Policy competition for foreign direct investment in the Caribbean Basin: Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica

Includes bibliography

The international competitiveness of the Costa Rican clothing industry

Includes bibliography

Current outlook and future perspectives of beef production in Brazil

Brazil is the world's largest beef exporter with the world's largest commercial cattle herd; however, the production cycle needs to be more efficient to supply internal and external demands in the future. Feedlot operations are currently a reality for the Brazilian beef cattle industry; nonetheless the beef cattle industry in Brazil is still based on grass-fed animals in which the Nellore breed predominates. At some point this constitutes an important advantage for Brazilian beef exportations because some countries look for ���natural beef.��� Brazilian packing plants regulate the use of antibiotics, especially ionophores used as growth promoters, on farms certified to export beef to European countries. In addition, the use of any implant or beta-agonist for cattle is forbidden in Brazil. From 1970 to 2006, the Brazilian bovine herd increased at 2.04%/year, total pasture at 0.07%/year, area with cultivated pasture at 3.5%/year, and ratio of animals/hectare of total pasture at 1.97%/year, whereas the area with natural pasture decreased at 2.26%/year. These trends alleviate some of the pressure on Brazilian authorities with respect to deforestation of the Amazon forest. Although Brazil had the greatest growth rate of enteric methane emissions, it also had the greatest growth rate of beef production, resulting in Brazil having a negative growth rate (���1.82%/year) of methane emissions per unit of product (kilogram of methane/kilogram of beef).

Export-Led Growth and Geographic Distribution of the Poultry Meat Industry in Brazil

This paper includes an examination of the sustainability of recent high growth in the poultry meat industry in Brazil. In addition, an assessment is made of the impact of increased production of poultry meat products on the development of local industries. Comparative studies of leading companies in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil reveal competitive advantages in the low costs of feedstuff and labor as well as disadvantages in the scale of business and management efficiency in the Brazilian poultry sector. Increases in domestic and foreign demand for Brazilian poultry meat have promoted development of the Brazilian poultry sector in local areas. The formation of industrial clusters is observed using regional data related to the location of slaughterhouses and the number of chickens farmed. Statistical analyses support observations made in this paper.

FDI and Export Participation of Local Firms in Africa: The Case of the Kenyan Garment Industry

FDI in the garment sector has been the single case of large-scale manufacturing investment in African low-income countries since the 1990s. While FDI has triggered the development of local industries in many developing countries, it has not yet been realized in Africa. This paper describes the spillover process in the Kenyan garment industry and investigates the background of local firms' behavior through firm interviews and simulation of expected profits in export market. It shows that credit constraint, rather than absorptive capacity, is a primary source of inactive participation in export opportunity. Only firms which afford additional production facilities without sacrificing stable domestic supply may be motivated to start exporting. However, in comparison with successful Asian exporters, those firms were not as motivated as Asian firms due to the large gap in expected profits.

Effects of RoHs and REACH regulations on firm-level production and export, and the role of global value chains : the cases of Malaysia and Vietnam

This paper uses firm-level data to examine the impact of foreign chemical safety regulations such as RoHS and REACH on the production costs and export performance of firms in Malaysia and Vietnam. This paper also investigates the role of global value chains in enhancing the likelihood that a firm complies with RoHS and REACH. We find that in addition to the initial setup costs for compliance, EU RoHS (REACH) implementation imposes on firms additional variable production costs by requiring additional labor and capital expenditures of around 57% (73%) of variable costs. We also find that compliance with RoHS and REACH significantly increases the probability of export and that compliance with EU RoHS and REACH helps firms enter a greater variety of countries. Furthermore, firms participating in global value chains have higher compliance with RoHS and REACH regulations, regardless of whether the firm is directly exporting, when the firm operates in upstream or downstream industries of the countries' supply chain.

Soybeans and the world market [microform] : joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Agricultural Production and Stabilization of Prices and the Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing and Product Promotion of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session, on the question of whether the marketing loan program should be expanded to include soybeans, March 18, 1988.

Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. Item 1032-C, 1032-D (microfiche)

Impact of regulations on production, processing, and export of poultry [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Agricultural Production, Marketing, and Stabilization of Prices of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, February 16, 1982, Meridian, Miss.

CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 82 S161-12

Chinese export competition, declining exports and adjustments at the industry and regional level in Europe

We analyze how a set of 22 European countries was affected by increased Chinese export competition between 1995 and 2008. Employing product-group level data, we observe a reduction in the export volumes of European countries due to increased Chinese export competition. This deceleration in the export sector induces changes within the manufacturing industries, especially a decline in employment. When using more aggregated, regional-level data, our analysis shows that the industry sector as a whole declines, resulting in an increased unemployment rate. The importance of Chinese export competition for Europe is attributable to its high export intensity.

