Desenvolupament d'un sistema expert com a eina per a una millor gestió de la qualitat de les aigües fluvials

Avui en dia no es pot negar el fet que els humans són un component més de les conques fluvials i que la seva activitat afecta enormement la qualitat de les aigües. A nivell europeu, l'elevada densitat de població situada en les conques fluvials ha comportat un increment de la mala qualitat de les seves aigües fluvials. En les darreres dècades l'increment de les càrregues de nutrients en els sistemes aquàtics ha esdevingut un problema prioritari a solucionar per les administracions competents en matèria d'aigua. La gestió dels ecosistemes fluvials no és una tasca fàcil. Els gestors es troben amb què són sistemes molt complexos, donada l'estreta relació existent entre els ecosistemes fluvials i els ecosistemes terrestres que drenen. Addicionalment a la complexitat d'aquests sistemes es troba la dificultat associada de la gestió o control de les entrades de substàncies contaminants tant de fonts puntuals com difoses. Per totes aquestes raons la gestió de la qualitat de les aigües fluvials esdevé una tasca complexa que requereix un enfocament multidisciplinar. Per tal d'assolir aquest enfocament diverses eines han estat utilitzades, des de models matemàtics fins a sistemes experts i sistemes de suport a la decisió. Però, la major part dels esforços han estat encarats cap a la resolució de problemes de reduïda complexitat, fent que molts dels problemes ambientals complexos, com ara la gestió dels ecosistemes fluvials, no hagin estat vertaderament tractats. Per tant, es requereix l'aplicació d'eines que siguin de gran ajuda en els processos de presa de decisions i que incorporin un ampli coneixement heurístic i empíric: sistemes experts i sistemes de suport a la decisió. L'òptima gestió de la qualitat de l'aigua fluvial requereix una aproximació integrada i multidisciplinar, que pot ésser aconseguida amb una eina intel·ligent construïda sobre els conceptes i mètodes del raonament humà. La present tesi descriu la metodologia desenvolupada i aplicada per a la creació i construcció d'un Sistema Expert, així com el procés de desenvolupament d'aquest Sistema Expert, com el principal mòdul de raonament d'un Sistema de Suport a la Decisió Ambiental. L'objectiu principal de la present tesi ha estat el desenvolupament d'una eina d'ajuda en el procés de presa de decisions dels gestors de l'aigua en la gestió de trams fluvials alterats antròpicament per tal de millorar la qualitat de la seva aigua fluvial. Alhora, es mostra el funcionament de l'eina desenvolupada a través de dos casos d'estudi. Els resultats derivats del Sistema Expert desenvolupat, implementat i presentat en la present tesi mostren que aquests sistemes poden ésser eines útils per a millorar la gestió dels ecosistemes fluvials.

Educação e desenvolvimento em Santa Catarina (Cabo Verde)

RESUMO: A educação e o desenvolvimento, são questões fundamentais do mundo actual, hoje mais do que nunca, fazem parte integrante dos discursos, discussões, convenções locais, nacionais e internacionais. Esta dissertação procura verificar se há ou não convergência entre a educação e desenvolvimento, respondendo à seguinte questão: o desenvolvimento e a educação podem ser complementares, através do investimento em capital humano? Este trabalho de investigação foi desenvolvido a partir de uma perspectiva educativa, isto é dando centralidade aos processos de aprendizagem da própria pessoa e sua construção como resposta aos desafios, aos imprevistos e incertezas, característicos da sociedade actual. Pretendemos também fornecer elementos de reflexão sobre os desafios que se colocam aos sistemas de educação, numa perspectiva sistémica, e na sua relação com o desenvolvimento. Para concretizar a investigação, avaliamos a influência da educação nas práticas efectivas do desenvolvimento de Santa Catarina (Cabo Verde), partindo de pressuposto de que a educação na sociedade cabo-verdiana, em particular no município de Santa Catarina, é a chave do desenvolvimento e progresso, no contexto dos recursos e constrangimentos existentes. Por isso, tivemos como objectivo analisar a influência da educação no processo de desenvolvimento para se avaliar o referido contributo. As nossas conclusões apontam para a existência de uma forte relação entre educação e desenvolvimento, as pessoas a ganharem centralidade no processo de desenvolvimento e a educação a surgir como motor do desenvolvimento. ABSTRACT: Education and deveopment are key issues in today's world, today more than ever they do make part of speeches, debates, local conventions, national and international meetings. This essay seeks to determine whether in Santa Catarina (Cape Verde) there is convergence between education and development, answering to the following question: development and education can be complementary, through investment in human capital? The research will be developed from an educational perspective, that is, giving centrality to the learning processes and to their construction as a response to the challenges, contingencies and uncertainties, which are characteristic of contemporary society. We also wanted to provide input on the challenges facing education systems, in a systemic perspective, and in their relationship with development To achieve the research, we intended to evaluate the impact of education in the actuals practices of the development of Santa Catarina (Cape Verde), beginning from the assumption that education in Cape Verde society, particularly in the municipality of Santa Catarina, is the key of development and progress, under or in respect of resources and existing constraints. Therefore, we aim to analyze the impact of education in the development processes to evaluate this contribution Our results indicate the presence of a strong relationship between education and development, people gains centrality in the development process and the education emerges as the motor of development.

