Distribuição de derivados de petróleo por redes de polidutos: uma abordagem através de algoritmos evolucionários híbridos para um problema triobjetivo

An important problem faced by the oil industry is to distribute multiple oil products through pipelines. Distribution is done in a network composed of refineries (source nodes), storage parks (intermediate nodes), and terminals (demand nodes) interconnected by a set of pipelines transporting oil and derivatives between adjacent areas. Constraints related to storage limits, delivery time, sources availability, sending and receiving limits, among others, must be satisfied. Some researchers deal with this problem under a discrete viewpoint in which the flow in the network is seen as batches sending. Usually, there is no separation device between batches of different products and the losses due to interfaces may be significant. Minimizing delivery time is a typical objective adopted by engineers when scheduling products sending in pipeline networks. However, costs incurred due to losses in interfaces cannot be disregarded. The cost also depends on pumping expenses, which are mostly due to the electricity cost. Since industrial electricity tariff varies over the day, pumping at different time periods have different cost. This work presents an experimental investigation of computational methods designed to deal with the problem of distributing oil derivatives in networks considering three minimization objectives simultaneously: delivery time, losses due to interfaces and electricity cost. The problem is NP-hard and is addressed with hybrid evolutionary algorithms. Hybridizations are mainly focused on Transgenetic Algorithms and classical multi-objective evolutionary algorithm architectures such as MOEA/D, NSGA2 and SPEA2. Three architectures named MOTA/D, NSTA and SPETA are applied to the problem. An experimental study compares the algorithms on thirty test cases. To analyse the results obtained with the algorithms Pareto-compliant quality indicators are used and the significance of the results evaluated with non-parametric statistical tests.

O processo de elaboração do plano de preservação do conjunto urbanístico de Brasília: uma representação conceitual da política de preservação urbana no DF

This research aims to provide a reflection on the preservation practices of Brasilia as Cultural Heritage in four analytical/political dimensions: conceptual, urban, political-institutional and legal. In order to do that, the preparation process for the Plan for the Preservation of Brasilia Urban Set (PPCUB) was taken as research object. This preservation plan is representative of the context which determines the relation between goals and preservation practices in the social production process of urban space. Designed by Lucio Costa in 1957, Brasilia received the Cultural Heritage title 27 years later, in 1987. It was recognized a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural (UNESCO) in the same year as it "represents a unique artistic piece of work, a masterpiece of creative genius"; and "an outstanding example of a type of construction or architectural compound that illustrates a significant stage in history" (SILVA, 2003). Brasilia’s urban conception, also recognised in the district and federal levels, gives prominence to the 'urban scales' – monumental, residential, gregarious and bucolic – as the main aspects to be preserved. Despite being an undoubted representative, Brasilia seemingly displays a contradiction. On the one hand, the essential value of the city’s urban design is acknowledged as cultural heritage at international, national and district levels. On the other hand, numerous ways of urban interventions disregard the principles of that conception. In 2012, the international Monitoring Report raised some issues which highlight the following main needs: primary need for clear definition of the urban scales’ characteristics and boundaries; definition of a legal framework that conciliates national and district laws of occupation and use of land; creation of inter-sectors executive authority with both decision-making and financial autonomy; and promotion of heritage educational programs. This report also proposes "to cancel the current process of approval conducted by PPCUB and establish a formal consultation process through a committee made up by GDF and IPHAN, which will enable the active participation of University of Brasilia, the Architects Association, ICOMOS and local organizations" (SEDHAB, 2010). Already in its drafting process, the international recommendations evidence that preserving Brasilia’s urban design conception is not among the goals to be achieved. Thus, this research highlights that the intentional nature of PPCUB’s plans does little towards realizing the current proposals.

