LA GESTIÓN INTEGRAL DEL RIESGO COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA LA PLANIFICACIÓN URBANA EN SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MÉXICO

En este trabajo se presenta la aplicación y adaptación de índices de gestión integral del riesgo para el ámbito local y urbano en el contexto de las inundaciones y planificación urbana para la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México. A través del análisis multicriterio se seleccionaron y ponderaron indicadores con la finalidad de detectar diferentes respuestas de fragilidad social, resiliencia y desarrollo urbano ante la ocurrencia de inundaciones. Para sintetizar los indicadores se utilizaron dos índices: el de desastres locales y el de vulnerabilidad prevalente (Cardona, 2005), los cuales se adaptaron a las condiciones ambientales y urbanas específicas de la ciudad. Al aplicar el índice de desastres locales se detectaron dos grados de intensidad, medio (18 zonas) con 8.2 km2 y alto (24 zonas) con  6.6 km2, reflejando la persistencia, intensidad y grado de afectación de las inundaciones. Por otro lado el índice de vulnerabilidad prevalente, presentó tres niveles alto (4 zonas), medio (24 zonas)  y bajo (22 zonas) con 14.8 km2  asociados principalmente a la densidad de población, el tipo de vivienda y  grados de resiliencia. En conclusión los índices aplicados incluyen indicadores viables en la ponderación de las condiciones urbanas para poder evaluar futuras situaciones de riesgo.

A PAISAGEM COMO INSTRUMENTO DE CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO DOS PROBLEMAS AMBIENTAIS NO ENSINO DA GEOGRAFIA NO COLÉGIO MILITAR TIRADENTES, SÃO LUIS-MA

No processo de ensino da Geografia, trabalhar a definição de paisagem pode ser de grande valia para compreensão das grandes problemáticas sócio-ambientais. Segundo Castro (2006), “para a geografia, a paisagem é um conceito-chave, ou seja, um conceito capaz de fornecer unidade e identidade à geografia num contexto de afirmação da disciplina”, dessa forma, tendo em vista competências da geografia como uma disciplina para orientação social na perspectiva de instruir homens para uma cidadania consolidada, este trabalho objetiva avaliar o conceito de paisagem pelos alunos do ensino fundamental do Colégio Militar Tiradentes e sua viabilidade na compreensão dos desequilíbrios ambientais nas dimensões das categorias geográficas. Utilizar-se-á o método etnográfico com a inserção da pesquisa no contexto social do objeto de pesquisa, mostrando progressivamente os procedimentos metodológicos necessários para alcance desse objetivo. Entende-se que essa conceituação de paisagem implica numa análise progressiva e mais profunda, ponderando que um grande obstáculo a se avançar é desmistificar nos alunos a ligação de meio ambiente somente a florestas, desmatamentos, queimadas e poluição dos rios, construindo uma percepção de preservação ambiental. A transformação da definição de paisagem de: “é tudo o que se vê”, para: “é um conjunto de formas que, num dado momento, exprime as heranças que representam as sucessivas relações localizadas entre homem e natureza” (Santos, 2002). Entende-se que partindo da estimulação de olhares críticos sobre a paisagem local e habitual, o ensino de geografia no tratar das questões ambientais do planeta pode desenvolver no campo atitudinal, um pensamento sustentável.

Identifying programs to reduce road trauma to A.C.T. motorcyclists

A broad range of motorcycle safety programs and systems exist in Australia and New Zealand. These vary from statewide licensing and training systems run by government licensing and transport agencies to safety programs run in small communities and by individual rider groups. While the effectiveness of licensing and training has been reviewed and recommendations for improvement have been developed (e.g. Haworth & Mulvihill, 2005), little is known about many smaller or innovative programs, and their potential to improve motorcycle safety in the ACT.

Automating human thought processes for a UAV forced landing

This paper describes the current status of a program to develop an automated forced landing system for a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This automated system seeks to emulate human pilot thought processes when planning for and conducting an engine-off emergency landing. Firstly, a path planning algorithm that extends Dubins curves to 3D space is presented. This planning element is then combined with a nonlinear guidance and control logic, and simulated test results demonstrate the robustness of this approach to strong winds during a glided descent. The average path deviation errors incurred are comparable to or even better than that of manned, powered aircraft. Secondly, a study into suitable multi-criteria decision making approaches and the problems that confront the decision-maker is presented. From this study, it is believed that decision processes that utilize human expert knowledge and fuzzy logic reasoning are most suited to the problem at hand, and further investigations will be conducted to identify the particular technique/s to be implemented in simulations and field tests. The automated UAV forced landing approach presented in this paper is promising, and will allow the progression of this technology from the development and simulation stages through to a prototype system

Guided chaos : path planning and control for a UAV-forced landing

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in combat, and their potential applications in civil and commercial roles are also receiving considerable attention by industry and the research community. There are numerous published reports of UAVs used in Earth science missions [1], fire-fighting [2], and border security [3] trials, with other speculative deployments, including applications in agriculture, communications, and traffic monitoring. However, none of these UAVs can demonstrate an equivalent level of safety to manned aircraft, particularly in the case of an engine failure, which would require an emergency or forced landing. This may be arguably the main factor that has prevented these UAV trials from becoming full-scale commercial operations, as well as restricted operations of civilian UAVs to only within segregated airspace.

Active flow control bump design using hybrid Nash-game coupled to evolutionary algorithms

In this paper, the optimal design of an active flow control device; Shock Control Bump (SCB) on suction and pressure sides of transonic aerofoil to reduce transonic total drag is investigated. Two optimisation test cases are conducted using different advanced Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs); the first optimiser is the Hierarchical Asynchronous Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm (HAPMOEA) based on canonical Evolutionary Strategies (ES). The second optimiser is the HAPMOEA is hybridised with one of well-known Game Strategies; Nash-Game. Numerical results show that SCB significantly reduces the drag by 30% when compared to the baseline design. In addition, the use of a Nash-Game strategy as a pre-conditioner of global control saves computational cost up to 90% when compared to the first optimiser HAPMOEA.

Impacts of periodic tillage on soil C stocks : a synthesis

Long-term loss of soil C stocks under conventional tillage and accrual of soil C following adoption of no-tillage have been well documented. No-tillage use is spreading, but it is common to occasionally till within a no-till regime or to regularly alternate between till and no-till practices within a rotation of different crops. Short-term studies indicate that substantial amounts of C can be lost from the soil immediately following a tillage event, but there are few field studies that have investigated the impact of infrequent tillage on soil C stocks. How much of the C sequestered under no-tillage is likely to be lost if the soil is tilled? What are the longer-term impacts of continued infrequent no-tillage? If producers are to be compensated for sequestering C in soil following adoption of conservation tillage practices, the impacts of infrequent tillage need to be quantified. A few studies have examined the short-term impacts of tillage on soil C and several have investigated the impacts of adoption of continuous no-tillage. We present: (1) results from a modeling study carried out to address these questions more broadly than the published literature allows, (2) a review of the literature examining the short-term impacts of tillage on soil C, (3) a review of published studies on the physical impacts of tillage and (4) a synthesis of these components to assess how infrequent tillage impacts soil C stocks and how changes in tillage frequency could impact soil C stocks and C sequestration. Results indicate that soil C declines significantly following even one tillage event (1-11 % of soil C lost). Longer-term losses increase as frequency of tillage increases. Model analyses indicate that cultivating and ripping are less disruptive than moldboard plowing, and soil C for those treatments average just 6% less than continuous NT compared to 27% less for CT. Most (80%) of the soil C gains of NT can be realized with NT coupled with biannual cultivating or ripping. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.