O trabalho colaborativo : o Conselho de Turma e os Grupos Disciplinares, numa perspetiva integradora

A necessidade de conhecimento e reflexão sobre a organização e gestão das escolas é cada vez mais assumida como uma condição indispensável ao processo de desenvolvimento e melhoria do seu desempenho. O presente estudo aborda o trabalho colaborativo nas estruturas pedagógicas intermédias (conselho de turma e grupo disciplinar), da Escola Secundária de Pedro Alexandrino, tentando perceber se os procedimentos, a organização e a ação dos seus professores assentam em práticas individuais ou colaborativas. Foi nosso propósito investigar uma parte específica de um contexto educativo concreto que nos é familiar, daí termos enveredado por uma investigação naturalista – estudo de caso. O estudo (empírico) utiliza como instrumentos de recolha de dados o questionário, abordando os modos como os professores conceptualizam a gestão curricular, o trabalho colaborativo e a importância que atribuem ao diretor de turma/conselho de turma e grupo disciplinar, no sucesso educativo dos nossos alunos. No que diz respeito ao conselho de turma, os professores reconhecem a necessidade de mudar o currículo como meio de trabalhar, adequando-o à diversidade e heterogeneidade dos alunos; consideram necessário a adoção de uma atitude de trabalho colaborativo e de partilha em torno de questões pedagógicas e menos individualista e em torno de questões burocráticas; a necessidade da definição concertada de estratégias de adequação e de clarificação de princípios, atitudes e valores a desenvolver com os alunos. O estudo permitiu-nos concluir que os professores têm prática de trabalho colaborativo dentro dos grupos disciplinares. Contudo, também constatámos que, esse trabalho conjunto circunscreve-se à tomada de decisões sobre aspetos inerentes à prática letiva, tais como, planificações, construção de materiais didáticos, fichas/testes e critérios de avaliação. Foram percetíveis evidências de práticas de diferenciação pedagógica, embora muito pouco significativas, da utilização desta metodologia de ensino com recurso a meios didáticos diferenciados bem como trabalho cooperativo entre os alunos da turma. Por fim, referir que a reflexão sobre as práticas e troca de experiências dentro dos grupos disciplinares, constitui um incentivo à investigação da própria ação e um contributo para a melhoria do desempenho docente e de valorização profissional que deveria fazer parte da cultura da escola.

