On the two classes of global primary modal instability in laminar separation bubbles

The self-excited global instability mechanisms existing in flat-plate laminar separation bubbles are studied here, in order to shed light on the causes of unsteadiness and three- dimensionality of unforced, nominally two-dimensional separated flows. The presence of two known linear global mechanisms, namely an oscillator behavior driven by local regions of absolute inflectional instability and a centrifugal instability giving rise to a steady three- dimensionalization of the bubble, is studied in a series of model separation bubbles. Present results indicate that absolute instability, and consequently a global oscillator behavior, does not exist for two-dimensional bubbles with a peak reversed-flow velocity below 12% of the free-stream velocity. However, the three-dimensional instability becomes active for recirculation levels as low as urev ≈ 7%. These findings suggest a route to the three-dimensionality and unsteadiness observed in experiments and simulations substantially different from that usually found in the literature, in which two-dimensional vortex shedding is followed by three-dimensionalization.

Microsatellite-centromere distances and microsatellite diversity in different ploidy classes of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus Chinensis)

This is the first report of microsatellite-centromere mapping in this commercial species Fenneropenaeus Chinensis, and will be important for providing fixed points in the linkage groups of genetic maps. Triploid Chinese shrimp was induced by heat shock. The fertilized eggs were treated either by retention of the first polar body or the second polar body to produce Meiosis I (MI) or Meiosis II (MII) triploid. The triploidy status in each Chinese shrimp could be confirmed by nine polymorphic microsatellite loci, in which the parents with different alleles and the female parents were each heterozygous. The nine loci were mapped in relation to their centromeres in three MII triploid families, which were induced by retention of the second polar bodies after fertilization with sperm. Microsatellite-centromere (M-C) distances ranged from 9.6 cM to 37 cM under the assumption of complete interference. Information on the positions of centromeres in relation to the microsatellite loci will represent a contribution towards assembly of genetic maps in F. chinensis. Twelve polymorphic microsatellites were used to assess the heterozygosity and allelic diversity in different ploidy classes. As expected, triploids were significantly more polymorphic than diploids. The diploids had an average heterozygosity and allelic diversity value of 0.86, whereas the triploids heterozygosity averaged 0.93 and had allelic diversity value of 1.29. However, MI triploids were not significantly more polymorphic than MII in the microsatellite loci.

Variability in radiocarbon ages of biochemical compound classes of high molecular weight dissolved organic matter in estuaries

High molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMW-DOM, > 1000 Da) represents a major fraction (> 30%) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the ocean and thus plays an important role in the global biogeochemical cycling of carbon and many other elements. Its organic sources and formation mechanisms, however, are still not well understood especially in estuarine and coastal regions where multiple natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to total HMW-DOM. In this paper we report our measurements of natural radiocarbon (C-14) abundances and stable carbon isotope (C-13) compositions of the major biochemical compound classes: amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids separated from eight HMW-DOM samples collected from five US estuaries as part of our on-going study of sources, distribution and transport of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in estuarine and coastal waters. Distinct differences in both C-14 and C-13 values were found among the bulk HMW-DOM samples as well as the individual compound classes. Radiocarbon ages of the major compound classes varied by as much as 27,000 years in a single sample. The calculated average radiocarbon ages of the compound fractions of HMW-DOM indicate that the total lipid fraction is very "old", while the acid-insoluble fraction is slightly younger. Total amino acid and carbohydrate fractions, however, have relatively modern apparent C-14 ages. The significant variability in C-14 ages among the compound classes indicates not only multiple organic carbon sources but also different formation and turnover pathways controlling the cycling of different biochemical components of HMW-DOM in estuarine and coastal waters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Caracterização dos solos e classes de terra para irrigação do Oeste da Bahia.

O trabalho identifica e estuda os solos do Oeste da Bahia, mais especificamente na área referente a de seis folhas do IBGE (Formosa do Rio Preto, Santa Rita de Cássia, Barreiras, Santana, São Domingos e Santa Maria da Vitória). O CD em anexo, contém os mapas: Levantamento Exploratório/Reconhecimento de Solos da Região Oeste da Bahia: legenda atualizada (Escala 1:1000.000); Classes de Terras para Irrigação: Região Oeste da Bahia (Escala 1:1000.000).

Queimadas na colheita da cana-de-açúcar: impactos ambientais, sociais e econômicos.

Atualmente a cultura da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil ocupa mais de oito milhões de hectares e faz do País o maior produtor mundial de cana e seus derivados. Nesse contexto, a região Centro-Sul responde por cerca de 90% da produção total. O Estado de São Paulo, maior produtor, vem buscando viabilizar a sustentabilidade desse agronegócio por meio de um protocolo de intenções, regido por lei, em que a prática da queima da palha da cana deve ser gradativamente reduzida até sua completa eliminação. A completa adoção da colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar possibilitará maior ganho ambiental e resultará em menor emissão de poluentes atmosféricos e gases de efeito estufa, na melhoria da qualidade do solo, entre tantos outros ganhos. Ao deixar de queimar a palha da cana e fazer a colheita mecanicamente, as usinas e os produtores rurais conseguem reduzir os custos de produção e eliminar os encargos trabalhistas. O setor sucroalcooleiro é responsável por gerar grande número de empregos diretos e indiretos, e a proibição da queima da cana-de-açúcar como método de despalha acelera a mecanização da colheita e produz impactos negativos sobre o número de empregados da lavoura canavieira. Embora sejam criados empregos na indústria do açúcar e do álcool, há redução da força de trabalho na área agrícola. A ausência das queimadas traz benefícios à saúde e ao meio ambiente e produz ganhos econômicos para todo o setor. Entretanto, trará sérias consequências empregatícias para a mão de obra rural nos canaviais. Este estudo busca apresentar os impactos ambientais, sociais e econômicos da queima e da sua substituição pela colheita mecânica no agronegócio da cana-de-açúcar.

Linear Object Classes and Image Synthesis from a Single Example Image

The need to generate new views of a 3D object from a single real image arises in several fields, including graphics and object recognition. While the traditional approach relies on the use of 3D models, we have recently introduced techniques that are applicable under restricted conditions but simpler. The approach exploits image transformations that are specific to the relevant object class and learnable from example views of other "prototypical" objects of the same class. In this paper, we introduce such a new technique by extending the notion of linear class first proposed by Poggio and Vetter. For linear object classes it is shown that linear transformations can be learned exactly from a basis set of 2D prototypical views. We demonstrate the approach on artificial objects and then show preliminary evidence that the technique can effectively "rotate" high- resolution face images from a single 2D view.

Avaliação dos impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais da cultivar de milho BR 201 na safra 2005/2006.

2007

Avaliação dos impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais da cultivar de sorgo granífero BR 304 na safra 2005/2006.

2007

Learning Classes Correlated to a Hierarchy

Trees are a common way of organizing large amounts of information by placing items with similar characteristics near one another in the tree. We introduce a classification problem where a given tree structure gives us information on the best way to label nearby elements. We suggest there are many practical problems that fall under this domain. We propose a way to map the classification problem onto a standard Bayesian inference problem. We also give a fast, specialized inference algorithm that incrementally updates relevant probabilities. We apply this algorithm to web-classification problems and show that our algorithm empirically works well.

Mapeamento digital de classes e atributos de solos: métodos, paradigmas e novas técnicas.

Panorama geral sobre os métodos de mapeamento de solos e/ou de suas propriedades, assim como sobre as principais técnicas quantitativas usadas.