Integration of Satellite and Financial Data to Model Future Economic Impact of Citrus Crops (Final Project Report)

This study analyzed the health and overall landcover of citrus crops in Florida. The analysis was completed using Landsat satellite imagery available free of charge from the University of Maryland Global Landcover Change Facility. The project hypothesized that combining citrus production (economic) data with citrus area per county derived from spectral signatures would yield correlations between observable spectral reflectance throughout the year, and the fiscal impact of citrus on local economies. A positive correlation between these two data types would allow us to predict the economic impact of citrus using spectral data analysis to determine final crop harvests.

Process inventory and pollution prevention overview for the citrus industry

Florida citrus represents approximately 70 percent of the industry production in the United States; therefore, any associated agricultural and industrial contamination is of concern and a focus of attention. The use of synthetic organic chemicals has become a farmer's necessity in order to supply consumers with high quality products, free of pest damage. However, industrial citrus wastes and chemical residual levels worry not only government agencies but also consumers since they indicate a serious habitat risk. This study assesses citrus industrial processes and the paths that chemical substances follow from the time the citrus seed is planted until consumers get a final product as either fresh fruit or processed product. The study is built on information from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) manuals, Dade County Environmental Resources Management (DERM) inspection records, United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) regulations, Florida standards, journal publications, and research reports. Pollution prevention (P2 or prevention-of-pollution) alternatives are identified; alternatives are proposed, evaluated, and included. Strategies are described and pollution prevention opportunities proposed to minimize citrus wastes generation, chemical residuals in products, their environmental impact and health risk aspects while maximizing product quality.

Caracterização de um homólogo de HINT1 em cana-de-açúcar encontrado em bibliotecas subtrativas de CDNA para floração

The sugarcane is a monocot plant grown in tropical and subtropical regions, with Brazil being the largest producer. Despite its economic importance, little is known about the molecular flowering process in sugarcane. This physiological process can promote a loss up to 60% in sugar or bioethanol. Thus, this work had as objective characterize a HINT1 homologous gene previously identified in subtractive libraries of flowering. Genomic analysis of gene and promoter region structure allowed the observation that there are at least two distinct genes homologous to HINT on sugarcane. Bioinformatics analyses showed the conservation of the characteristic protein domain of HIT superfamily and indicate a phylogenetic relationship associated to cell location. Moreover, a possible relation with the SBTILISIN-like protein family through the information available in interatomas was observed. This suggests that the HINT gene of sugarcane can be related to plant development, there are several possibilities of interactions in the regulation of floral induction process, because the sequences present in regulatory regions indicate that differential expression of HINT was related to with climatic factors in the Northeast region of Brazil as well as to biotic stress and phytohormones. Furthermore, the sugarcane phenotypes indicate that the influence of HINT may happen due to product accumulation of its enzymatic activity. For these characteristics this gene can be used as a marker in the selection of new varieties.

Soil water dynamics and availability for citrus and peanut along a hillslope at the Sunjia Red Soil Critical Zone Observatory (CZO)

Acknowledgments This work was granted by the China-UK jointed Red Soil Critical Zone project from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC: 41571130053; 41301233) and from Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC: Code: NE/N007611/1), and by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2011BAD31B04). We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

Evaluación de trampas y atrayentes para el manejo de la mosca del mediterráneo (Ceratitis capitata Wied) con enfoque agroecológico, en el cultivo de mandarina (Citrus reticulata Blanco), la finca El Piñalito, San Marcos, Carazo

Considerando la importancia que representa la producción citrícola nicaragüense, se desarrolló el presente estudio en la finca El Piñalito, municipio de San Marcos, departamento de Carazo, durante el período de octubre 2012 a enero del 2013. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue generar información para el manejo de la mosca del mediterráneo (Ceratitis capitata Wied) en el cultivo de mandarina (Citrus reticulata Blanco) con un enfoque agroecológico. Se emplearon trampas Jackson, Tephritrap y Multilure. Los atrayentes fueron Trimedlure, Ceratrap y Torula. Se evaluó número de adultos capturados, porcentaje de machos y hembras capturados y la utilidad neta, mediante un análisis de presupues.to parcial y dominancia. Se relacionaron variables climáticas con las capturas. A los resultados se les aplicó estadísticos descriptivos, correlación, análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas y análisis de correspondencia. La trampa Tephritrap cebadas con Ceratrap capturó el mayor número de hembras y las trampas Jackson la mayor cantidad de machos. La temperatura estuvo altamente relacionada con los adultos capturados. El análisis económico determinó que los tratamientos pueden ser recomendados para el control de la mosca del mediterráneo, mediante la implementación de trampas cebadas; siendo la trampa Multilure cebada con Torula, la que resultó ser el tratamiento dominante.

