tendency. The widespread distribution of the vector is troubling because of the possibility of the urbanization of wild yellow fever, whereas the absence of A. aegypti in 2 towns with autochthony suggests the existence of another vector. Since there is no vaccine against dengue, the combat of the vector is the most efficient measure for preventing outbreaks. The eradication of the vector depends on government decisions which depend, for their execution, on the organization of the Health System and the propagation of information concerning the prevention of the disease using all possible means because short and long term results depend on the education and the active participation of the entire population.

Human cryptosporidiosis: detection of specific antibodies in the serum by an indirect immunofluorescence

Cryptosporidium sp., a coccidian parasite usually found in the faeces of cattle, has been recently implicated as an agent of human intestinal disease, mainly in immunocompromised patients. In the study realized, by an indirect immunofluorescence technique, specific immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) have been demonstrated in human serum against Cryptosporidium oocysts. Purified oocysts were used as antigens in the indirect immunofluorecence assay. After analyzing this test in sera from selected groups of patients, the frequency of both specific IgG and IgM of immunocompetent children who were excreting oocysts in their faeces was 62% and in children with negative excretion of oocysts was 20% and 40%, respectively. In adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who were excreting Cryptosporidium in their stools, the frequency was 57% for IgG but only 2% for IgM. Twenty three percent of immunocompromised adults with not determined excretion of oocysts in their stools had anti-Cryptosporidium IgG in their sera. Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus had no IgM and only 14% had IgG detectable in their sera. The indirect immunoflorescence assay, when used with other parasitological techniques appears to be useful for retrospective population studies and for diagnosis of acute infection. The humoral immune response of HIV positive patients to this protozoan agent needs clarification.

Chagas disease in an area of recent occupation in Cochabamba, Bolivia

INTRODUCTION: A descriptive, entomological and seroepidemiological study on Chagas disease was conducted in a place of recent occupation on the outskirts of Cochabamba, Bolivia: Avaroa/Primer de Mayo (population:3,000), where the socio-economic level is low and no control measures have been made available. METHODS: The immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was used for IgG and IgM anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in filter paper bloodspot eluates from 128 subjects (73 females, 55 males) selected by systematic sampling. Concerning each subject age, gender, birthplace, occupation, duration of residence and building materials used in their houses were recorded. Vectors were captured both in domestic and peridomestic environments. RESULTS: Seropositive, 12.5% (16/128): females, 15.1% (11/73); males, 9.1% (5/55). Average time of residence: 6.1 years for the whole population sample and 7.4 years for the seropositive subjects. Most houses had adobe walls (76.7% , n= 30), galvanized iron rooves (86.7%) and earthen floors (53.4%) 80% of the walls had crevices. One hundred forty seven specimens of Triatoma infestans were captured, of which 104 (70.7%) were domestic, and 1 peridomestic Triatoma sordida. Precipitin host identification: birds, 67.5%; humans, 27.8%; rodents, 11.9%; dogs, 8.7%; cats, 1.6%. House infestation and density indices were 53.3 and 493.0 respectively. We found 21 (14.3%) specimens of T. infestans infected with trypanosomes, 18 (85.7%) of which in domestic environments. DISCUSSION: The elements for the vector transmission of Chagas disease are present in Avaroa/Primer de Mayo and the ancient custom of keeping guinea pigs indoors adds to the risk of human infection. In neighboring Cochabamba, due to substandard quality control, contaminated blood transfusions are not infrequent, which further aggravates the spread of Chagas disease. Prompt action to check the transmission of this infection, involving additionally the congenital and transfusional modes of acquisition, is required.

Inquérito soroepidemiológico para pesquisa de infecções por arbovírus em moradores de reserva ecológica