Implementação das diretrizes operacionais para a educação básica nas escolas do campo: embates e limitações do trabalho docente no Rio Grande do Norte

Considering the situation of neglect existing in Brazilian public education and, specially, in the process of rural schooling, this dissertation aims to analyze the process of implementation of the Operational Guidelines for Basic Education in Rural Schools (DOEBEC), regulatory framework of the national policy of rural education. On it, we analyze the conditions of teaching work in rural schools of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), in 2010. The sample of the survey has as reference the representativeness of the chosen universe in relation to the totality of rural schools belonging to the state of RN. To answer the goals of the research, we opted to present a critical analysis of the following points: 1) Implementation of the DOEBEC; 2) Conditions of teaching work and teaching training. The points or categories of research were chosen based in the determinations of the DOEBEC (Resolution CNE/CEB n. 01/2002). For the data collection in the referred schools, we opted for the realization of interviews with the teachers and managers of these teaching establishments, in 2010. It was also utilized, for the characterization of school attendance in rural schools of RN, in 2010, official statistical data available by the State Secretary of Education and Culture (SEEC/RN). The analysis of the statistical data and of the primary data collected in field research indicated that the conditions of teaching work are still an obstacle to the development of the educative work of the teacher in rural areas. According to interviews with the participants of the research, we realized that the DOEBEC, despite being sanctioned in 2002, were still dimly known and discussed by the interviewees of the referred schools in 2010. Thus, we propose that the implementation of the policy of rural education in RN, instituted by DOEBEC’s legal landmark, and reaffirmed by the Rio Grande do Norte’s Charter to Rural Education (Brazil, 2005), is rethought and reconsidered, in the sense of ensuring that the changes proposed in this legal text, inherent to the school functioning, to the conditions of teaching work, to the rural schools’ management, to the remuneration and valorization of teaching work, to the teaching training, to the conditions of school transport, among others, be turned into concrete actions to improve the quality of education offered in the rural schools of RN state.

Implementação das diretrizes operacionais para a educação básica nas escolas do campo: embates e limitações do trabalho docente no Rio Grande do Norte

Considering the situation of neglect existing in Brazilian public education and, specially, in the process of rural schooling, this dissertation aims to analyze the process of implementation of the Operational Guidelines for Basic Education in Rural Schools (DOEBEC), regulatory framework of the national policy of rural education. On it, we analyze the conditions of teaching work in rural schools of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), in 2010. The sample of the survey has as reference the representativeness of the chosen universe in relation to the totality of rural schools belonging to the state of RN. To answer the goals of the research, we opted to present a critical analysis of the following points: 1) Implementation of the DOEBEC; 2) Conditions of teaching work and teaching training. The points or categories of research were chosen based in the determinations of the DOEBEC (Resolution CNE/CEB n. 01/2002). For the data collection in the referred schools, we opted for the realization of interviews with the teachers and managers of these teaching establishments, in 2010. It was also utilized, for the characterization of school attendance in rural schools of RN, in 2010, official statistical data available by the State Secretary of Education and Culture (SEEC/RN). The analysis of the statistical data and of the primary data collected in field research indicated that the conditions of teaching work are still an obstacle to the development of the educative work of the teacher in rural areas. According to interviews with the participants of the research, we realized that the DOEBEC, despite being sanctioned in 2002, were still dimly known and discussed by the interviewees of the referred schools in 2010. Thus, we propose that the implementation of the policy of rural education in RN, instituted by DOEBEC’s legal landmark, and reaffirmed by the Rio Grande do Norte’s Charter to Rural Education (Brazil, 2005), is rethought and reconsidered, in the sense of ensuring that the changes proposed in this legal text, inherent to the school functioning, to the conditions of teaching work, to the rural schools’ management, to the remuneration and valorization of teaching work, to the teaching training, to the conditions of school transport, among others, be turned into concrete actions to improve the quality of education offered in the rural schools of RN state.

Algoritmos meta-heurísticos para a solução do problema do caixeiro viajante com múltiplas caronas

The Traveling Salesman with Multiple Ridesharing (TSP-MR) is a type of the Capacitated Traveling Salesman, which presents the possibility of sharing seats with passengers taking advantage of the paths the salesman travels through his cycle. The salesman shares the cost of a path with the boarded passengers. This model can portray a real situation in which, for example, drivers are willing to share parts of a trip with tourists that wish to move between two locations visited by the driver’s route, accepting to share the vehicle with other individuals visiting other locations within the cycle. This work proposes a mathematical formulation for the problem, and an exact and metaheuristics algorithms for its solution, comparing them.

