Clinical and endoscopic findings in the mucosae of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts in post-treatment follow-up of paracoccidioidomycosis patients

Systematic examination of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts (URDT) was performed in a group of 80 paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) patients submitted to post-treatment follow-up ranging from 8 months to 17 years. Mucosae of the URDT had been involved prior to specific treatment in 74 patients, distributed as follows: oropharynx, 50 (41 alone, 7 in association with the larynx, and 2 with the nasal mucosa); larynx, 30 (23 alone and 7 in association); and nasal mucosa, 3(1 alone and 2 in association). Inactive lesions were observed in all the 50 patients with lesions of the oropharynx, 3 of whom with deforming scars (1 with retraction of the tongue and 2 with narrowing of the oral orifice). One case presented a destructive lesion, with perfuration of the palate. Of the other 46 cases, examination showed nacreous white striated scars which were nearly imperceptible in some cases and in others displayed partial retraction of anatomical structures without any alteration of their features. Patients presented a high rate of missing teeth. In 3 patients with involvement of the nasal mucosa, none of whom presented active PCM lesions, 2 still had nasal voices. In 30 patients with lesions of the larynx, 1 suffered a relapse of PCM and 2 developed epidermoid carcinoma. Of the other 27 cases, none of whom had active PCM lesions, 15 presented dysphonia, 3 were tracheotomized, and 9 were asymptomatic.

The use of cyclosporine modifies the clinical and histopathological presentation of tuberculosis after renal transplantation

Tuberculosis is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections after renal transplantation and occurred in 30 of 1264 patients transplanted between 1976 and 1996 at Hospital São Paulo - UNIFESP and Hospital Dom Silvério, Brazil. The incidence of 2.4% is five times higher than the Brazilian general population. The disease occurred between 50 days to 18 years after the transplant, and had an earlier and worse development in patients receiving azathioprine, prednisone and cyclosporine, with 35% presenting as a disseminated disease, while all patients receiving azathioprine and prednisone had exclusively pulmonary disease. Ninety percent of those patients had fever as the major initial clinical manifestation. Diagnosis was made by biopsy of the lesion (50%), positivity to M. tuberculosis in the sputum (30%) and spinal cerebral fluid analysis (7%). Duration of treatment ranged from 6 to 13 months and hepatotoxicity occurred in 3 patients. The patients who died had a significant greater number of rejection episodes and received higher doses of corticosteroid. In conclusion, the administration of cyclosporine changed the clinical and histopathological pattern of tuberculosis occurring after renal transplantation.

Potential Therapeutic Effects of Physical Exercise for Bipolar Disorder

Cognitive deficits are observed in a variety of domains in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). These deficits are attributed to neurobiological, functional and structural brain factors, particularly in prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, cortical alterations in each phase (mania/hypomania, euthymia and depression) are also present. A growing basis of evidence supports aerobic exercise as an alternative treatment method for BD symptoms. Its benefits for physical health in healthy subjects and some psychiatric disorders are fairly established; however evidence directly addressed to BD is scant. Lack of methodological consistency, mainly related to exercise, makes it difficult accuracy and extrapolation of the results. Nevertheless, mechanisms related to BD physiopathology, such as hormonal and neurotransmitters alterations and mainly related to brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) can be explored. BDNF, specially, have a large influence on brain ability and its gene expression is highly responsive to aerobic exercise. Moreover, aerobic exercise trough BDNF may induce chronic stress suppression, commonly observed in patients with BD, and reduce deleterious effects caused by allostatic loads. Therefore, it is prudent to propose that aerobic exercise plays an important role in BD physiopathological mechanisms and it is a new way for the treatment for this and others psychiatric disorders.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders observed currently. It is a normal adaptive response to stress that allows coping with adverse situations. Nevertheless, when anxiety becomes excessive or disproportional in relation to the situation that evokes it or when there is not any special object directed at it, such as an irrational dread of routine stimuli, it becomes a disabling disorder and is considered to be pathological. The traditional treatment used is medication and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, however, last years the practice of physical exercise, specifically aerobic exercise, has been investigated as a new non-pharmacological therapy for anxiety disorders. Thus, the aim of this article was to provide information on research results and key chains related to the therapeutic effects of aerobic exercise compared with other types of interventions to treat anxiety, which may become a useful clinical application in a near future. Researches have shown the effectiveness of alternative treatments, such as physical exercise, minimizing high financial costs and minimizing side effects. The sample analyzed, 66.8% was composed of women and 80% with severity of symptoms anxiety as moderate to severe. The data analyzed in this review allows us to claim that alternative therapies like exercise are effective in controlling and reducing symptoms, as 91% of anxiety disorders surveys have shown effective results in treating. However, there is still disagreement regarding the effect of exercise compared to the use of antidepressant symptoms and cognitive function in anxiety, this suggests that there is no consensus on the correct intensity of aerobic exercise as to achieve the best dose-response, with intensities high to moderate or moderate to mild.

Aerobic Exercise Does Not Predict Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor And Cortisol Alterations in Depressed Patients

The pathophysiology of depression is related to neurobiological changes that occur in the monoamine system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurogenesis system and the neuroimmune system. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the research of the effects of exercise on brain function, with a special focus on its effects on brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cortisol and other biomarkers. Thus, the aim of this study is to present a review investigating the acute and chronic effects of aerobic exercise on BDNF and cortisol levels in individuals with depression. It was not possible to establish an interaction between aerobic exercise and concentration of BDNF and cortisol, which may actually be the result of the divergence of methods, such as type of exercises, duration of the sessions, and prescribed intensity and frequency of sessions.

