Lightweight deformable mirrors for future space telescopes

This thesis presents a concept for ultra-lightweight deformable mirrors based on a thin substrate of optical surface quality coated with continuous active piezopolymer layers that provide modes of actuation and shape correction. This concept eliminates any kind of stiff backing structure for the mirror surface and exploits micro-fabrication technologies to provide a tight integration of the active materials into the mirror structure, to avoid actuator print-through effects. Proof-of-concept, 10-cm-diameter mirrors with a low areal density of about 0.5 kg/m² have been designed, built and tested to measure their shape-correction performance and verify the models used for design. The low cost manufacturing scheme uses replication techniques, and strives for minimizing residual stresses that deviate the optical figure from the master mandrel. It does not require precision tolerancing, is lightweight, and is therefore potentially scalable to larger diameters for use in large, modular space telescopes. Other potential applications for such a laminate could include ground-based mirrors for solar energy collection, adaptive optics for atmospheric turbulence, laser communications, and other shape control applications.

The immediate application for these mirrors is for the Autonomous Assembly and Reconfiguration of a Space Telescope (AAReST) mission, which is a university mission under development by Caltech, the University of Surrey, and JPL. The design concept, fabrication methodology, material behaviors and measurements, mirror modeling, mounting and control electronics design, shape control experiments, predictive performance analysis, and remaining challenges are presented herein. The experiments have validated numerical models of the mirror, and the mirror models have been used within a model of the telescope in order to predict the optical performance. A demonstration of this mirror concept, along with other new telescope technologies, is planned to take place during the AAReST mission.

Boundary-layer transition on a slender cone in hypervelocity flow with real gas effects

The laminar to turbulent transition process in boundary layer flows in thermochemical nonequilibrium at high enthalpy is measured and characterized. Experiments are performed in the T5 Hypervelocity Reflected Shock Tunnel at Caltech, using a 1 m length 5-degree half angle axisymmetric cone instrumented with 80 fast-response annular thermocouples, complemented by boundary layer stability computations using the STABL software suite. A new mixing tank is added to the shock tube fill apparatus for premixed freestream gas experiments, and a new cleaning procedure results in more consistent transition measurements. Transition location is nondimensionalized using a scaling with the boundary layer thickness, which is correlated with the acoustic properties of the boundary layer, and compared with parabolized stability equation (PSE) analysis. In these nondimensionalized terms, transition delay with increasing CO₂ concentration is observed: tests in 100% and 50% CO₂, by mass, transition up to 25% and 15% later, respectively, than air experiments. These results are consistent with previous work indicating that CO₂ molecules at elevated temperatures absorb acoustic instabilities in the MHz range, which is the expected frequency of the Mack second-mode instability at these conditions, and also consistent with predictions from PSE analysis. A strong unit Reynolds number effect is observed, which is believed to arise from tunnel noise. N_Tr for air from 5.4 to 13.2 is computed, substantially higher than previously reported for noisy facilities. Time- and spatially-resolved heat transfer traces are used to track the propagation of turbulent spots, and convection rates at 90%, 76%, and 63% of the boundary layer edge velocity, respectively, are observed for the leading edge, centroid, and trailing edge of the spots. A model constructed with these spot propagation parameters is used to infer spot generation rates from measured transition onset to completion distance. Finally, a novel method to control transition location with boundary layer gas injection is investigated. An appropriate porous-metal injector section for the cone is designed and fabricated, and the efficacy of injected CO₂ for delaying transition is gauged at various mass flow rates, and compared with both no injection and chemically inert argon injection cases. While CO₂ injection seems to delay transition, and argon injection seems to promote it, the experimental results are inconclusive and matching computations do not predict a reduction in N factor from any CO₂ injection condition computed.

The ecology of Bassenthwaite Lake (English Lake District)

Bassenthwaite Lake is, in many ways, different from the other major lakes in the English Lake District: it is the most northerly, the shallowest, has the largest catchment and the shortest mean retention time. There is also considerable temporal variation in lake level. This article summarises the limnological features of Bassenthwaite Lake, the catchment and physical characteristics before describing the water chemistry, phytoplankton, macrophytes, zooplankton, invertebrates, fish, mammal and invertebrate population. The authors then describe the ecological pressures faced by Bassenthwaite Lake such as nutrients, sediments and introduced species.