Algoritmos meta-heurísticos para a solução do problema do caixeiro viajante com múltiplas caronas

The Traveling Salesman with Multiple Ridesharing (TSP-MR) is a type of the Capacitated Traveling Salesman, which presents the possibility of sharing seats with passengers taking advantage of the paths the salesman travels through his cycle. The salesman shares the cost of a path with the boarded passengers. This model can portray a real situation in which, for example, drivers are willing to share parts of a trip with tourists that wish to move between two locations visited by the driver’s route, accepting to share the vehicle with other individuals visiting other locations within the cycle. This work proposes a mathematical formulation for the problem, and an exact and metaheuristics algorithms for its solution, comparing them.

Impacto na epidemiologia da sepse tardia após a mudança do protocolo de antimicrobianos em uma UTIN de um serviço universitário

Advances in neonatology resulted in reducing the mortality rate and the consequent increase in survival of newborn pre terms (PTN). On the other hand, there was also a considerable increase in the risk of developing health care-related infection (HAI) in its most invasive, especially for bloodstream. This situation is worrying, and prevent the occurrence of it is a challenge and becomes one of the priorities in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Sepsis is the main cause of death in critical neonates and affects more than one million newborns each year, representing 40% of all deaths in neonates. The incidence of late sepsis can reach 50% in NICUs. Currently the major responsible for the occurrence of sepsis in developed countries is the coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), followed by S. aureus. The cases of HAIs caused by resistant isolates for major classes of antimicrobial agents have been increasingly frequent in the NICU. Therefore, vancomycin has to be prescribed more frequently, and, today, the first option in the treatment of bloodstream infections by resistant Staphylococcus. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact on late sepsis in epidemiology III NICU after the change of the use of antimicrobials protocol; check the frequency of multiresistant microorganisms; assess the number of neonates who came to death. This study was conducted in NICU Level III HC-UFU. three study groups were formed based on the use of the proposed late sepsis treatment protocol, with 216 belonging to the period A, 207 B and 209 to the C. The work was divided into three stages: Period A: data collected from neonates admitted to the unit between September 2010 to August 2011. was using treatment of late sepsis: with oxacillin and gentamicin, oxacillin and amikacin, oxacillin and cefotaxime. Period B: data were collected from March 2012 to February 2013. Data collection was started six months after protocol change. Due to the higher prevalence of CoNS, the initial protocol was changed to vancomycin and cefotaxime. Period C: data were collected from newborns inteerne in the unit from September 2013 to August 2014. Data collection was started six months after the protocol change, which occurred in March 2013. From the 632 neonates included in this study, 511 (80,8%) came from the gynecology and obstetrics department of the HC-UFU. The mean gestational age was 33 weeks and the prevailing sex was male (55,7%). Seventy-nine percent of the studied neonates were hospitalized at the NICU HC-UFU III because of complications related to the respiratory system. Suspicion of sepsis took to hospitalization in the unit of 1,9% of newborns. In general, the infection rate was 34,5%, and the most frequent infectious sepsis syndrome 81,2%. There was a tendency to reduce the number of neonates who died between periods A 11 and C (p = 0,053). From the 176 cases of late sepsis, 73 were clinical sepsis and 103 had laboratory confirmation, with greater representation of Gram positive bacteria, which corresponded to 67.2% of the isolates and CoNS the most frequent micro-organism (91,5%). There was a statistically significant difference in the reduction of isolation of Gram positive microorganisms between periods A and C (p = 0,0365) as well as in reducing multidrug-resistant CoNS (A and B period p = 0,0462 and A and C period, p = 0,158). This study concluded that: the CoNS was the main microorganism responsible for the occurrence of late sepsis in neonates in the NICU of HC-UFU; the main risk factors for the occurrence of late sepsis were: birth weight <1500 g, use of PICC and CUV, need for mechanical ventilation and parenteral nutrition, SNAPPE> 24 and length of stay more than seven days; the new empirical treatment protocol late sepsis, based on the use of vancomycin associated cefepime, it was effective, since promoted a reduction in insulation CoNS blood cultures between the pre and post implementation of the Protocol (A and C, respectively); just as there was a reduction in the number of newborns who evolved to death between periods A and C.