Trade liberalization in Uruguay: Domestic and foreign firms

The reallocation of resources is one of the main impacts of tradeliberalization processes. In the case of manufacturing industries resourceswill be reallocated from import--competing sectors to export--orientedsectors. This paper studies the effects that a more open economic environmenthas had on the entry conditions for foreign and domestic firms in Uruguayanmanufacturing industries. We find significant differences in the behaviorof foreign and domestic firms, both when they are incumbents or when theyact as potential entrants. In general, foreign firms seem to be moresuccessful in applying entry deterring strategies, due to advantages inforeign markets, deeper financial resources or better technological capabilities.They also appear to be more responsive to entry conditions when theyface the prospects of entering a given industry.

Okara, a soymilk industry by-product, as a non-meat protein source in reduced fat beef burgers

Okara is a by-product generated during the manufacture of soymilk and tofu. Wet okara was added to beef burgers at 0%, 20%, and 25%. The effects of okara on certain physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of reduced fat beef burgers were investigated. The beef burgers formulated with okara (104.0-106.0 kcal/100 g) had 60% less calories than commercial beef burgers (268.8 kcal/100 g). The texture profile analysis showed that the addition of wet okara led to a significant increase in hardness (p < 0.05) and a concomitant reduction in the values of chewiness, springiness, and cohesiveness. Lower sensory scores (p < 0.05) of flavour were observed in the beef burgers containing 25% wet okara. However, the sensory evaluation results showed that juiciness, appearance, tenderness, and overall acceptability of beef burgers formulated with okara did not differ statistically from that of the control (0% okara). Wet okara (20%) can be used as a non-meat protein source in the production of reduced-fat beef burgers without changing their sensory quality.

Industries et industriels fran��ais du textile face au d��fi international 1871-1914

Fortement li��es �� l���international, les industries fran��aises du textile ont connu une ��volution erratique entre 1871 et 1914. L���adoption de tarifs hautement protectionnistes en 1892 favorise les industriels du coton au d��triment de ceux travaillant la laine et la soie. Ces derniers exportent leurs marchandises luxueuses sur des march��s ouverts �� la concurrence. Ils profitent peu des march��s coloniaux, moins int��ress��s par leurs produits. Des politiques hardies d���importation directe de la mati��re premi��re permettent, notamment �� Roubaix, de pallier �� certains d��savantages. Si plusieurs industriels incitent le gouvernement �� r��former ses services commerciaux �� l�����tranger et �� y adjoindre des sp��cialistes, ils retiennent peu les recommandations des experts concernant l���adoption des moyens propres �� favoriser les exportations. Plusieurs carences du commerce fran��ais ont ��t�� soulign��es pr��cocement mais il a ��t�� difficile de rapidement appliquer des solutions. Dans un contexte marqu�� par une concurrence accrue sur les march��s ext��rieurs, la France s���en tire mieux qu���on a pu le penser. La flexibilit�� de l���appareil productif fran��ais permet d���obtenir de nombreuses commandes dans les cr��neaux du luxe et du demi-luxe. Son niveau d���int��gration, moins ��lev�� que dans d���autres pays, se r��v��le ainsi parfois ��tre un avantage. Toutefois, l���industrie textile est handicap��e par la grande difficult�� des patrons �� s���associer de mani��re stable �� l���ext��rieur du clan familial. L���entente se r��alise cependant plus ais��ment et avantageusement pour ceux qui ont une production sp��cialis��e, rare ou brevet��e. Les performances et l���organisation des entreprises textiles fran��aises �� l�����tranger montrent que le march�� national stimulait peu les producteurs �� adopter les meilleures conditions de production possibles. Ces soci��t��s et celles obtenant des succ��s �� l���exportation sont souvent les plus dynamiques et les plus rentables.

Studies on the production management in the seafood processing industry in Kerala

Kerala was the pioneer in modern seafood processing and exporting. But now the industry is Iacingalot of problems due to low productivity and deterioration in the quality of the products. only about 17% of the installed freezing capacity in sea food processing industry was reported to be utilised during 1979-80. The price of the export commodities its decided by the buyers based on international supply and demand pattern and based on the strength and weakness of dollar/yen. The only way to increase the profitability of the processors is to reduce the cost of production to the possible extent. The individual processors find it difficult to continue in this field due to low productivity and quality problems. The main objectives of the research are to find out how the production is being managed in the seafood processing(freezing) 17industry in Kerala and the reasons for low productivity and poor quality of the products. The study includes a detailed analysis of Location of the factories. Layout Purchase, production and storage patterns. Production planning and scheduling. Work Measurement of the processing of important products. Quality Control and Inspection. Management Information System