Solar System Small-Body Demographics with the Palomar Transient Factory Survey

Observational studies of our solar system's small-body populations (asteroids and comets) offer insight into the history of our planetary system, as these minor planets represent the left-over building blocks from its formation. The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) survey began in 2009 as the latest wide-field sky-survey program to be conducted on the 1.2-meter Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory. Though its main science program has been the discovery of high-energy extragalactic sources (such as supernovae), during its first five years PTF has collected nearly five million observations of over half a million unique solar system small bodies. This thesis begins to analyze this vast data set to address key population-level science topics, including: the detection rates of rare main-belt comets and small near-Earth asteroids, the spin and shape properties of asteroids as inferred from their lightcurves, the applicability of this visible light data to the interpretation of ultraviolet asteroid observations, and a comparison of the physical properties of main-belt and Jovian Trojan asteroids. Future sky-surveys would benefit from application of the analytical techniques presented herein, which include novel modeling methods and unique applications of machine-learning classification. The PTF asteroid small-body data produced in the course of this thesis work should remain a fertile source of solar system science and discovery for years to come.

Análisis del comportamiento de un rodamiento de vuelco mediante elementos finitos y técnicas de subestructuras

[ES]estudio del comportamiento de un rodamiento de vuelco situado en la unión buje-pala de un aerogenerador mediante diferentes técnicas de modelización por elementos finitos y su comparación. Los análisis realizados son: estático con contacto Rough, estático con contacto Bonded y mediante técnicas de subestructuras. En el estudio se ha utilizado ANSYS Mechanical APDL.

Studies of response to earthquake ground motion

A study is made of the accuracy of electronic digital computer calculations of ground displacement and response spectra from strong-motion earthquake accelerograms. This involves an investigation of methods of the preparatory reduction of accelerograms into a form useful for the digital computation and of the accuracy of subsequent digital calculations. Various checks are made for both the ground displacement and response spectra results, and it is concluded that the main errors are those involved in digitizing the original record. Differences resulting from various investigators digitizing the same experimental record may become as large as 100% of the maximum computed ground displacements. The spread of the results of ground displacement calculations is greater than that of the response spectra calculations. Standardized methods of adjustment and calculation are recommended, to minimize such errors.

Studies are made of the spread of response spectral values about their mean. The distribution is investigated experimentally by Monte Carlo techniques using an electric analog system with white noise excitation, and histograms are presented indicating the dependence of the distribution on the damping and period of the structure. Approximate distributions are obtained analytically by confirming and extending existing results with accurate digital computer calculations. A comparison of the experimental and analytical approaches indicates good agreement for low damping values where the approximations are valid. A family of distribution curves to be used in conjunction with existing average spectra is presented. The combination of analog and digital computations used with Monte Carlo techniques is a promising approach to the statistical problems of earthquake engineering.

Methods of analysis of very small earthquake ground motion records obtained simultaneously at different sites are discussed. The advantages of Fourier spectrum analysis for certain types of studies and methods of calculation of Fourier spectra are presented. The digitizing and analysis of several earthquake records is described and checks are made of the dependence of results on digitizing procedure, earthquake duration and integration step length. Possible dangers of a direct ratio comparison of Fourier spectra curves are pointed out and the necessity for some type of smoothing procedure before comparison is established. A standard method of analysis for the study of comparative ground motion at different sites is recommended.

Interpreting the environmental record in the sediments of Blelham Tarn

Two aspects of the environmental record in the sediments of Blelham Tarn have been investigated: (1) the ecological history of the catchment, and lake-catchment relationships, by detailed analysis of the preserved pollen (as an indication of vegetation) and sediment composition with respect to a range of inorganic and organic geochemical variables and (2) a detailed investigation of the manner in which sediment is being formed today, including the way in which microfossils (pollen and diatoms) are being recruited and incorporated into sediments. When the record was examined by biological and geochemical analysis, together with radionuclide dating, of closely spaced samples, it was found that the changes of the last 30 yrs represented only the most recent episode in a long history of modification of the lake by man. To find an approach to this it is necessary to go back for at least 2500 yrs.

