Novo registro de Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), como parasitóide de Spodoptera cosmioides Walker, 1858 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) no Brasil

Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)é uma espécie polífaga e alimenta-se de grande número de plantas cultivadas e espontâneas. No Brasil, as culturas do abacaxi, algodoeiro, arroz, berinjela, cebola, eucalipto, pimentão e tomateiro, entre outras hortaliças, são consideradas hospedeiras da praga. Entretanto, apesar da ampla gama de hospedeiros, sua ocorrência como praga é relatada relacionada a desequilíbrios provocados pelo uso excessivo de inseticidas de amplo espectro, o que vem causando a resistência da praga a inseticidas. Devido a essa complexidade, métodos alternativos de controle têm sido propostos, por exemplo, o controle biológico através da utilização de parasitóides. Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenptera: Eulophidae) é um parasitóide gregário pupal preferencialmente de espécies da ordem Lepidoptera. Este é o primeiro relato de T. diatraeae parasitando pupas de S. cosmioides, parasitóide que oferece novas perspectivas para os programas de controle biológico.

Avaliacao de dados de secagem de suspensoes de polpas de frutas em leito de jorro com alimentacao intermitente

The objective of this work was the development and improvement of the mathematical models based on mass and heat balances, representing the drying transient process fruit pulp in spouted bed dryer with intermittent feeding. Mass and energy balance for drying, represented by a system of differential equations, were developed in Fortran language and adapted to the condition of intermittent feeding and mass accumulation. Were used the DASSL routine (Differential Algebraic System Solver) for solving the differential equation system and used a heuristic optimization algorithm in parameter estimation, the Particle Swarm algorithm. From the experimental data food drying, the differential models were used to determine the quantity of water and the drying air temperature at the exit of a spouted bed and accumulated mass of powder in the dryer. The models were validated using the experimental data of drying whose operating conditions, air temperature, flow rate and time intermittency, varied within the limits studied. In reviewing the results predicted, it was found that these models represent the experimental data of the kinetics of production and accumulation of powder and humidity and air temperature at the outlet of the dryer

Behavioral study of Cebus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809) (Primates, Cebidae) in captivity

The objective of this study was to describe the behavior of Cebus nigritus kept in captivity. The work, carried out during the month of March 2008 at "Dr. Belrio Guimaraes Brandao" County Zoo in GarYa- SP and Monte Alegre Farm Ecological Park in Telemaco Borba- PR, included 48 hours of observations, divided equally in four daytime periods. The behavioral catalogue used was constituted of different categories such as: foraging, feeding, locomotion, rest, social interaction, physical care, alertness, manipulation of things, reproductive behavior and stereotyped behavior. Animals showed activities of foraging, feeding, and locomotion and social interaction in low percentages in the two morning periods; however, their frequencies increased in the afternoon. Other activities like physical care, alertness and stereotyped behavior appeared mainly in the two morning periods, but were reduced in the afternoon. The rest category was more evident early morning and late afternoon. Since the stereotypical behavior presented high percentages, this study recommends that the number of individuals be diversiied in the social organization of the groups and that environment enriching activities be developed in captivity, creating situations similar to the animal's natural habitat.

Distribuição diária do comportamento da mosca da fruta Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi, (Diptera: Tephritidae) em laboratório.

The knowledge of Anastrepha zenildae behavioral aspects combined with the biology of Tephritidae may contribute to monitoring and control programs of this fruit fly that is considered as economically important to the Rio Grande do Norte state. In order to characterize the daily activity profile of this species, we studied the behaviors of resting, locomotion, feeding, cleaning, courtship, copulation and oviposition of animals submitted to an artificial 12:12h light-dark cycle (750:1lux) with controlled temperature (26±2 °C). The observations were made with groups of 16 males and 16 females during 3 consecutive days each generation from parental to F5. Resting, locomotion, feeding and cleaning data were recorded as frequency and time of occurrence by scanning technique in 15 minutes windows per hour, with a record each minute. Courtship, copulation and oviposition were recorded as frequency, time of occurrence and duration by al occurrences technique. Resting was the most frequent behavior with males resting more than females. Locomotion was more evident in the first half of the ligh phase with higher values in females. Cleaning and feeding behaviors were more frequent in the second half of the light phase for both sexes with females eating more frequently than males. During the courtship, males were grouped in lek formations showing wings vibration and pheromone liberation. Courtship occurred more frequently 4 to 7 h after lights on (81,9%) with copulations being more frequent 6 h after lights on with a mean duration of 58,1±40,4 min. Copulation attempts were observed in males inside and outside the lek with aggressive behavior being observed only between males in the lek. Oviposition behavior was similar to that described for other species of the genus with a peak of this activity 2-3 h after the lights on, mean duration of 43, 7±34, 8 sec and 2 to 5 eggs by event. According to the results, sexual behavior of A. zenildae is temporally different of other sympatric species of the genus, being favorable to the reproductive isolation as well as the use of resources as oviposition substrate.