Efecto de dos técnicas físicas de captación de agua sobre el establecimiento de las especies Mangifera indica L, Citrus sinensis y Coco nucifera L, en la microcuenca Las Marías, municipio de Télica. León (2007 al 2008)

En la investigación realizada en la micro cuenca Las Marías se propuso conocer el efecto de dos técnicas físicas de captación de agua sobre el establecimiento de las especies Mangifera indica L, Citrus sinensis y Coco nucifera L. Para desarrollar el proceso de recolección de información se establecieron diseños experimentales de Bloques Completos Aleatorizados, con dos repeticiones (finca Montoya parte baja y finca Miguel parte media), dentro de cada ensayo experimental se establecieron técnicas de captación de agua (cáseo y bordes) y un testigo. En cada finca se establecieron de forma azarizada 36 plántulas de Mangifera indica L, Citrus sinensis y Coco nucifera L (12 de cada especie). A cada especie se monitorearon variables de sobrevivencias, crecimiento en diámetro y altura y humedad de suelo. De igual forma se realizaron muestreos de suelo para conocer el porcentaje de humedad, infiltración y calidad física y química. El periodo de evaluación consistió de Junio 2007 a Enero 2008. Al finalizar la investigación se encontró que la especie Coco nucifera fue la que obtuvo mayor sobrevivencia (100 %), con un incremento corriente mensual (ICM) en diámetro (0.33 cm) y altura (7.73 cm), en comparación con las especies Mangifera indica y Citrus sinencis. El ICM en diámetro y altura fue similar en los tratamientos (cáseo y bordes) y el testigo (no se encontró diferencias significativa). En el tratamiento cáseo fue donde se encontró el mayor porcentaje de humedad del suelo (22.25 %) en comparación con el tratamiento bordes y el testigo. Se encontró una correlación positiva en la finca Miguel entre los porcentajes de humedad del suelo y el ICM en diámetro y altura de las especies frutales, lo cual podría estar relacionado a la calidad física y química de los suelos.

Impact of different solvents on the recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties from lemon (Citrus limon L.) pomace waste

The effects of different solvents on the recovery of (i) extractable solids (ES), (ii) total phenolic compounds (TPC), (iii) total flavonoid content (TFC), (iv) vitamin C, and (v) antioxidant activity from lemon pomace waste were investigated. The results revealed that solvents significantly affected the recovery of ES, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant properties. Absolute methanol and 50% acetone resulted in the highest extraction yields of TPC, whereas absolute methanol resulted in the highest extraction of TFC, and water had the highest recovery of vitamin C. 50% ethanol, and 50% acetone had higher extraction yields for TPC, and TFC, as well as higher antioxidant activity compared with their absolute solvents and water. TPC and TFC were shown to be the major components contributing to the antioxidant activity of lemon pomace.

Effect of citrus peel chemicals on Bactrocera tryonilarval survival

Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major horticultural insect pest in Australia which significantly limits domestic and international market access for Australian horticultural produce. Citrus is one of the industries seriously affected by the fruit fly problem in Australia. This research investigated the effect of citrus peel essential oil chemicals on B. tryoni larval survival in five different commercially important Citrus species and cultivars as a way of better understanding fruit susceptibility. The fruits used were Murcott Mandarin, Navel orange, Eureka lemon, Valencia orange and yellow grapefruit. The essential oils of each citrus type were extracted using hydrodistillation and then mixed, at different concentrations, with artificial larval diets to which B. tryoni eggs were added. Surviving larvae were counted after five trial days. The same process was repeated for six essential oil components. Regression analysis of increasing oil concentration against larval survival showed that the crude oil blends of Navel orange, Eureka lemon and yellow grapefruit had significant negative effects on B. tryoni larval survival, but no such effects were seen for Murcott Mandarin and Valencia orange. Of the individual essential oil fractions, only D-limonene had a significant effect on B. tryoni larval survival, with this chemical being highly toxic at very low concentrations. The results of this study open up opportunities for incorporating B. tryoni resistance mechanisms into citrus through minor peel property changes which would not impact on the eating attributes of the fruit.