Modelagem, simulação e otimização operacional de unidades de síntese de metanol

A indústria de processos químicos tem sofrido consideráveis transformações devido ao acirramento da competitividade. Importantes progressos tecnológicos têm sido atingidos através de técnicas de modelagem, simulação e otimização visando o aumento da lucratividade e melhoria contínua nos processos industriais. Neste contexto, as plantas de metanol, um dos mais importantes produtos petroquímicos, podem ser destacadas. Atualmente, a principal matéria-prima para obtenção de metanol é o gás natural. A produção do metanol é caracterizada por três etapas: geração de gás de síntese, conversão do gás de síntese em metanol (unidade de síntese ou loop de síntese) e purificação do produto na especificação requerida. Os custos fixos e variáveis da unidade de síntese são fortemente dependentes das variáveis operacionais, como temperatura, pressão, razão de reciclo e composição da carga. Desta forma, foi desenvolvido um conjunto de modelos e algoritmos computacionais para representar matematicamente unidades de síntese de metanol. O modelo apresenta operações unitárias associadas aos seguintes equipamentos: divisores de correntes, misturadores de correntes, compressores, trocadores de calor, vasos de flash e reatores. Inicialmente, foi proposto um simulador estacionário, que serviu como base para um pseudo-estacionário, o qual contempla a desativação do catalisador por sinterização térmica. Os simuladores foram criados segundo uma arquitetura seqüencial modular e empregou-se o método de substituição sucessiva para a convergência dos reciclos. O estudo envolveu dois fluxogramas típicos, um constituído por reatores adiabáticos em série, enquanto o outro constituído por um reator tipo quench. Uma análise do efeito das principais variáveis operacionais foi realizada para o reator e para o loop de síntese. Estudou-se também o efeito da desativação do catalisador ao longo do tempo. Uma ferramenta de otimização operacional foi empregada para alcançar a máxima produção manipulando as injeções de carga fria na entrada dos leitos catalíticos. Formulou-se também um problema de maximização do lucro em função da otimização de paradas da unidade para troca do catalisador. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a ferramenta desenvolvida é promissora para a compreensão e otimização da unidade objeto deste estudo

Contributions to the efficient use of general purpose coprocessors: kernel density estimation as case study

142 p.

Problemas inversos aplicados à identificação de parâmetros hidrodinâmicos de um modelo do estuário do rio Macaé

Esta tese tem por objetivo propor uma estratégia de obtenção automática de parâmetros hidrodinâmicos e de transporte através da solução de problemas inversos. A obtenção dos parâmetros de um modelo físico representa um dos principais problemas em sua calibração, e isso se deve em grande parte à dificuldade na medição em campo desses parâmetros. Em particular na modelagem de rios e estuários, a altura da rugosidade e o coeficiente de difusão turbulenta representam dois dos parâmetros com maior dificuldade de medição. Nesta tese é apresentada uma técnica automatizada de estimação desses parâmetros através deum problema inverso aplicado a um modelo do estuário do rio Macaé, localizado no norte do Rio de Janeiro. Para este estudo foi utilizada a plataforma MOHID, desenvolvida na Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, e que tem tido ampla aplicação na simulação de corpos hídricos. Foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade das respostas do modelo com relação aos parâmetros de interesse. Verificou-se que a salinidade é uma variável sensível a ambos parâmetros. O problema inverso foi então resolvido utilizando vários métodos de otimização através do acoplamento da plataforma MOHID a códigos de otimização implementados em Fortran. O acoplamento foi realizado de forma a não alterar o código fonte do MOHID, possibilitando a utilização da ferramenta computacional aqui desenvolvida em qualquer versão dessa plataforma, bem como a sua alteração para o uso com outros simuladores. Os testes realizados confirmam a eficiência da técnica e apontam as melhores abordagens para uma rápida e precisa estimação dos parâmetros.

