Doenças de soja: diagnose, epidemiologia e controle.

Página modelo; Simbologia empregada; Doenças causadas por fungos; Míldio da soja (Peronospora manshurica); Oídio da soja (Microsphaera diffusa); Ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi); Mancha parda da folha (Septoria glycines); Mancha alvo (Corynespora cassiicola); Mancha olho-de-rã (Cercospora sojina); Mancha púrpura (Cercospora kikuchi); Seca da haste e da vagem (Phomopsis spp.); Antracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum); Cancro da haste (Phomopsis phaseoli f. sp. meridionalis); Podridão parda da haste (Phialophora gregata); Podridão vermelha da raiz (Fusarium solani); Mofo branco da haste (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum); Murcha de esclerotium (Sclerotium rolfsii); Podridão da raiz e da haste (Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea); Mela da folha (Rhizoctonia solani); Tombamento (Rhizoctonia solani); Morte em reboleira (Rhizoctonia solani); Roseliniose (Dematophora necatrix); Podridão negra da raiz (Macrophomina phaseolina); Doenças causadas por nematóides; Nematóide de cisto (Heterodera glycines); Nematóide de galha (Meloidogyne incognita); Doenças causadas por vírus; Mosaico comum da soja; Queima do broto; Doenças causadas por bactérias; Pústula bacteriana (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines); Fogo selvagem (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci); Crestamento bacteriano (Pseudomonas savastonoi pv. glycinea); Microorganismos que frequentemente causam a morte das sementes a campo; Aspergillus spp.; Penicillium spp.; Bacillus subtilis; Créditos fotográficos; Estádios vegetativos da planta de soja; Estádios reprodutivos da planta de soja.

Doenças de soja: diagnose, epidemiologia e controle.

Mildio da soja (Peronospera manshurica); Oidio da soja (Microsphaera diffusa); Mancha parda da folha (Septoria glycines); Mancha alvo (Corynespora cassiicola); Mancha de alternaria (Alternaria spp.); Mancha olho-de-rã (Cercospora sojina); Mancha purpura (Cercospora kikuchii); Seca da haste e da vagem (Phomopsis spp.); Antracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum); Cancro da haste (Phomopsis phaseoli f. sp. meridionalis); Podridão parda da haste (Phialophora gregata); Podridão vermelha da raiz (Fusarium solani); Mofo branco da haste (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum); Murcha de esclerotium (Sclerotium rolfsii); Podridão da raiz e da haste (Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea); Mela da folha (Rhizoctonia solani); Tombamento (Rhizoctonia solani); Morte em reboleira (Rhizoctonia solani); Roseliniose (Dematophora necatrix); Podridão negra da raiz (Macrophomina phaseolina); Nematoide de cisto (Heterodera glycines); Nematoide de galha (Meloidogyne incognita); Mosaico comum da soja; Queima do broto; Pustula bacteriana (Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines); Fogo selvagem (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci); Crestamento bacteriano (Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea); Aspergillus spp.; Penicillium spp.; Bacillus subtilis; Créditos fotográficos; Estádios vegetativos da planta de soja; Estádios produtivos da planta de soja.

Les tribulations parisiennes de l’officier écrivain : l’oeuvre autobiographique de Yasmina Khadra et son accueil en France

This article describes Yasmina Khadra’s autobiographical work composed of two books: "L’écrivain" and "L’imposture des mots" and its reception in France. The main purpose of this study was to establish the literary genre of these books, which implies determining whether Khandra’s work represents an autobiography or an autofiction with reference to P. Lejeune’s and V. Colonna’s theoretical studies. The dividing line between two genres in Khandra’s works refl ects his inner split between being either a solder or a writer. The presentation will also help to understand the controversy resulting from Khandra’s participation in Algerian civil war. Moreover the analysis is related to modern Algerian history.

Cesteria en esparto Cerinza Boyaca : II etapa de producción.

30 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.