Antropología social, enfoques (auto)biográficos y vigilancia epistemológica

El artículo evalúa las posibilidades de conocimiento generadas por la utilización de enfoques biográficos, desde una doble premisa: la necesidad de recabar datos que ponen en juego la temporalidad, y la obligación de tener presentes tanto las falsas expectativas como las dificultades que dicho uso engendra. Se examinan sucesivamente las posiciones respectivas de los investigadores y de sus informantes, la influencia de los hábitos de pensamiento del conocimiento ordinario, así como lo que cabe esperar de herramientas heurísticas como el análisis contextual (social, intra-textual e intertextual) y la práctica comparativa.

O papel dos enviesamentos cognitivos e emocionais no processo da tomada de decisão

A presente investigação analisa o papel dos enviesamentos cognitivos no processo de tomada de decisão financeira. Neste sentido, procurou-se verificar se os fenómenos psicológicos influenciam os indivíduos no processo da tomada de decisão num contexto de incerteza. Para a concretização do estudo, utilizou-se uma amostra de 530 estudantes do Instituto Politécnico de Leria distribuídos por quatro cursos de Licenciatura: Contabilidade e Finanças, Engenharia Informática, Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão da Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão. Como metodologia, utilizou-se um questionário que foi posteriormente aplicado e respondido presencialmente entre os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2015. Os resultados obtidos indicam que não foram encontrados evidências estatisticamente significativas para comprovar a observação dos efeitos referentes ao enviesamento de excesso de confiança mensurado através do nível de experiência de investimento em mercado de capitais e através do sexo dos inquiridos. Também não foram encontrados evidências estatísticas significativas que comprovam os efeitos dos enviesamentos disponibilidade e conservadorismo/representatividade. Não obstante, para os restantes enviesamentos ancoragem e efeito disposição, os resultados obtidos indicam que existem evidências estatísticas que os indivíduos no processo da tomada decisão são influenciados por fatores cognitivos. Deste modo, através da comparação das respostas dos estudantes das duas áreas de formação (Ciências Empresariais e Engenharia), foi verificado que o efeito ancoragem é refletido na tomada de decisão dos estudantes consoante a natureza dos cursos, o que indica que o conhecimento adquirido através da formação é uma aspeto relevante. Por fim, os resultados do estudo confirmam ainda que os estudantes no processo da tomada de decisão num contexto de incerteza tendem a ser avesso ao risco no domínio dos ganhos e propenso ao risco no domínio das perdas.

Participação Política das Mulheres nos Órgãos Executivos Camarários do Distrito de Viseu - 2005 / 2010