Importância da relação Escola/Família no processo de inclusão de crianças com paralisa cerebral em creche

Este estudo enquadra-se numa avaliação da importância da relação escola/família no processo de inclusão de crianças com Paralisia Cerebral em contexto de Creche. Além dos profissionais especializados contribuírem para o desenvolvimento de crianças com Paralisia Cerebral, a família assume um papel fulcral. A intervenção da família é assim essencial no processo de desenvolvimento/inclusão destas crianças ao longo da vida. Nesse sentido, destacamos como objetivos primordiais: identificar o envolvimento da família e as dinâmicas relacionais com vista ao desenvolvimento pessoal e social da criança, aferir as relações interpessoais dos técnicos e professores que lidam com a inclusão de crianças com PC, perceber a perspetiva que os terapeutas têm acerca da inclusão de crianças com PC, conhecer as conceções dos educadores/professores sobre inclusão, saber como a PC é integrada em Creche, identificar a ação dos pais e da escola na inclusão de uma criança com PC e identificar a articulação do educador/professor com os pais e vice-versa. Para a realização deste estudo, optou-se por utilizar uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa – estudo de caso. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas aos intervenientes no processo de desenvolvimento da criança (pais, educadores/professores, terapeutas) para recolher dados. A informação obtida foi apurada mediante análise de conteúdo dessas mesmas entrevistas.

UK construction orders and output: A comparison of government and commercially available data 1995-2001

Because of the importance and potential usefulness of construction market statistics to firms and government, consistency between different sources of data is examined with a view to building a predictive model of construction output using construction data alone. However, a comparison of Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Office for National Statistics (ONS) series shows that the correlation coefcient (used as a measure of consistency) of the DTI output and DTI orders data and the correlation coefficient of the DTI output and ONS output data are low. It is not possible to derive a predictive model of DTI output based on DTI orders data alone. The question arises whether or not an alternative independent source of data may be used to predict DTI output data. Independent data produced by Emap Glenigan (EG), based on planning applications, potentially offers such a source of information. The EG data records the value of planning applications and their planned start and finish dates. However, as this data is ex ante and is not correlated with DTI output it is not possible to use this data to describe the volume of actual construction output. Nor is it possible to use the EG planning data to predict DTI construc-tion orders data. Further consideration of the issues raised reveal that it is not practically possible to develop a consistent predictive model of construction output using construction statistics gathered at different stages in the development process.

PPG13 and the residential developer

This paper reviews the evidence in favour of the compact city and considers whether it is a viable policy option. Environmentalists, acadenics and politicians have all expressed strong support for the compact city as a basis for sustainable development. A review of the literature broadly confirms the claims made on its behalf, in particular that it is energy efficient and that it plays a crucial role in preventing rural land loss. It is further shown i) that there is nothing inevitable about the established pattern of urban dispersal, and ii) that although urban land is charaterised by a number of contstraints on development,it could in principle satisfy much of the projected demand for housing. Yet urban sprawl continues. Some of the reasons for this in the case of residential development are examined by comparing the residential development process with the principles of sustainable development. The general conclusion of the paper is that proposals for urban containment are likely to be strongly resisted by housebuilders.

The effect of nonlinearity on the variational assimilation of satellite observations using a simple column model

Cloud imagery is not currently used in numerical weather prediction (NWP) to extract the type of dynamical information that experienced forecasters have extracted subjectively for many years. For example, rapidly developing mid-latitude cyclones have characteristic signatures in the cloud imagery that are most fully appreciated from a sequence of images rather than from a single image. The Met Office is currently developing a technique to extract dynamical development information from satellite imagery using their full incremental 4D-Var (four-dimensional variational data assimilation) system. We investigate a simplified form of this technique in a fully nonlinear framework. We convert information on the vertical wind field, w(z), and profiles of temperature, T(z, t), and total water content, qt (z, t), as functions of height, z, and time, t, to a single brightness temperature by defining a 2D (vertical and time) variational assimilation testbed. The profiles of w, T and qt are updated using a simple vertical advection scheme. We define a basic cloud scheme to obtain the fractional cloud amount and, when combined with the temperature field, we convert this information into a brightness temperature, having developed a simple radiative transfer scheme. With the exception of some matrix inversion routines, all our code is developed from scratch. Throughout the development process we test all aspects of our 2D assimilation system, and then run identical twin experiments to try and recover information on the vertical velocity, from a sequence of observations of brightness temperature. This thesis contains a comprehensive description of our nonlinear models and assimilation system, and the first experimental results.