Tejeduría en telar vertical en lana virgen Quizgó y Pitayó, Cauca.

42 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.

Capacitación en tendencias de diseño y de mercado.

102 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías.

Teaching Crossroads: 11th IPB Erasmus Week

In the wake of the latest news regarding IPB’s award for best Polytechnic Institute in Portugal, we would like to congratulate the IPB community who has always striven for the quality of the institution within the national and international academic milieu. We are, undoubtedly, bowled over by the 1st place in the national context (out of the 27 national institutions under evaluation) and the 7th position in the international scope. In fact, it is worth mentioning that the IPB has won this award, three years in a row, being in a leading position in the ranking promoted and sponsored by the European Union. This year’s edition has selected and evaluated over 1300 world higher education institutions. Teaching Crossroads intends thus to give a watershed contribution to the IPB’s successful and most valued pathway. Numbers indicate that Teaching Crossroads has had over 2550 downloads since it first came out. But let’s cut to the chase. Once again, we are delighted to present the 5th number of Teaching Crossroads. This wholly calculated and well-sustained editorial adventure started in 2012 when the first number of Teaching Crossroads first saw the light. This year’s publication includes the areas of Human Geography/anthropology, Information Technology and Forensics and Language and culture, focusing on minority languages. Alongside this, as in the two last previous numbers, we’ve included the specific area for International mobility, Intensive Programmes and Erasmus+ Mobility of Individuals, being the latter financed by the European Union within the Erasmus+ Programme, whereas the former is sponsored uniquely by the foreign partner institution, in this case, Lillebaelt Academy in Denmark. These types of programmes convey very positive and overarching ideas, resonant in cross-cultural and educational benefits, valuable for all the involved partners. We would very kindheartedly like to thank the authors for having contributed with much enlightening and serious articles on a wide array of areas. Pablo M. Orduna Pórtus’s article focuses on border culture and heritage management. The author’s study is placed on two borderlands of the Iberian Peninsula: Roncal Valley (Navarre) and Riverbanks of Douro. Going beyond the linear or physical conception of the border, the author centres his study on the metaphysical and symbolic ideas of the frontier that sustain his anthropological analysis. Michal Popdora manages to find evidence for his proposal of a new conception of teaching Image Processing, based on the student-centered approach. A hands-on experience on a Project-based Learning methodology sustains the teaching project. Grounded on “a forensic-flavored style”, using the author’s own words, he shows how students can become engaged in a highly effective learning process. Cláudia Martins is already a confirmed habitué of this publication, as in every Erasmus Week she delivers a lecture on Portuguese language and culture to visiting teaching and non-teaching staff. This time, the author decided to delve into a Portugal’s official language, Mirandese, spoken in a small designated area in the northeastern part of Portugal, Miranda do Douro and its surrounding area. The author gives account of some thought-provoking facts about the language, from the origin and the survival of the language, however still a minority language, up to the moment when it was acknowledged Portugal’s second official language, together with the challenges that nowadays faces. Luís Frölen Ribeiro, João Eduardo Ribeiro, Carlos Casimiro Costa, António Duarte, Carlos Andrade from the Polytechnic Institute and Arne Svinth, John Madsen, Morten Thomsen, Kent Smidstrup, Carsten John Jacobsen from the Lillebaelt Academy, in Denmark, participate in a joint project which they describe, outlining the main goals and gains of the project. To overcome teaching difficulties regarding the engineering degrees, a 12-ECTS joint course from Lillebaelt Academy and Polytechnic Institute of Bragança was created based on the Danish model. The course Product Development and Industrial Processing was hence created. Rui Pedro Lopes presents an insightful and acute account of the Internationalization programmes in Higher Education in Europe. At one go, the author describes his own experience as a visiting lecturer, within the Erasmus+ programme, to Università Politecnica delle Marche in Ancona, Italy, in a Master’s degree in computer science, bringing to light a personal reflection on the goals and benefits of the mobility for both students and teachers. Finally, the author puts forth some suggestions that would improve the whole mobility process. We sincerely hope to have stimulated you to keep on reading, upholding the belief that these texts can represent valuable sources for both teachers and students in their research work.