Hierarquia social e sucesso alimentar em callithrix jacchus (Primates, Callithrichidae), sob condições naturais

The competition for resources is one of the costs of group living. The scramble competition is considered an indirect type of competition, mainly associated with factors like group size and distribution of resources. Contest competition occurs when individuals compete directly for resources. In species that exibit this type of competition the establishment of dominance hierarchy can occur, resulting in differences on feeding and reproductive benefits for each member of the group. In these cases, aggressive and submissive behaviors are expected as a way to signal social status. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of social hierarchy over food ingestion in Callithrix jacchus. Data recording was from September/2006 to March/2007, eight days by month, at Floresta Nacional de Açu do Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. The observation time started at 05:00 AM and finished after the last animal was on the sleeptree. Analyses of aggressive interactions, behavioral profile and diet, reveals a lot of advantages for dominat animals in the study group. Dominant individuals had higher intake of animal matter that subordinates. The last ones, consumed fruits, exsudate and, eventually, explored itens that were not common to the diet. We suggest that dominance hiearchy enable the reproductive female to assure priority on access to food resources, a important caracteristc to supply tha costs to maintain tha high reproductive taxa of the specie. We also suggest that reproductive male, due to the participation on food transfer, had the forage efficience reduced

A Zona Incerta no sagüi (Callithrix jacchus): Análise Citoarquitetônica, Neuroquímica e Projeção Retiniana

The retinal projections in mammals usually reach, classically, three major functional systems: the primary visual system, the accessory optic system, and the circadian timing system. But the retinal projections also reach areas classically considered non-visual, one of which groups the neurons of the zona incerta (ZI), target this study. The primary visual system includes thalamic lateral geniculate complex is formed by the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and other Components. The accessory optic system is composed of the small nuclei: nuclei terminal dorsal, lateral, medial and the interstitial nucleus of the superior posterior fasciculus. These nuclei are involved in visuo-motor activities. The circadian timing system is comprised of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, that act as master circadian pacemaker, entraining pathways and efferents pathways to the efectors, and the intergeniculate leaflet, that seems to act as a modulator of the pacemaker. The retinal projections too reach classically considered non-visual areas, including the zona incerta. This region is localized in the ventral thalamus and has been implicated in various functional properties including nociceptive and somatosensory processing, motor response, sociosexual behaviour, feeding and drinking, in symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, arousal and attention. It also displays connection with several areas of central nervous system. The aim of this study was characterize the retinal projection in the zona incerta of Callithrix jacchus (sagüi), a primate of the New World through the anterograde axonal transport of the cholera toxin subunit b and analyze the citoarchicteture using Nissl and NeuN, and neurochemical substances such as serotonin, GABA, VIP, VP, GFAP and binding-calcium proteins. The zona incerta showed a different division of the literature in citoarquitetura, both by means of Nissl as neurochemical by NeuN, with a subdivision ventrolateral and dorsomedial. The neurochemical to the other substances corroborate with this subdivision. The GFAP was almost completely negative for the zona incerta, result non evidenced in previous studies yet. The 16 retinal projection in sagüi, unlike other primates and rodents, reached the caudal portion only. This work helps to make further studies are conducted based on this subdivision and the localization of the neurochemical substances associated with possible behaviors that the zona incerta is involved

