FERRAMENTAS MATEMÁTICAS, SUSCETIBILIDADE MAGNÉTICA E MODELOS DE PAISAGEM APLICADOS NA DELIMITAÇÃO DE ÁREAS DE MANEJO ESPECÍFICO

A identificação de padrões de variabilidade dos atributos do solo permite o uso e a ocupação do solo de maneira sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi delimitar áreas de manejo específico utilizando ferramentas matemáticas, suscetibilidade magnética e modelos de paisagem. A área de estudo localiza-se no município de Guariba, SP. Escolheu-se uma área de 110 ha, onde foram identificadas e mapeadas três superfícies geomórficas (I, II e III). Na área, foram coletadas 204 amostras de solo em uma transeção, nas profundidades de 0,00-0,20 e 0,60-0,80 m. Foram determinados o pH em CaCl2, os teores de areia, argila, matéria orgânica, P, Ca, Mg, K, H+Al, e calculados SB, CTC e V. A suscetibilidade magnética (SM) foi medida com o auxílio de uma balança analítica. Os limites matemáticos da técnica Split Moving Windows Dissimilarity Analysis (SMWDA) utilizando as informações da suscetibilidade magnética ficaram próximos aos limites de campo identificados com base nos modelos de paisagem. A utilização conjunta da suscetibilidade magnética, dos modelos matemáticos e de paisagem permitiu identificar diferentes áreas de manejo, locais com diferentes teores de argila e níveis de fertilidade do solo. A susceptibilidade magnética pode ser adotada como alternativa para identificar e mapear unidades de manejo.

PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS E PERMEABILIDADE AO AR EM TOPOSSEQUÊNCIA ARGISSOLO-GLEISSOLO: VARIAÇÃO NO PERFIL E EFEITO DE COMPRESSÃO

Uma topossequência apresenta solos com características estruturais e morfológicas distintas que podem alterar a susceptibilidade à deformação estrutural em curtas distâncias espaciais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a capacidade de suporte de carga e a suscetibilidade à compactação e mensurar o efeito que cargas acima e abaixo da pressão de preconsolidação causam na permeabilidade ao ar de solos numa topossequência da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas nos horizontes de três perfis de Argissolos (Ap, A1, AB, BA, Bt1 e Bt2; Ap, A1, A2, AB, BA, Bt1 e Bt2; e Ap, A1, BA, Bt1 e Bt2) e dois de Gleissolos (A1, A2, Bg; A, Bg e Cg), no longo de uma topossequência. Essas amostras foram submetidas ao teste de compressão uniaxial, sendo avaliada a permeabilidade ao ar antes e após compressão. Na condição de capacidade de campo, os Gleissolos apresentaram menor suscetibilidade à compactação e maior capacidade de suporte de carga que os Argissolos. O teor de argila esteve diretamente correlacionado com a capacidade de suporte de carga. Portanto, foi inversamente proporcional à suscetibilidade à compactação, exceto em condições de elevada umidade do solo quando a água lubrificou as superfícies aumentando a susceptibilidade à compactação de quaisquer solos. Até 25 kPa de carga ao solo não resultou degradação física do solo, mas quando foram aplicadas cargas de 200 kPa, mesmo na condição de capacidade de campo, houve redução significativa do volume de macroporos e porosidade total em níveis inferiores ao limite crítico (0,10 m3 m-3).

Understanding and modulating the competitive surface-adsorption of proteins through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations

It is now well accepted that cellular responses to materials in a biological medium reflect greatly the adsorbed biomolecular layer, rather than the material itself. Here, we study by molecular dynamics simulations the competitive protein adsorption on a surface (Vroman effect), i.e. the non-monotonic behavior of the amount of protein adsorbed on a surface in contact with plasma as functions of contact time and plasma concentration. We find a complex behavior, with regimes during which small and large proteins are not necessarily competing between them, but are both competing with others in solution ("cooperative" adsorption). We show how the Vroman effect can be understood, controlled and inverted.

Competing tunneling and capacitive paths in Co-ZrO2 granular thin films

The ac electrical response is studied in thin films composed of well-defined nanometric Co particles embedded in an insulating ZrO2 matrix which tends to coat them, preventing the formation of aggregates. In the dielectric regime, ac transport originates from the competition between interparticle capacitive Cp and tunneling Rt channels, the latter being thermally assisted. This competition yields an absorption phenomenon at a characteristic frequency 1/(RtCp), which is observed in the range 1010 000 Hz. In this way, the effective ac properties mimic the universal response of disordered dielectric materials. Temperature and frequency determine the complexity and nature of the ac electrical paths, which have been successfully modeled by an Rt-Cp network.

"Bottleneck effect" in two-Dimensional microfluidics

An anomalously long transient is needed to achieve a steady pressurization of a fluid when forced to flow through micronarrowed channels under constant mechanical driving. This phenomenon, known as the "bottleneck effect" is here revisited from a different perspective, by using confined displacements of interfacial fluids. Compared to standard microfluidics, such effect admits in this case a neat quantitative characterization, which reveals intrinsic material characteristics of flowing monolayers and permits to envisage strategies for their controlled micromanipulation.