Monte Carlo Analysis and Physics Characterization of a Novel Nanoparticle Detector for Medical and Micro-dosimetry Applications

The outcomes for both (i) radiation therapy and (ii) preclinical small animal radio- biology studies are dependent on the delivery of a known quantity of radiation to a specific and intentional location. Adverse effects can result from these procedures if the dose to the target is too high or low, and can also result from an incorrect spatial distribution in which nearby normal healthy tissue can be undesirably damaged by poor radiation delivery techniques. Thus, in mice and humans alike, the spatial dose distributions from radiation sources should be well characterized in terms of the absolute dose quantity, and with pin-point accuracy. When dealing with the steep spatial dose gradients consequential to either (i) high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy or (ii) within the small organs and tissue inhomogeneities of mice, obtaining accurate and highly precise dose results can be very challenging, considering commercially available radiation detection tools, such as ion chambers, are often too large for in-vivo use.

In this dissertation two tools are developed and applied for both clinical and preclinical radiation measurement. The first tool is a novel radiation detector for acquiring physical measurements, fabricated from an inorganic nano-crystalline scintillator that has been fixed on an optical fiber terminus. This dosimeter allows for the measurement of point doses to sub-millimeter resolution, and has the ability to be placed in-vivo in humans and small animals. Real-time data is displayed to the user to provide instant quality assurance and dose-rate information. The second tool utilizes an open source Monte Carlo particle transport code, and was applied for small animal dosimetry studies to calculate organ doses and recommend new techniques of dose prescription in mice, as well as to characterize dose to the murine bone marrow compartment with micron-scale resolution.

Hardware design changes were implemented to reduce the overall fiber diameter to <0.9 mm for the nano-crystalline scintillator based fiber optic detector (NanoFOD) system. Lower limits of device sensitivity were found to be approximately 0.05 cGy/s. Herein, this detector was demonstrated to perform quality assurance of clinical 192Ir HDR brachytherapy procedures, providing comparable dose measurements as thermo-luminescent dosimeters and accuracy within 20% of the treatment planning software (TPS) for 27 treatments conducted, with an inter-quartile range ratio to the TPS dose value of (1.02-0.94=0.08). After removing contaminant signals (Cerenkov and diode background), calibration of the detector enabled accurate dose measurements for vaginal applicator brachytherapy procedures. For 192Ir use, energy response changed by a factor of 2.25 over the SDD values of 3 to 9 cm; however a cap made of 0.2 mm thickness silver reduced energy dependence to a factor of 1.25 over the same SDD range, but had the consequence of reducing overall sensitivity by 33%.

For preclinical measurements, dose accuracy of the NanoFOD was within 1.3% of MOSFET measured dose values in a cylindrical mouse phantom at 225 kV for x-ray irradiation at angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270˝. The NanoFOD exhibited small changes in angular sensitivity, with a coefficient of variation (COV) of 3.6% at 120 kV and 1% at 225 kV. When the NanoFOD was placed alongside a MOSFET in the liver of a sacrificed mouse and treatment was delivered at 225 kV with 0.3 mm Cu filter, the dose difference was only 1.09% with use of the 4x4 cm collimator, and -0.03% with no collimation. Additionally, the NanoFOD utilized a scintillator of 11 µm thickness to measure small x-ray fields for microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) applications, and achieved 2.7% dose accuracy of the microbeam peak in comparison to radiochromic film. Modest differences between the full-width at half maximum measured lateral dimension of the MRT system were observed between the NanoFOD (420 µm) and radiochromic film (320 µm), but these differences have been explained mostly as an artifact due to the geometry used and volumetric effects in the scintillator material. Characterization of the energy dependence for the yttrium-oxide based scintillator material was performed in the range of 40-320 kV (2 mm Al filtration), and the maximum device sensitivity was achieved at 100 kV. Tissue maximum ratio data measurements were carried out on a small animal x-ray irradiator system at 320 kV and demonstrated an average difference of 0.9% as compared to a MOSFET dosimeter in the range of 2.5 to 33 cm depth in tissue equivalent plastic blocks. Irradiation of the NanoFOD fiber and scintillator material on a 137Cs gamma irradiator to 1600 Gy did not produce any measurable change in light output, suggesting that the NanoFOD system may be re-used without the need for replacement or recalibration over its lifetime.