Sincronismo comportamental em Boto cinza(Sotalia guianensis)

Synchronism is the efetivation of the same behavior at the same time by two or more individuals. In cetology only from 2000 we verify an increasing of efforts for studies of synchronic behaviors. The synchronism in cetaceans was reported for a variety of contexts, including feeding, socializing, parental care, while resting, traveling and play, during afilliation, in sexual behaviour and possible while teaching. The synchronism in behavior is influenced by environmental factors and can be modified during stress situations such as the presence of boats. The aim of this study is to explore behavior synchronism presented by the estuarine dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) in Pipa, Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 414 hours of observation during the year 2006, using scan sampling method, from a land based sighting was conducted. Analyses were conducted in four steps. Firstly, we determined the pattern of activity of the groups within the bay, testing for the influence of bay configuration before and after rains periods on the activity of animals. Analyses show that forage occurs more frequently after the rainy period, but there was no change in the number of individuals or spatial cohesions between them. Secondly, we analysed the influence of turism boat traffic on the behavior of animals. We verified no changes on the bahavior of animals during the presence of boats. Finally, we tested seven hypotheses regarding the ecological and social dynamics of synchronic behavior. Environmental aspects were considered the main influence for the synchronism, no influences of age, and more selective exihibition of synchronic breathing in feeding and social displays were observed during the study period

Contribuições das práticas alimentares e inatividade física para o excesso de peso infantil

OBJETIVO: Revisar estudos que abordam as práticas alimentares atuais e o padrão de atividade física como contribuintes do excesso de peso na infância. FONTES DE DADOS: Ovid Journals, Highwire e SciELO, com seleção de artigos originais e de revisão nos últimos dez anos (1997 a 2007), na língua portuguesa e inglesa. SÍNTESE DE DADOS: O acompanhamento do estado nutricional de crianças permite diagnosticar seu estado de saúde atual, bem como predizer parcialmente seu prognóstico na vida adulta. A prevalência de obesidade infantil, no Brasil, apresenta aumento progressivo em todas as classes sociais e sua freqüência varia entre cinco a 18%, dependendo da região estudada. A associação da transição epidemiológica, demográfica e comportamental e a alteração do hábito alimentar são apontadas como fatores causais do aumento progressivo da obesidade infantil. Práticas alimentares caracterizadas por elevado teor de lipídios, sacarose e sódio e por reduzido consumo de cereais integrais, frutas e hortaliças associadas à inatividade física decorrente do uso de computadores, jogos eletrônicos e televisores influenciam parte considerável de crianças. Este estilo de vida reflete os hábitos familiares e pode ser influenciado pelo ambiente escolar no qual a criança está inserida. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados sugerem influência considerável dos fatores ambientais, principalmente hábitos alimentares e inatividade física, no crescente aumento da prevalência de excesso de peso na população pediátrica.

Digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo levedura íntegra, levedura autolisada e parede celular pela tilápia do Nilo

Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, gross energy, of diets supplemented with spray dried whole yeast (1.0; 2.0 e 3.0%), autolyzed (1.0; 2.0 e 3.0%), yeast cell wall (0.1; 0.2 e 0.3%) plus a additional diet with no yeast and yeast derivatives were evaluated to Nile tilapia. Eighty juveniles (83.0+/-8.5g) were placed in eight 250L aquaria for feeding and four aquaria of the same volume for collecting faecal samples. Both sets were equipped with flow-trough recirculation system provided with mechanical and biological filter. Diets supplemented with whole yeast, autolyzed yeast, and yeast cell wall presented, as mean, superior apparent coefficient digestibility than control. It can be concluded that supplementation of yeast and yeast derivatives improve apparent coefficient digestibility of experimental diets and diets supplemented with estimated level of 2.13-2.36% autolyzed yeast shows better digestibility.