Caracterização funcional de dois cDNAs homólogos à ciclofilina e à proteína reprimida por auxina (ARP) identificados em bibliotecas subtrativas a para floração em tomateiro

Flowering is a fundamental process in the life cycle for plant. This process is marked by vegetative to reproductive apical meristem conversion, due to interactions between several factors, both internal and external to plant. Therefore, eight subtractive libraries were constructed using apical meristem induced or not induced for two contrasting species: Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom and Solanum pimpinellifolium. Several cDNAs were identified and among these, were selected two cDNAs: one homologous cDNA to cyclophilin (LeCYP1) and the other to Auxin repressed protein (ARP). It has observed that LeCYP1 and ARP genes are important in the developmental process to plants. In silico analysis, were used several databases with the exclusion criterion E-value <1.0x10-15. As a result, conservation was observed for proteins analyzed by means of multiple alignments and the presence of functional domains. Then, overexpression cassettes were constructed for the ARP cDNA in sense and antisense orientations. For this step, it was used the CaMV35S promoter. The cDNA orientation (sense or antisense) in relation to the promoter was determined by restriction enzymes and sequencing. Then, this cassette was transferred to binary vector pZP211 and these cassettes were transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom (MT) and MT-Rg1 plants were transformed. In addition, seedlings were subjected to hormone treatments using a synthetic auxin (- naphthalene acetic acid) and cyclosporin A (cyclophilin inhibitor) treatments and it was found that the hormone treatment there were changes in development of lateral roots pattern, probably related to decreases in auxin signaling caused by reduction of LeCYP1 in MT-dgt plants while cyclosporin A treatments, there was a slight delay in flowering in cv. MT plants. Furthermore, assay with real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) were done for expression level analysis from LeCYP1 and ARP in order to functionally characterize these sequences in tomato plants.

Actividad anti-giardia in vitro de los compuestos de foeniculum vulgare y citrus aurantifolia

Giardia lamblia es un protozoario parásito que habita el intestino delgado de humanos y otros vertebrados además de ser el agente responsable de la giardiasis. El fármaco de primera línea para tratar esta parasitosis es el metronidazol, el cual posee efectos adversos considerables, presenta potencial teratogénico y embriotóxico y está considerado como posible carcinógeno en humanos. Los productos naturales son una alternativa eficaz y con menos efectos secundarios para el tratamiento de la giardiasis. En el presente trabajo se determinó la Concentración Inhibitoria media (CI50) de los extractos hexánicos de Foeniculum vulgare y Citrus aurantifolia y algunos de sus constituyentes principales en contra de los trofozoítos de G. lamblia utilizando la técnica del microensayo. También se evaluó la citotoxicidad de los compuestos más activos sobre células Vero empleando el método de exclusión con azul de tripano. Contribuciones y Conclusiones: Los extractos hexánicos de F. vulgare (CI50 89.33 μg/ml) y C. aurantifolia (CI50 185.78 μg/ml) presentaron actividad anti-Giardia in vitro. Los compuestos puros más activos presentes en el extracto hexánico de F. vulgare son Trans,trans-2,4- undecadienal (CI50 72.11 μg/ml) , (+)-Canfeno (CI50 181.13 μg/ml), p-Anisaldehído (CI50 196.78 μg/ml) y (-)-Carvona (CI50 207.01 μg/ml). Mientras que los compuestos puros más activos presentes en el extracto hexánico de C. aurantifolia son Citral (CI50 58.44 μg/ml), Geraniol (CI50 229.01 μg/ml), 3-Metil-1,2-ciclopentanediona (CI50 207.01 μg/ml), 4-Hexen-3-ona (CI50 34.35 μg/ml) y (-)-Carvona (CI50 207.01 μg/ml). De todos ellos el 4-hexen-3ona es el compuesto puro más activo y con el mejor índice de selectividad (IS 19.6820). Ninguno de los compuestos fue tan activo como el metronidazol, sin embargo, ninguno fue tan citotóxico como este.