For small animal irradiator systems, researchers can deliver a given dose to a target organ by controlling exposure time. Currently, researchers calculate this exposure time by dividing the total dose that they wish to deliver by a single provided dose rate value. This method is independent of the target organ. Studies conducted here used Monte Carlo particle transport codes to justify a new method of dose prescription in mice, that considers organ specific doses. Monte Carlo simulations were performed in the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) toolkit using a MOBY mouse whole-body phantom. The non-homogeneous phantom was comprised of 256x256x800 voxels of size 0.145x0.145x0.145 mm3. Differences of up to 20-30% in dose to soft-tissue target organs was demonstrated, and methods for alleviating these errors were suggested during whole body radiation of mice by utilizing organ specific and x-ray tube filter specific dose rates for all irradiations.

Monte Carlo analysis was used on 1 µm resolution CT images of a mouse femur and a mouse vertebra to calculate the dose gradients within the bone marrow (BM) compartment of mice based on different radiation beam qualities relevant to x-ray and isotope type irradiators. Results and findings indicated that soft x-ray beams (160 kV at 0.62 mm Cu HVL and 320 kV at 1 mm Cu HVL) lead to substantially higher dose to BM within close proximity to mineral bone (within about 60 µm) as compared to hard x-ray beams (320 kV at 4 mm Cu HVL) and isotope based gamma irradiators (137Cs). The average dose increases to the BM in the vertebra for these four aforementioned radiation beam qualities were found to be 31%, 17%, 8%, and 1%, respectively. Both in-vitro and in-vivo experimental studies confirmed these simulation results, demonstrating that the 320 kV, 1 mm Cu HVL beam caused statistically significant increased killing to the BM cells at 6 Gy dose levels in comparison to both the 320 kV, 4 mm Cu HVL and the 662 keV, 137Cs beams.

Estudio de las restricciones al diseño e implementación de proyectos de mecanismo de desarrollo limpio forestales en la Argentina

El cambio climático constituye un problema serio que afecta a toda la humanidad. En virtud de ello, surge el Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas como el mecanismo para coordinar los esfuerzos multilaterales para hacer frente a dicha problemática. Este acuerdo compromete legalmente a los países desarrollados a reducir sus emisiones en un nivel no menor a 5 por ciento en relación a los niveles de 1990 hasta finales de 2012. Además, esta meta de reducción puede ser apoyada por los países en vías de desarrollo, a través del mecanismo de desarrollo limpio (MDL) que incluye los proyectos de forestación y reforestación. Estos proyectos se consideraron por su notable importancia en la regulación climática; pero su evolución se ha visto condicionada por una serie de factores. En este contexto, la presente investigación da una visión de las restricciones al diseño e implementación de proyectos de mecanismo de desarrollo limpio forestales en la Argentina. Con este fin, se recaba información a partir de la investigación bibliográfica, la entrevista y la aplicación de encuestas para realizar el análisis pertinente bajo la perspectiva de la nueva economía institucional. Consecuentemente, se establece que el escaso crecimiento del sector forestal se debe a la convergencia de diversas restricciones institucionales, organizacionales y tecnológicas. Estas barreras incluyen: la demanda restringida de créditos forestales por parte del esquema de comercio de emisiones de la Unión Europea, elevada incertidumbre institucional relacionada con la continuidad del Protocolo de Kyoto, altos costos de transacción, dificultades técnicas con la aplicación de las metodologías y problemas de financiamiento.