OBJETIVO: Inquéritos sorológicos têm evidenciado ampla circulação de arbovírus causadores de doença humana na Região do Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brasil. Com o propósito de estabelecer a prevalência de infecções por esses agentes em reserva ecológica, localizada naquela área, pesquisou-se a presença de anticorpos, bem como suas possíveis associações com características individuais e familiares dos investigados. MÉTODOS: Pesquisaram-se anticorpos para os antígenos dos vírus Rocio (ROC), Ilhéus (ILH), encefalite de St. Louis (SLE), encefalites eqüinas do leste (EEE), oeste (WEE) e venezuelana (VEE), em 182 pessoas pertencentes a 58 famílias residentes na Estação Ecológica de Juréia-Itatins, utilizando-se testes de inibição de hemaglutinação e neutralização com redução de placas. Usou-se Mac-Elisa para pesquisar anticorpos IgM para os vírus ROC, ILH e EEE. RESULTADOS: Foi observada a presença de anticorpos para todos os arbovírus testados, com exceção do vírus WEE. A prevalência total de anticorpos foi 26,9% (21,4% para alfavírus e 12,6% para flavivírus). Não foram encontrados anticorpos IgM. Entre as várias características pesquisadas dos indivíduos e de suas famílias, a idade, a ocupação, a naturalidade e o hábito de entrar na mata mostraram-se estatisticamente associados a infecções por arbovírus (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Existe intensa circulação de arbovírus patogênicos, especialmente do alfavírus VEE, na população estudada. Aparentemente, a principal forma de exposição a vetores de arbovírus nessa população é o hábito de entrar na mata. Sugerem-se outras investigações sobre a responsabilidade de aves atuando como amplificadores de vírus dentro dos domicílios.

Rash after measles vaccination: laboratory analysis of cases reported in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: The clinical differential diagnosis of rash due to viral infections is often difficult, and misdiagnosis is not rare, especially after the introduction of measles and rubella vaccination. A study to determine the etiological diagnosis of exanthema was carried out in a group of children after measles vaccination. METHODS: Sera collected from children with rash who received measles vaccine were reported in 1999. They were analyzed for IgM antibodies against measles virus, rubella virus, human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) using ELISA commercial techniques, and human herpes virus 6 (HHV 6) using immunofluorescence commercial technique. Viremia for each of those viruses was tested using a polimerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: A total of 17 cases of children with exanthema after measles immunization were reported in 1999. The children, aged 9 to 12 months (median 10 months), had a blood sample taken for laboratory analysis. The time between vaccination and the first rash signs varied from 1 to 60 days. The serological results of those 17 children suspected of measles or rubella infection showed the following etiological diagnosis: 17.6% (3 in 17) HPV B19 infection; 76.5% (13 in 17) HHV 6 infection; 5.9% (1 in 17) rash due to measles vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The study data indicate that infection due to HPV B19 or HHV 6 can be misdiagnosed as exanthema due to measles vaccination. Therefore, it is important to better characterize the etiology of rash in order to avoid attributing it incorrectly to measles vaccine.

Epidemiologia da infecção pela dengue em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a transmissão de dengue em uma instituição correcional de adolescentes localizada em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um inquérito sorológico e virológico da população de internos e funcionários de uma instituição correcional de adolescentes infratores localizada em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. A população de estudo consistiu em 105 menores e 91 funcionários que representavam 89% do total de pessoas expostas. O sangue coletado da população estudada foi armazenado e processado para avaliação pelas técnicas de MAC-Elisa e de isolamento viral. Cada participante respondeu a um questionário aplicado na ocasião da coleta de sangue. RESULTADOS: Do total de amostras de sangue coletadas (n=196), 42 (21,4%) foram positivas para anticorpos da classe IgM, e 43 (21,9%), para anticorpo IgG; destes, 15 com IgM e IgG positivas e 28 (14,3%) com apenas IgG positiva. Em cinco amostras, foram isolados vírus da dengue, sorotipo 1. Dos 42 casos com IgM positiva, 14 (33,4%) não relataram sintomas característico de dengue. A incidência entre os internos foi de 23,8% e, entre funcionários, de 18,6%. Os primeiros casos foram notificados em fevereiro de 1997, e os últimos, em março do mesmo ano, embora os resultados mostrem a possibilidade de a transmissão ter se iniciado bem antes de ser detectada. CONCLUSÕES: A alta incidência observada pode ser explicada pela grande densidade populacional na instituição, alta infestação do vetor Aedes aegypti, alta taxa de assintomáticos e transmissão favorecida pelo fato de a comunidade ser fechada.

Estudo das alterações imunofenotípicas de populações linfocitárias em doentes com artrite reumatóide

A Artrite Reumatóide (AR) é uma doença auto-imune que devido às suas características tornam por si só os indivíduos afectados susceptíveis a infecções; imunocomprometimento que por vezes ainda é agravado por terapêuticas imunomodulatórias usadas para o seu tratamento. Este estudo tem como objectivo analisar, as populações/sub-populações de linfócitos conjuntamente com a análise das imunoglobulinas G e M, apresentando como factores discriminatórios, a idade, o sexo e a presença de terapêutica imunomodulatória, nos doentes com AR. Os resultados sugerem uma depleção significativa dos linfócitos B e um aumento dos T, os quais dão indícios para um aumento da susceptibilidade a infecções.