A multidisciplinary literature review of low and zero carbon technologies into new housing

The UK Government is committed to all new homes being zero-carbon from 2016. The use of low and zero carbon (LZC) technologies is recognised by housing developers as being a key part of the solution to deliver against this zero-carbon target. The paper takes as its starting point that the selection of new technologies by firms is not a phenomenon which takes place within a rigid sphere of technical rationality (for example, Rip and Kemp, 1998). Rather, technology forms and diffusion trajectories are driven and shaped by myriad socio-technical structures, interests and logics. A literature review is offered to contribute to a more critical and systemic foundation for understanding the socio-technical features of the selection of LZC technologies in new housing. The problem is investigated through a multidisciplinary lens consisting of two perspectives: technological and institutional. The synthesis of the perspectives crystallises the need to understand that the selection of LZC technologies by housing developers is not solely dependent on technical or economic efficiency, but on the emergent ‘fit’ between the intrinsic properties of the technologies, institutional logics and the interests and beliefs of various actors in the housing development process.

Implementing ‘Site BIM’: a case study of ICT innovation on a large hospital project

Numerous Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools are well established and potentially beneficial in certain uses. However, issues of adoption and implementation persist, particularly for on-site use of BIM tools in the construction phase. We describe an empirical case-study of the implementation of an innovative ‘Site BIM’ system on a major hospital construction project. The main contractor on the project developed BIM-enabled tools to allow site workers using mobile tablet personal computers to access design information and to capture work quality and progress data on-site. Accounts show that ‘Site BIM’, while judged to be successful and actively supporting users, was delivered through an exploratory and emergent development process of informal prototyping. Technical IT skills were adopted into the construction project through personal relationships and arrangements rather than formal processes. Implementation was driven by construction project employees rather than controlled centrally by the corporate IT function.

Participatory scenarios as a tool to link science and policy on food security under climate change in East Africa

How effective are multi-stakeholder scenarios building processes to bring diverse actors together and create a policy-making tool to support sustainable development and promote food security in the developing world under climate change? The effectiveness of a participatory scenario development process highlights the importance of ‘boundary work’ that links actors and organizations involved in generating knowledge on the one hand, and practitioners and policymakers who take actions based on that knowledge on the other. This study reports on the application of criteria for effective boundary work to a multi-stakeholder scenarios process in East Africa that brought together a range of regional agriculture and food systems actors. This analysis has enabled us to evaluate the extent to which these scenarios were seen by the different actors as credible, legitimate and salient, and thus more likely to be useful. The analysis has shown gaps and opportunities for improvement on these criteria, such as the quantification of scenarios, attention to translating and communicating the results through various channels and new approaches to enable a more inclusive and diverse group of participants. We conclude that applying boundary work criteria to multi-stakeholder scenarios processes can do much to increase the likelihood of developing sustainable development and food security policies that are more appropriate.

Key drivers of frontline employee generation of ideas for customer service improvement

Anchored in the service-dominant logic and service innovation literature, this study investigates the drivers of employee generation of ideas for service improvement (GISI). Employee GISI focuses on customer needs and providing the exact service wanted by customers. GISI should enhance competitive advantage and organizational success (cf. Berry et al. 2006; Wang and Netemeyer 2004). Despite its importance, there is little research on the idea generation stage of the service development process (Chai, Zhang, and Tan 2005). This study contributes to the service field by providing the first empirical evaluation of the drivers of GISI. It also investigates a new explanatory determinant of reading of customer needs, namely, perceived organizational support (POS), and an outcome of POS, in the form of emotional exhaustion. Results show that the major driver of GISI is reading of customer needs by employees followed by affective organizational commitment and job satisfaction. This research provides several new and important insights for service management practice by suggesting that special care should be put into selecting and recruiting employees who have the ability to read customer needs. Additionally, organizations should invest in creating work environments that encourage and reward the flow of ideas for service improvement

Shovel ready? An empirical investigation of stalled residential sites.

Drawing upon a national database of unimplemented planning permissions and 18 in-depth case studies, this paper provides both a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the phenomenon of stalled sites in England. The practical and conceptual difficulties of classifying sites as stalled are critically reviewed. From the literature, it is suggested that planning permission may not be implemented due to lack of financial viability, strategic behaviour by landowners and house-builders and other problems associated with the development process. Consistent with poor viability, the analysis of the national database indicates that a substantial proportion of the stalled sites is high density apartment development and/or is located in low house value areas. The case studies suggest that a combination of interlinked issues may need to be resolved before a planning permission can be implemented. These include; the sale of the land to house-builders, re-negotiation of the planning permission and, most importantly, improvement in housing market conditions.