Estrategias y coordinación en el subsistema de agronegocios de cacao orgánico en la región de San Martín : el caso ACOPAGRO

Actualmente grandes cambios en las cadenas agroalimentarias causadas por los consumidores, han generado el desarrollo de productos diferenciados, que en su mayoría son producidos por pequeños productores, tal es el caso del cacao orgánico. Durante los últimos años el Perú se ha consolidado como un importante exportador de cacao fino, aromático y orgánico, siendo San Martín una de las principales regiones productoras. Este subsistema de agronegocios, presentaba serias perturbaciones, tales como, inacceso a créditos para productores, inexistencia de alianzas estratégicas, y una baja coordinación entre los actores del sistema, así mismo la existencia de intermediarios que generaban gran oportunismo e incertidumbre por el precio del cacao que percibían los productores; todo ello ocasionaba elevados costos en las transacciones. Es en este contexto que se crea la Cooperativa Agraria Cacaotera ACOPAGRO, que se ha desempeñado de manera exitosa en los últimos años, siendo líder en la exportación de cacao orgánico. De aquí parte el objetivo de esta investigación, la cual es conocer las nuevas estrategias y formas de coordinación en agronegocios, utilizando el caso ACOPAGRO. La metodología utilizada fue la epistemología fenomenológica a través de un estudio de caso. Sustentada teóricamente en la Nueva Economía Institucional aplicada a los Negocios Agroalimentarios, fundamentalmente la economía de los costos de transacción. Los resultados obtenidos definen a ACOPAGRO como subsistema estrictamente coordinado, producto de la acción colectiva, con objeto de abastecer al mercado internacional exigente. Pues esta cooperativa se ha desarrollado eficientemente, adaptándose a las distintas perturbaciones y oportunidades de mercado; estratégicamente con una innovación en su diseño organizacional que permitió implementar tecnología, crear incentivos y poder adecuar controles. Además de convertirse en el coordinador del subsistema, ACOPAGRO optó en nuevas formas de gobernancia en sus transacciones, alineándolas de tal forma que permitan salvaguardar los activos específicos invertidos por los productores y reducir la incertidumbre, bajando así los costos de transacción.

Estudio de las restricciones al diseño e implementación de proyectos de mecanismo de desarrollo limpio forestales en la Argentina

El cambio climático constituye un problema serio que afecta a toda la humanidad. En virtud de ello, surge el Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas como el mecanismo para coordinar los esfuerzos multilaterales para hacer frente a dicha problemática. Este acuerdo compromete legalmente a los países desarrollados a reducir sus emisiones en un nivel no menor a 5 por ciento en relación a los niveles de 1990 hasta finales de 2012. Además, esta meta de reducción puede ser apoyada por los países en vías de desarrollo, a través del mecanismo de desarrollo limpio (MDL)que incluye los proyectos de forestación y reforestación. Estos proyectos se consideraron por su notable importancia en la regulación climática; pero su evolución se ha visto condicionada por una serie de factores. En este contexto, la presente investigación da una visión de las restricciones al diseño e implementación de proyectos de mecanismo de desarrollo limpio forestales en la Argentina. Con este fin, se recaba información a partir de la investigación bibliográfica, la entrevista y la aplicación de encuestas para realizar el análisis pertinente bajo la perspectiva de la nueva economía institucional. Consecuentemente, se establece que el escaso crecimiento del sector forestal se debe a la convergencia de diversas restricciones institucionales, organizacionales y tecnológicas. Estas barreras incluyen: la demanda restringida de créditos forestales por parte del esquema de comercio de emisiones de la Unión Europea, elevada incertidumbre institucional relacionada con la continuidad del Protocolo de Kyoto, altos costos de transacción, dificultades técnicas con la aplicación de las metodologías y problemas de financiamiento.