Performance of rubella suspect case definition: implications for surveillance

OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of the rubella suspect case definition among patients with rash diseases seen at primary care units. METHODS: From January 1994 to December 2002, patients with acute rash, with or without fever, were seen at two large primary health care units and at a public general hospital in the municipality of Niterói, metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data from clinical and serologic assessment were used to estimate the positive predictive values of the definition of rubella suspect case from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and other combination of signs/symptoms taking serologic status as the reference. Serum samples were tested for anti-rubella virus IgM using commercially available enzyme immunoassays. Positive predictive values and respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 1,186 patients with an illness characterized by variable combinations of rash with fever, arthropathy and lymphadenopathy were studied. Patients with rash, regardless of other signs and symptoms, had 8.8% likelihood of being IgM-positive for rubella. The Brazilian suspect case definition (fever and lymphadenopathy in addition to rash) had low predictive value (13.5%). This case definition would correctly identify 42.3% of the IgM-positive cases, and misclassify 26.1% of the IgM-negative cases. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the recommendation to investigate and collect clinical specimens for laboratory diagnosis of all cases of rash, for surveillance purposes. Although this strategy may increase costs, the benefits of interrupting the circulation of rubella virus and preventing the occurrence of congenital rubella syndrome should pay off.

Celiac disease detection using a transglutaminase electrochemical immunosensor fabricated on nanohybrid screen-printed carbon electrodes

Celiac disease is a gluten-induced autoimmune enteropathy characterized by the presence of tissue tranglutaminase (tTG) autoantibodies. A disposable electrochemical immunosensor (EI) for the detection of IgA and IgG type anti-tTG autoantibodies in real patient’s samples is presented. Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) nanostructurized with carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles were used as the transducer surface. This transducer exhibits the excellent characteristics of carbon–metal nanoparticle hybrid conjugation and led to the amplification of the immunological interaction. The immunosensing strategy consisted of the immobilization of tTG on the nanostructured electrode surface followed by the electrochemical detection of the autoantibodies present in the samples using an alkaline phosphatase (AP) labelled anti-human IgA or IgG antibody. The analytical signal was based on the anodic redissolution of enzymatically generated silver by cyclic voltammetry. The results obtained were corroborated with a commercial ELISA kit indicating that the electrochemical immunosensor is a trustful analytical screening tool.

Voltammetric immunosensor for the diagnosis of celiac disease based on the quantification of anti-gliadin antibodies

Antibodies against gliadin are used to detect celiac disease (CD) in patients. An electrochemical immunosensor for the voltammetric detection of human anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) IgA and AGA IgG in real serum samples is proposed. The transducer surface consists of screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with a carbon nanotube/gold nanoparticle hybrid system, which provides a very useful surface for the amplification of the immunological interactions. The immunosensing strategy is based on the immobilization of gliadin, the antigen for the autoantibodies of interest, onto the nanostructured surface. The antigen–antibody interaction is recorded using alkaline phosphatase labeled anti-human antibodies and a mixture of 3-indoxyl phosphate with silver ions (3-IP/Ag+) was used as the substrate. The analytical signal is based on the anodic redissolution of the enzymatically generated silver by cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical behavior of this immunosensor was carefully evaluated assessing aspects as sensitivity, non-specific binding and matrix effects, and repeatability and reproducibility. The results were supported with a commercial ELISA test.