A presente dissertação de Mestrado baseia-se na pesquisa da “Participação Política das Mulheres nos Órgãos Executivos Camarários do Distrito de Viseu 2005/2009” com especial atenção aos efeitos resultantes da promulgação da Lei da Paridade. Como evoluiu a representação feminina nos Concelhos do Distrito de Viseu, antes e após a promulgação da lei? Qual o perfil sócio/demográfico e profissional das candidatas aos executivos camarários? Como se distribuem partidariamente estas candidatas? Segundo as eleitas, que factores externos estiveram na génese da sua candidatura? Que razões alegam as eleitas, para terem aceitado o desafio de participar nas listas de candidatura aos executivos camarários? Que expectativas e motivações tinham e/ou têm as eleitas após um ano das eleições de 2009? Que obstáculos encontraram quando ingressaram na esfera política? Com que vantagens e/ou desvantagens se depararam com o início e/ou continuação desta etapa política? Que considerações tecem as eleitas quanto à inclusão da mulher nos órgãos de poder local? Que vantagens e/ou desvantagens trouxe a Lei da paridade na perspectiva das eleitas? Estas são algumas questões que nortearam esta investigação que incidiu na análise dos resultados da representatividade feminina, nas listas de candidatos aos executivos camarários, no total dos concelhos do Distrito de Viseu, nas eleições autárquicas de 2005/2009. O estudo permite concluir que houve um aumento da representatividade das mulheres nas listas de candidatura. A promulgação da Lei da Paridade possibilitou às mulheres a mobilidade de lugares de não elegíveis para lugares elegíveis. Nas eleições autárquicas de 2009 registou-se uma maior participação de mulheres que pela primeira vez integraram as listas de candidatura. O Distrito de Viseu tendo cumprido com a lei da Paridade, as eleitas consideram-na uma mais-valia para a inclusão da mulher nos órgãos de poder autárquico, face à fragilidade dos números e fundamentando que as mulheres constituem a maioria de eleitoras. Se por um lado nas eleições de 2009 foi cumprida a lei da paridade, por outro poder-se-á afirmar que, o número das eleitas para os executivos camarários ficam aquém do previsto.

Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Pedras de Fogo - PB: um estudo sobre participação

The present study aims to understand the process of Participation of the Health Council- CMS in the formularization, implementation and control of the Municipal health plan of Pedras de Fogo, through four criteria of quality of participation considered by Demo (1993): representation, legitimacy, base participation, and self-responsibility. The criteria of representation is related to the quality of politics of the representative over the representings. Legitimacy is related to the politics` quality of the process of participation based on norms and rules that stipulate the participation, the base participation is a necessary political support so that the power authorization directed to the representings can be effective and the self-responsibility refers to the capacity of being responsible when it concerns to the public service or property. Through the descriptive and exploratory study a qualitative method was adopted to consider the conditions of the participation of the twelve council members of the City council of Health of Pedras de Fogo, through a formulated Instrument based on the criteria of DEMO (1993). It was concluded that the quality of the participation of the council members of the CMS of Pedras de Fogo understands essential aspects of the criteria of quality considered by Demo (1993) but it shows fragilities as unfamiliarity with the norms that legitimize the performance of the council; unfamiliarity of its condition of being an agent and the importance of the participation of the base for the reinforcement of its participation, as well as inertia related to the check and rendering of accounts on its performance. This way it makes sense that the participation of the council in the four criteria of quality of politics considered in this paper needs to improve

Determinantes da Estrutura de Capital de Companhias Abertas Brasileiras Não-Financeiras: Um Estudo Empírico com Dados em Painel

When a company desires to invest in a project, it must obtain resources needed to make the investment. The alternatives are using firm s internal resources or obtain external resources through contracts of debt and issuance of shares. Decisions involving the composition of internal resources, debt and shares in the total resources used to finance the activities of a company related to the choice of its capital structure. Although there are studies in the area of finance on the debt determinants of firms, the issue of capital structure is still controversial. This work sought to identify the predominant factors that determine the capital structure of Brazilian share capital, non-financial firms. This work was used a quantitative approach, with application of the statistical technique of multiple linear regression on data in panel. Estimates were made by the method of ordinary least squares with model of fixed effects. About 116 companies were selected to participate in this research. The period considered is from 2003 to 2007. The variables and hypotheses tested in this study were built based on theories of capital structure and in empirical researches. Results indicate that the variables, such as risk, size, and composition of assets and firms growth influence their indebtedness. The profitability variable was not relevant to the composition of indebtedness of the companies analyzed. However, analyzing only the long-term debt, comes to the conclusion that the relevant variables are the size of firms and, especially, the composition of its assets (tangibility).This sense, the smaller the size of the undertaking or the greater the representation of fixed assets in total assets, the greater its propensity to long-term debt. Furthermore, this research could not identify a predominant theory to explain the capital structure of Brazilian