Valor nutritivo da raiz e folhas da mandioca para a tilápia do nilo

The aim was to evaluate the nutritional value of the root and leaves of cassava (Manihot sculenta) for juveniles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three diets were prepared, a reference and two test diets. The first tested diet contained 50.0% of cassava root and 50.0% of reference diet and the second one consisted of 30.0% of cassava leaf meal and 70.0% of reference diet. Moreover, in every diet was added 0.1% chromium oxide-III (Cr2O3) as inert marker. Sixty juveniles (100.0 +/- 9.0 g) were accommodated in cages (10 fish/cage) for feeding and feces collection. During the day these cages were maintained in a feeding tank (250 L), one tank for each treatment, where they were fed until apparent satiation. After the aforementioned feeding period they were transferred to a fecal collection tank, where they remained until next morning. The collected feces were frozen and dried for analyzes. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were calculated on basis of Cr2O3 concentration present in diets and feces. The ADC of reference diet for DM, cassava leaf and root were, respectively 85.23%, 81.22% and 91.44%; CP to 97.35%, 73.37% and 91.46% and for the GE to 87.70%, 64.70% and 92.20%, the values obtained for the diet with cassava root significantly higher (P<0.05). Summarizing, root and cassava leaves can be used as alternative ingredients for compose balanced diets for Nile tilapia juveniles.

Efeitos da substituição parcial do milho na dieta pelo resíduo de panificação sobre o desempenho de novilhos da raça Holandesa

Foi estudada a adição de resíduo de panificação (RP) em substituição ao milho, na dieta de novilhos Holandeses. Foram aplicados quatro tratamentos, correspondendo, respectivamente, à adição de 0%, 10%, 20% e 30% de RP na mistura de concentrados, em substituição ao milho. A alimentação fornecida foi ração completa, peletizada, contendo 30% de feno de Coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon L.) como volumoso. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, para um total de 20 animais. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho de peso, perímetro torácico e altura da cernelha. Avaliou-se a incidência de diarréia, por meio de observação diária das fezes. O experimento iniciou quando os animais atingiram 90 kg de peso vivo médio, e durou 120 dias. Os resultados não mostraram diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos em relação aos parâmetros estudados. A adição do RP causou redução de 3,74%, 7,44% e 10,90% no custo de alimentação, respectivamente nos níveis 10%, 20% e 30% de RP, em comparação com a dieta-controle. O RP é uma fonte alternativa viável para a alimentação e redução dos custos de criação dos novilhos.

Efeito do grupo genético sobre as características de carcaça e maciez da carne fresca e maturada de bovinos superprecoces

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito das diferentes proporções de sangue Simental e Nelore sobre as características da carcaça e da carne de bovinos superprecoces. Foram utilizados 72 bovinos jovens inteiros (18 Nelore; 18 ½ Simental × Nelore; 18 Simbrasil e 18 Simental), com 8 meses de idade e 250 kg PV médio inicial. Os animais foram desmamados aos 8 meses de idade em sistema creep-feeding e posteriormente confinados durante 150 dias até atingirem o peso de abate, acima de 465 kg, e abatidos em frigorífico comercial. Os valores de pH e temperatura durante o resfriamento das carcaças foi semelhante para todos os grupos genéticos. da mesma forma, as variáveis carcaça fria, dianteiro e traseiro, não apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos genéticos. Os cortes foram bastante homogêneos, com excessão do contrafilé e do filé-mignon, que foram maiores nos animais Simental. Os animais da raça Nelore e ½ Simental apresentaram maior força de cisalhamento (4,98 e 4,45 kgf) em relação aos Simental e Simbrasil (3,13 e 3,33 kgf). No entanto, após a maturação da carne durante sete dias, não se constataram diferenças entre os valores de maciez entre os grupos. As perdas por evaporação e gotejamento foram maiores na carne in natura para os animais Simental e Simbrasil, no entanto, aos sete dias de maturação se tornaram semelhantes. O sistema de produção de bovinos superprecoces produz carcaças e cortes semelhantes entre as diferentes raças estudadas. Aos sete dias de maturação, a maciez da carne de animais Nelore foi semelhante à dos demais grupos genéticos utilizados neste estudo.

The scent of stress: Pintado catfish differentially respond to chemical cues from stressed conspecifics

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Copulation is necessary for the completion of a gonotrophic cycle in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Post-Embryonic Development of Larvae of the Weaver Ant Camponotus textor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)