Las hipotecas y la tasa anual equivalente

La mayor parte de nosotros hacemos uso de los créditos que nos ofrecen las entidades financieras para la adquisición de distintos bienes, sobre todo la vivienda. En este artículo pretendemos mostrar las matemáticas que se encuentran debajo de estas operaciones financieras, evitando en lo posible el lenguaje financiero. También introducimos el concepto de la Tasa Anual Equivalente (TAE) que nos sirve para comparar los distintos créditos, así como un programa para DERIVE que nos permite calcularla en distintas situaciones.

Explaining binge drinking among adolescent males using the Theory of Planned Behaviour

Binge drinking among adolescents in Northern Ireland is prevalent and has detrimental eff ects on public health. Health education interventions, based on valid explanatory models of health behaviour, are required to reduce binge drinking behaviour among adolescents. " is paper examines the utility of the " eory of Planned Behaviour in explaining binge drinking behaviour among adolescent males. Using questionnaire responses from 94 adolescent boys attending secondary schools in the Belfast area, logistic regression modelling suggested that the " eory of Planned Behaviour explained 36% of the variance in self-reported binge drinking behaviour. Attitudes towards binge drinking were the strongest predictor of binge drinking behaviour. Tackling attitudes about binge drinking is a challenge to be considered when designing interventions to reduce binge drinking among this population

Limitations of instantaneous water quality sampling in surface-water catchments: Comparison with near-continuous phosphorus time-series data.

The validity of load estimates from intermittent, instantaneous grab sampling is dependent on adequate spatial coverage by monitoring networks and a sampling frequency that re?ects the variability in the system under study. Catchments with a ?ashy hydrology due to surface runoff pose a particular challenge as intense short duration rainfall events may account for a signi?cant portion of the total diffuse transfer of pollution from soil to water in any hydrological year. This can also be exacerbated by the presence of strong background pollution signals from point sources during low flows. In this paper, a range of sampling methodologies and load estimation techniques are applied to phosphorus data from such a surface water dominated river system, instrumented at three sub-catchments (ranging from 3 to 5 km2 in area) with near-continuous monitoring stations. Systematic and Monte Carlo approaches were applied to simulate grab sampling using multiple strategies and to calculate an estimated load, Le based on established load estimation methods. Comparison with the actual load, Lt, revealed signi?cant average underestimation, of up to 60%, and high variability for all feasible sampling approaches. Further analysis of the time series provides an insight into these observations; revealing peak frequencies and power-law scaling in the distributions of P concentration, discharge and load associated with surface runoff and background transfers. Results indicate that only near-continuous monitoring that re?ects the rapid temporal changes in these river systems is adequate for comparative monitoring and evaluation purposes. While the implications of this analysis may be more tenable to small scale ?ashy systems, this represents an appropriate scale in terms of evaluating catchment mitigation strategies such as agri-environmental policies for managing diffuse P transfers in complex landscapes.

The making of a void sovereignty: political implications of the military checkpoints in the West Bank

Research on the Israeli checkpoints in the West Bank has emphasized not only that these checkpoints have dire implications for the Palestinians living there, at the personal, familial, and communal levels, and devastating eff ects on the Palestinian economy, but also that they have far-reaching consequences for the ability of the Palestinians to establish an independent political entity. At the same time, analysis of the Israeli forms of domination over the Palestinians has also stressed the role of a Palestinian governing authority in sustaining the Israeli rule, since the former relieves the latter of its responsibility to care for the occupied Palestinian population. This paper aims to address this apparent contradiction claiming that a comprehensive analysis of Israeli forms of domination requires a spatial examination of the operation of sovereignty with an assessment of governmentalizing arrays. This combined analysis suggests that a Palestinian sovereignty, but one which is emptied of its actual ruling power, is construed at the checkpoints as an epiphenomenon of Israeli apparatuses of control. © 2013 Pion and its Licensors.