Nonequilibrium orientational patterns in two-component Langmuir monolayers

A model of a phase-separating two-component Langmuir monolayer in the presence of a photoinduced reaction interconverting two components is formulated. An interplay between phase separation, orientational ordering, and reaction is found to lead to a variety of nonequilibrium self-organized patterns, both stationary and traveling. Examples of the patterns, observed in numerical simulations, include flowing droplets, traveling stripes, wave sources, and vortex defects.

Self-organizing propagation patterns from dynamic self-assembly in monolayers

Propagation of localized orientational waves, as imaged by Brewster angle microscopy, is induced by low intensity linearly polarized light inside axisymmetric smectic-C confined domains in a photosensitive molecular thin film at the air/water interface (Langmuir monolayer). Results from numerical simulations of a model that couples photoreorientational effects and long-range elastic forces are presented. Differences are stressed between our scenario and the paradigmatic wave phenomena in excitable chemical media.

Experiments on anisotropic radial viscous fingering

We observe dendritic patterns in fluid flow in an anisotropic Hele-Shaw cell and measure the tip shapes and trajectories of individual dendritic branches under conditions where the pattern growth appears to be dominated by surface tension anisotropy and also under conditions where kinetic effects appear dominant. In each case, the tip position depends on a power law in the time, but the exponent of this power law can vary significantly among flow realizations. Averaging many growth exponents a yields a =0.640.09 in the surface tension dominated regime and a =0.660.09 in the kinetic regime. Restricting the analysis to realizations when a is very close to 0.6 shows great regularity across pattern regimes in the coefficient of the temporal dependence of the tip trajectory.

Influence of an inert electrolyte on the morphology of quasi-two-dimensional electrodeposits

The influence of an inert electrolyte (sodium sulfate) on quasi-two-dimensional copper electrodeposition from a nondeaerated aqueous copper sulfate solution has been analyzed. The different morphologies for a fixed concentration of CuSO4 have been classified in a diagram in terms of the applied potential and the inert electrolyte concentration. The main conclusion is the extension of the well-known Ohmic model for the homogeneous growth regime for copper sulfate solutions with small amounts of sodium sulfate. Moreover, we have observed the formation of fingerlike deposits at large applied potential and inert electrolyte concentration values, before hydrogen evolution becomes the main electrode reaction.

The effect of lattice defects on Hele-Shaw flow over an etched lattice

We examine the patterns formed by injecting nitrogen gas into the center of a horizontal, radial Hele-Shaw cell filled with paraffin oil. We use smooth plates and etched plates with lattices having different amounts of defects (010 %). In all cases, a quantitative measure of the pattern ramification shows a regular trend with injection rate and cell gap, such that the dimensionless perimeter scales with the dimensionless time. By adding defects to the lattice, we observe increased branching in the pattern morphologies. However, even in this case, the scaling behavior persists. Only the prefactor of the scaling function shows a dependence on the defect density. For different lattice defect densities, we examine the nature of the different morphology phases.

Nonempirical cluster-model study of the chemisorption of atomic hydrogen on the (111) surface of diamondlike crystals

The interaction of atomic hydrogen with C4H9, Si4H9, and Ge4H9 model clusters has been studied using all-electron and pseudopotential ab initio Hartree-Fock computations with basis sets of increasing flexibility. The results show that the effect of polarization functions is important in order to reproduce the experimental findings, but their inclusion only for the atoms directly involved in the chemisorption bond is usually sufficient. For the systems H-C4H9 and H-Si4H9 all-electron and pseudopotential results are in excellent agreement when basis sets of comparable quality are used. Besides, semiempirical modified-neglect-of-differential-overlap computations provide quite reliable results both for diamond and silicon and have been used to investigate larger model clusters. The results confirm the local nature of chemisorption and further justify the use of minimal X4H9 model clusters.

Chemisorption of atomic aluminum on Si(111): Evidence for an adsorbate-induced relaxation based on ab initio cluster-model calculations

Interaction models of atomic Al with Si4H9, Si4H7, and Si6H9 clusters have been studied to simulate Al chemisorption on the Si(111) surface in the atop, fourfold atop, and open sites. Calculations were carried out using nonempirical pseudopotentials in the framework of the ab initio Hartree-Fock procedure. Equilibrium bond distances, binding energies for adsorption, and vibrational frequencies of the adatoms are calculated. Several basis sets were used in order to show the importance of polarization effects, especially in the binding energies. Final results show the importance of considering adatom-induced relaxation effects to specify the order of energy stabilities for the three different sites, the fourfold atop site being the preferred one, in agreement with experimental findings.

Ab initio cluster-model study of the on-top chemisorption of F and Cl on Si(111) and Ge(111) surfaces

The interaction of atomic F and Cl with Si4H9 and Ge4H9 cluster models has been studied by using ab initio pseudopotentials and basis sets of increasing complexity. The results show that the effect of d orbitals is important in order to reproduce the experimental findings. However, the use of polarization functions in the atoms which are directly involved in the chemisorption bond leads to results which are very close to those obtained using extended basis sets. The local nature of the chemisorption bond is also interpreted by means of a Mulliken population analysis. For F-Si4H9 and Cl-Si4H9 the present results are in good agreement with previous ab initio all-electron calculations, and for the chemisorption of Cl on Si(111) and Ge(111) surfaces, good agreement is found with respect to the available experimental results as well as with previous slab calculations based on the local-density-functional formalism.