Metodologias de planeamento e gestão da produção na indústria metalúrgica

O presente trabalho propõe demonstrar como o sistema PHC Manufactor se adequa à empresa em estudo, Ciclo Fapril, apresentando as opções de planeamento que este oferece, as dificuldades com que a empresa se irá deparar e, quando possível, o que fazer para ultrapassar as adversidades colocadas pelo sistema. Numa segunda parte são estudadas algumas heurísticas, nomeadamente FIFO, Tempo de Processamento, EDD, MOR e LOR, para se perceber qual a que melhor se adapta à empresa, de forma a poder cumprir com os prazos acordados. Posteriormente utilizou-se a heurística com melhores resultados e fez-se algumas alterações aos tempos de processamento dos centros de trabalho para melhorar a sua capacidade de resposta aos pedidos. No Final deste estudo percebeuse que o planeamento por EDD era o que melhor se adaptava a empresa. Percebeu-se ainda que os centros de trabalho AS e AT são os que têm menor produtividade e por este motivo se deveria aumentar a sua produtividade, de forma a aumentar a produtividade global.

Processo de formulação estratégica sob a perspectiva dos decisores da CAERN

Os estudos sobre estratégia têm se difundido há muitos anos e seu processo de formulação também está inserido no cotidiano dos gestores. O objetivo do presente trabalho é constatar se há relação entre o pensamento, formulação e mudança estratégica e o nível acadêmico, hierárquico e tempo no cargo dos decisores da CAERN. A abordagem teórica é realizada com os seguintes pontos: estratégia, Decisão e liderança organizacional e o processo de formação da estratégia (Pensamento estratégico; Formulação da estratégia; Mudança estratégica). O estudo é de caráter exploratório descritivo. Para a tabulação e análise dos dados, utilizou-se um programa estatístico em que foi adotada a técnica de análise fatorial, e verificou-se a confiabilidade da escala de Likert utilizada no questionário através do teste Alfa de Cronbach e análise de Spearman a fim de constatar a correlação das variáveis e proporcionar uma abordagem quantitativa à pesquisa. Todos os respondentes da pesquisa são tomadores de decisão cujos níveis hierárquicos que obtiveram representatividade na amostra foram coordenadores, gerentes e chefes de seção. A partir das análises dos resultados do estudo, constatou-se que, das hipóteses levantadas, apenas uma se mostrou coerente com a realidade dos profissionais responsáveis pela estratégia organizacional da empresa: Há correlação entre a formulação estratégica e o nível acadêmico dos decisores (no constructo de formulação deliberada). Notouse também que o nível de formação acadêmica (nível superior) é importante e influencia diretamente no processo da formulação estratégica. Conclui-se que na organização em estudo o conhecimento dos gestores interfere na formulação estratégica

Cerâmica de Santo Antônio do Potengi: entre tradição e modernidade

In the Rio Grande do Norte, the craftsmanship is generating of economy, it involves a significant number of people and is diversified in its raw materials and particular type. As reference of the craft local, the ceramics supplied the primary necessities in the utilitarian domestic servants, acquired piety in the religious figures, were toy in infantile amusements and, finally, gained status of pure ornament. By its historical representation, the district of Santo Antônio do Potengi is considered the most important center of manufacture of craftpottery in the State. The work of the potters continues in that locality anchored between the familiar inheritance and the participation each more influential time of the public politics destined to the sector situation verified for visible alterations in the shape of the pottery from the decade of 1990 with the implantation of a cooperative destined to the collective production. We observe in this passage, that such actions in the measure where they objectify to structuralize conditions ideal to support the artisan making, do not benefit in significant way the social development them craftsmen. It is important not to lose of sight that exists some involved dimensions in this process and that these surpass the common interest for the object and the consequent economic connotation of its commercialization. They are knowledge that imply in the access to raw materials, in the peculiar of the formal aspects and productive methods, in the contextual relations organized to defend the survival of the activity