The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and JULES Global Land 3.0/3.1 configurations

We describe Global Atmosphere 3.0 (GA3.0): a configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) developed for use across climate research and weather prediction activities. GA3.0 has been formulated by converging the development paths of the Met Office's weather and climate global atmospheric model components such that wherever possible, atmospheric processes are modelled or parametrized seamlessly across spatial resolutions and timescales. This unified development process will provide the Met Office and its collaborators with regular releases of a configuration that has been evaluated, and can hence be applied, over a variety of modelling régimes. We also describe Global Land 3.0 (GL3.0): a configuration of the JULES community land surface model developed for use with GA3.0.

What matters in business incubation? A literature review and a suggestion for situated theorising

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to provide a critical assessment of the literature on business incubation effectiveness and second, to submit a situated theoretical perspective on how business incubation management can provide an environment that supports the development of incubatee entrepreneurs and their businesses. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a narrative critical assessment of the literature on business incubation effectiveness. Definitional issues, performance aspects and approaches to establishing critical success factors in business incubation are discussed. Business incubation management is identified as an overarching factor for theorising on business incubation effectiveness. Findings – The literature on business incubation effectiveness suffers from several deficiencies, including definitional incongruence, descriptive accounts, fragmentation and lack of strong conceptual grounding. Notwithstanding the growth of research on this domain, understanding of how entrepreneurs and their businesses develop within the business incubator environment remains limited. Given the importance of relational, intangible factors in business incubation and the critical role of business incubation management in orchestrating and optimising such factors, it is suggested that theorising efforts would benefit from a situated perspective. Originality/value – The identification of specific shortcomings in the literature on business incubation highlights the need for more systematic efforts towards theory building. It is suggested that focusing on the role of business incubation management from a situated learning theory perspective can lend itself to a more profound understanding of the development process of incubatee entrepreneurs and their firms. Theoretical propositions are offered to this effect, as well as avenues for future research.

Collabowrighting the hyper(play)text: a postdramatic digital poetics

The aim of this research is to exhibit how literary playtexts can evoke multisensory trends prevalent in 21st century theatre. In order to do so, it explores a range of practical forms and theoretical contexts for creating participatory, site-specific and immersive theatre. With reference to literary theory, specifically to semiotics, reader-response theory, postmodernism and deconstruction, it attempts to revise dramatic theory established by Aristotle’s Poetics. Considering Gertrude Stein’s essay, Plays (1935), and relevant trends in theatre and performance, shaped by space, technology and the everchanging role of the audience member, a postdramatic poetics emerges from which to analyze the plays of Mac Wellman and Suzan-Lori Parks. Distinguishing the two textual lives of a play as the performance playtext and the literary playtext, it examines the conventions of the printed literary playtext, with reference to models of practice that radicalize the play form, including works by Mabou Mines, The Living Theatre and Fiona Templeton. The arguments of this practice-led Ph.D. developed out of direct engagement with the practice project, which explores the multisensory potential of written language when combined with hypermedia. The written thesis traces the development process of a new play, Rumi High, which is presented digitally as a ‘hyper(play)text,’ accessible through the Internet at www.RumiHigh.org. Here, ‘playwrighting’ practice is expanded spatially, collaboratively and textually. Plays are built, designed and crafted with many layers of meaning that explore both linguistic and graphic modes of poetic expression. The hyper(play)text of Rumi High establishes playwrighting practice as curatorial, where performance and literary playtexts are in a reciprocal relationship. This thesis argues that digital writing and reading spaces enable new approaches to expressing the many languages of performance, while expanding the collaborative network that produces the work. It questions how participatory forms of immersive and site-specific theatre can be presented as interactive literary playtexts, which enable the reader to have a multisensory experience. Through a reflection on process and an evaluation of the practice project, this thesis problematizes notions of authorship and text.