Incidência de tuberculose por município, Brasil 2001-2003: uma abordagem sobre o programa de controle e fatores determinantes da doença

Esta pesquisa avaliou a situação da tuberculose no Brasil, no período de 2001 a 2003, segundo indicadores do processo de operacionalização do Programa Nacional de Controle de Tuberculose (PNCT), e estimou os efeitos de fatores determinantes da taxa de incidência da doença. Para a avaliação utilizou-se a análise de cluster não-hierárquica, visando agrupar os municípios brasileiros de acordo com a morbidade por tuberculose (TB) e AIDS, e pelo desempenho do PNCT. Estes clusters foram mapeados, comparando-se a distribuição nos municípios, em regiões metropolitanas, municípios prioritários, e segundo o tamanho da população. O qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para testar associação nas categorias. A modelagem longitudinal multinível foi usada para identificar e estimar os efeitos dos determinantes da doença. Os agregados foram: anos, municípios e regiões metropolitanas. O modelo foi de intercepto e inclinação aleatória. Foram retidas as variáveis capazes de diminuir a variância dos níveis, pois, desta forma, explicam a variabilidade hierárquica da doença. Incluiu-se renda, densidade populacional, proporção de cura, taxa de incidência de AIDS e as grandes regiões brasileiras. A avaliação mostrou que a situação epidemiológica preocupante ocorreu nos municípios com Baixa TB e Alta AIDS, e Alta TB e AIDS. O cluster de Muito baixa TB e AIDS concentrou 50% dos municípios, o que pode configurar problemas de notificação. São 6 clusters de desempenho do programa. Bom e Bom com baixo DOTS predominando nos municípios pequenos, não prioritários e fora das regiões metropolitanas. No desempenho Moderado houve maior proporção de municípios prioritários. Clusters Regular e Fraco concentraram 10% dos municípios, com abandono de tratamento elevado e cura muito baixa. O cluster Muito Fraco caracterizou-se pela falta de dados nos indicadores de desempenho. O modelo multinível identificou a AIDS como fator impactante na tuberculose, anteriormente não encontrado em outros estudos; a interação entre renda e AIDS, e importante contribuição das regiões metropolitanas na distribuição da tuberculose, que se manifesta heterogeneamente nas grandes regiões do país. A análise discriminou municípios, e mostrou não haver associação entre maior morbidade e melhor desempenho do PNCT, retratando inadequação da vigilância à realidade epidemiológica do Brasil. O programa necessita ser reforçado, no sentido de considerar a AIDS ao estabelecer suas estratégias de controle. Ademais, os aspectos de baixa renda da população e densidade populacional, já analisados em diversas pesquisas, também se manifestaram de forma importante nestes resultados.

The River Lune strategic stock assessment survey 1991 with particular reference to salmonids

In the past stock assessment surveys were generally reactive in response to a particular problem e.g. a pollution incident and as such were limited in the information they provided. A programme of strategic stock assessment would be more beneficial, providing up to date information on the status and composition of the stock. On a national level this could reveal trends in population dynamics and enable comparisons to be made between key rivers and between regions. The Stock Assessment Task Group (1991) has recommended annual strategic surveys for juvenile salmonids and triennial strategic surveys for coarse fish and non- migratory salmonids. The aim of this pilot study was to gain information on species distribution and their relative abundance within the River Lune catchment, and to compare the findings with the surveys carried out between 1981-1985. This would provide valuable information on the current status of the stock and provide an indication of the resources required to conduct such strategic surveys on other river catchments in the North West Region of the National Rivers Authority.

River Lune juvenile fish stock assessment 1997 with particular reference to salmonids

This report presents data from the juvenile salmonid fish stock assessment which is part of the routine Environment Agency riverine monitoring programme. A total of 110 sites was electrofished throughout the Lune catchment between 15th July 1997 and 14th October 1997. These sites included 84 that had been previously sampled in the last comprehensive survey of the catchment, in 1991. The aim of this survey was to assess the distribution and abundance of juvenile salmon and trout in the River Lune catchment and to compare results with those of previous surveys.

The River Lune fact file

This document provides a brief introduction to the River Lune catchment and the role that the National Rivers Authority plays in catchment management. Included are a map of the catchment and short introductions to fisheries and characteristics of the catchment.