Bioactive compounds of citrus as health promoters

Citrus are a group of fruit species, quite heterogeneous in many aspects, including chemical composition of the fruit. Since ancient times, some citrus fruits were used to prevent and cure human diseases. In the recent decades, it has been demonstrated that fruits can actually help prevent and cure some diseases and above all, they are essential in a balanced diet. Citrus fruits, as one of the groups of fruit species, with greater importance in the world, have been studied for their effects on human health. Some species of citrus were referred as potential antioxidant based therapy for heart disease, cancer and inflammation. Fruit peels and seeds have also high antioxidant activity. The health benefits of citrus fruit have mainly been attributed to the high level of bioactive compounds, such as phenols (e.g., flavanone glycosides, hydroxycinnamic acids), carotenoids and vitamin C. These compounds are present in the fruit pulp and hence in the juice. But some bioactive compounds can be found in parts of the fruit which usually are not used for human food. The content of bioactive compounds depends on the species and cultivar, but also depends on the production system followed in the orchard. Citrus fruits, their derivatives and their by-products (peel, pulp and oil) are reach in different bioactive compounds and its maturity, postharvest and agroindustry processes influence their composition and concentration. The aim of this chapter was to review the main bioactive compounds of the different components of citrus and their relationship to health.

Caracterização da rebentação da tangerineira ‘Setubalense’ em anos de safra e de contrassafra

A produção de citrinos encontra-se amplamente disseminada por todos os continentes, representando uma atividade económica geradora de milhões de euros. As crescentes exigências dos consumidores conduzem ao aparecimento de novas variedades, em detrimento das cultivares tradicionais. A produção de tangerineira ‘Setubalense’ tem vindo a sofrer um acentuado declínio, mas os consumidores mais exigentes em aromas cítricos e fragrâncias intensas continuam a apreciar esta cultivar. Por isso, esta cultivar tem algum espaço comercial para mercados diferenciados em que se valorizam as cultivares tradicionais. Estas características e a sua época de maturação, que implica ser pouco afetada pela Ceratitis capitata, fazem da ‘Setubalense’ uma cultivar recomendável para o modo de produção biológico. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o padrão produtivo alternante e tendo por objeto de estudo um pomar de 5 anos de tangerineira ‘Setubalense’ enxertado sobre citranjeira ‘Troyer’ [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck x Poncirus trifoliata L.], foi avaliada a composição da rebentação e da floração nos anos de safra e de contrassafra. A intensidade e as características da rebentação dependem do quadrante da árvore e do ano (safra ou contrassafra). Nos anos de safra a percentagem de nós rebentados oscila entre 67,6 a 79,5 %, que contrasta com os 25,4 a 28,2 % dos anos de contrassafra, função do quadrante analisado. Nos anos produtivos os rebentos formados são essencialmente florais e nos improdutivos quase exclusivamente vegetativos. A formação de elevado número de flores nos anos de safra conduz a uma intensa abcisão de órgãos generativos. O número de folhas formada por cada 100 nós é similar nos anos de safra e de contrassafra. Os resultados obtidos refletem o padrão alternante desta cultivar, evidenciando o cuidado particular que esta cultura tem de ter na sua condução.

Apoptotic properties of Citrus sudachi Hort, ex Shirai (Rutaceae) extract on humanA549 and HepG2 cancer cells

Purpose: To investigate whether Citrus sudachi harvested at two stages of maturity can induce toxicity in a cell-specific manner and to determine the possible mechanisms of Citrus sudachi-induced cytotoxic responses in two types of cancer cells (human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells) and two normal cell lines (lung 16HBE140- and liver CHANG cells). Methods: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and annexin V/propidium iodidle assay were used to test the antiproliferative activity and apoptosis of methanol extract of Citrus sudachi, respectively. Griess reaction and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were carried out to evaluate nitric oxide (NO•) production and the mRNA levels of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP). Results: Citrus sudachi exerted cytotoxicity in a time-dependent manner in cancer cells which increased with increase in maturity but did not affect normal cells. Citrus sudachi was found to induce accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 cell cycle phase, fragmentation of DNA and cell death with characteristics of apoptosis, in both types of cancer cells. Moreover, Citrus sudachi upregulated cellular NO• produced by activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), while it suppressed the levels of IAP mRNA in both types of cancer cells. Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that Citrus sudachi induces apoptosis in A549 and HepG2 cells, which may be mediated by NO•. There is need for further studies on the role of Citrus sudachi in cancer treatment.

Citrus HLB x Potato "Zebra Chip" in Brazil: Attempting to transmit citrus Candidatus liberibacter spp (asiaticus and americanus) to potato plants.

2009

Observações preliminares sobre floração em genotipos de graviola (Annona muricata L.).

1995