Suspected acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of reagent serology for suspected acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and to describe clinical, laboratory and therapeutic profiles of mothers and their children. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with IgM-anti-Toxoplasma gondii-reagent pregnant women and their children who attended the public health system in the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil, from January 2001 to December 2003. Information were obtained from clinical, laboratory (ELISA IgM/IgG) and ultrasonographic data and from interviews with the mothers. To test the homogeneity of the IgM indices in relation to the treatment used, the Pearson's Chi-square test was applied. Comparisons were considered significant at a 5% level. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety (1.0%) cases of suspected IgM-reagent infection were documented, with a prevalence of 10.7 IgM-reagent women per 1,000 births. Prenatal care started within the first 12 weeks for 214/290; 146/204 were asymptomatic. Frequent complaints included headaches, visual disturbance and myalgia. Ultrasonography revealed abnormalities in 13 of 204 pregnancies. Chemoprophylaxis was administered to 112/227; a single ELISA test supported most decisions to begin treatment. Pregnant women with IgM indices =2.000 tended to be treated more often. Among exposed children, 44/208 were serologically followed up and all were IgG-reagent, and three IgM-reagent cases showed clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of pregnant women with laboratorially suspected acute toxoplasmosis who were not properly followed up, and of fetuses that were not adequately monitored, shows that basic aspects of the prenatal care are not being systematically observed. There is need of implementing a surveillance system of pregnant women and their children exposed to T. gondii.

Multiplexed electrochemical immunosensor for detection of celiac disease serological markers

Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-induced autoimmune enteropathy characterized by the presence of antibodies against gliadin (AGA) and anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies. A disposable electrochemical dual immunosensor for the simultaneous detection of IgA and IgG type AGA and antitTG antibodies in real patient’s samples is presented. The proposed immunosensor is based on a dual screen-printed carbon electrode, with two working electrodes, nanostructured with a carbon–metal hybrid system that worked as the transducer surface. The immunosensing strategy consisted of the immobilization of gliadin and tTG (i.e. CD specific antigens) on the nanostructured electrode surface. The electrochemical detection of the human antibodies present in the assayed serum samples was carried out through the antigen–antibody interaction and recorded using alkaline phosphatase labelled anti-human antibodies and a mixture of 3-indoxyl phosphate with silver ions was used as the substrate. The analytical signal was based on the anodic redissolution of enzymatically generated silver by cyclic voltammetry. The results obtained were corroborated with commercial ELISA kits indicating that the developed sensor can be a good alternative to the traditional methods allowing a decentralization of the analyses towards a point-of-care strategy.

Inquérito soroepidemiológico sobre malária em escolares de Marabá, Pará

Realizou-se inquérito sorológico para malária em escolares de Marabá — Pará, por meio de testes de imunofluorescência (IP) para anticorpos IgG e IgM, tendo como antígenos P. falciparum e P. gallinaceum, e teste de hemaglutinação (HAg) com P. gallinaceum. O teste IF-IgG com P. falciparum foi positivo em 6,94% dos 389 indivíduos estudados e o de P. gallinaceum em 11,56%, havendo concordância entre ambos os testes em 88,68% das amostras. No total, observou-se 14,91% de casos reagentes em qualquer dos testes. O teste com P. gallinaceum se mostrou mais abrangente provavelmente devido a maior prevalência na região de infecções por P. vivax. Ao se dividir a população estudada em faixas etárias de 6 a 10 anos (grupo A) e de 11 a 16 anos (grupo B), observou-se diferença significativa de reatividade ao teste IF-IgG com P. falciparum (2,68% para A e 10,94% para B) mas não com P. gallinaceum (10,10% para A e 12,97% para B). Para os testes IF-IgM houve positividade de 2,83% na população, e para o teste de HAg de 1,80%, sem diferença significativa entre os grupos etários A e B.

Suppression of humoral immunity and lymphocyte responsiveness during experimental trypanosoma cruzi infections

C3H/He and C57B1/6 mice were inoculated with 500 Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes (Strain Y). During the acute phase infected mice presented parasitemia and enlargement of lymph nodes and spleens and intracellular parasites were observed in the heart. Examinations of cells derived from spleen and lymph nodes showed increased numbers of IgM and IgG-bearing cells. During the peak of splenomegaly, about day 17 post-infections, splenic lymphocytes showed a marked decrease in responsiveness to T and B-cell mitogens, parasite antigens and plaque forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Unfractionated or plastic adherent splenic cells from mice, obtained during the acute phase were able to suppress the response to mitogens by lymphocytes from uninfected mice. During the chronic phase. Disappearance of parasitemia and intracellular parasites in the hearts as well as a decrease in spleen size, was observed. These changes preceded the complete recovery of responsiveness to mitogens and T. cruzi antigens by C57B1/6 splenic lymphocytes. However, this recovery was only partial in the C3H/He mice, known to be more sensitive to T. cruzi infection. Partial recovery of humoral immune response also occurred in both strains of mice during the chronic phase.