Effects of Exercise on Physical and Mental Health, and Cognitive and Brain Functions in Schizophrenia: Clinical and Experimental Evidence

Exercise promotes several health benefits, such as cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory improvements. It is believed that the practice of exercise in individuals with psychiatric disorders, e.g. schizophrenia, can cause significant changes. Schizophrenic patients have problematic lifestyle habits compared with general population; this may cause a high mortality rate, mainly caused by cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate changes in physical and mental health, cognitive and brain functioning due to the practice of exercise in patients with schizophrenia. Although still little is known about the benefits of exercise on mental health, cognitive and brain functioning of schizophrenic patients, exercise training has been shown to be a beneficial intervention in the control and reduction of disease severity. Type of training, form of execution, duration and intensity need to be better studied as the effects on physical and mental health, cognition and brain activity depend exclusively of interconnected factors, such as the combination of exercise and medication. However, one should understand that exercise is not only an effective nondrug alternative, but also acts as a supporting linking up interventions to promote improvements in process performance optimization. In general, the positive effects on mental health, cognition and brain activity as a result of an exercise program are quite evident. Few studies have been published correlating effects of exercise in patients with schizophrenia, but there is increasing evidence that positive and negative symptoms can be improved. Therefore, it is important that further studies be undertaken to expand the knowledge of physical exercise on mental health in people with schizophrenia, as well as its dose-response and the most effective type of exercise.

Comparison Among Aerobic Exercise and Other Types of Interventions to Treat Depression: A Systematic Review

Depression is a common and disabling disease that affects over 100 million people worldwide and can have a significant impact on physical and mental health, reducing their quality of life. Thus, the aim of this article was to provide information on research results and key chains related to the therapeutic effects of chronic aerobic exercise compared with other types of interventions to treat depression, which may become a useful clinical application in a near future. Researches have shown the effectiveness of alternative treatments, such as physical exercise, minimizing high financial costs and minimizing side effects. In this review, the data analyzed allows us to claim that alternative therapies, such as exercise, are effective on controlling and reducing symptoms. 69.3% of the studies that investigated the antidepressant effects of exercise on depressive were significant, and the other 30.7% of the studies improved only in general physiological aspects, such as increased oxygen uptake, increased use of blood glucose and decreased body fat percentage, with no improvement on symptoms of depression. From the sample analyzed, 71.4% was composed of women, and regarding the severity of symptoms, 85% had mild to moderate depression and only 15% had moderate to severe depression. However, there is still disagreement regarding the effect of exercise compared to the use of antidepressants in symptomatology and cognitive function in depression, this suggests that there is no consensus on the correct intensity of aerobic exercise as to achieve the best dose-response, with intensities high to moderate or moderate to mild.

Lagochilascariasis leading to severe involvement of ocular globes, ears and meninges

A case report of a 31 year-old woman from Paraíba State (North-Eastern Brazil) that presented severe involvement of ocular globes, ears and meninges. Diagnosis was established after enucleation of her left eye, when adult worms were seen in the midst of a granulomatous inflammatory process. Her response to the initial treatment with levamisole and cambendazole was good, but there was a relapse after the fifth month of treatment even with maintenance doses of both medications. She later received ivermectin and albendazol and responded well.

A historical note on an imported case of loiasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1964

Loiasis is a filarial disease transmitted by the Chrysops spp. tabanid flies in West and Central Africa. It is most commonly diagnosed by the clinical manifestations of Calabar swellings (transient localized inflammatory edema) or, most dramatically, by the appearance of a migrating worm through the conjunctival tissues or the bridge of the nose. We report the case of a 35-year-old resident in the city of Rio de Janeiro who displayed a moving Loa loa in the bulbar conjunctival tissue two years after returning from a six-month trip to Uganda. Surgical removal of the worm was performed.

Optochiasmatic tuberculoma as the sole manifestation of late recurrent tuberculosis

Brain tuberculomas account for 10-20% of space occupying brain lesions in developing countries. Most lesions are observed at time of tuberculosis diagnosis or soon after starting treatment. We herein describe a 32 year-old patient with a 14-month history of headache and progressive visual loss. Her past medical history revealed pulmonary tuberculosis treated eight years before. A brain MRI showed a T1- and T2-weighted isointense contrast-enhancing lesion in the optic chiasm. A presumptive diagnosis of optochiasmatic tuberculoma was made and isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol were started. Despite treatment, the patient evolved to blindness. The prompt recognition of this condition is extremely important since the presence of optochiasmal enhancement is associated with blindness in patients with tuberculosis.

Resultado do uso de um esquema terapêutico para Plasmodium vivax em cinco dias em três municípios da ilha de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

Foram tratados pela Cloroquina, 1500mg (em três dias) e Primaquina, 75mg (adulto 15mgx 5 dias) 1232 pacientes acometidos de malária por Plasmodium vivax, na Ilha de São Luís-MA, no período de janeiro de 1984 a dezembro de 1985. Destes casos, 499 (40,5%) concluíram o tratamento; 164 (13,3%) encontram-se em fase de verificação de cura e 569 (46,2%) que o abandonram. Dentre os pacientes (10%) concluíram 448 (90%) curaram-se, e 51% recaíram. Estes responderam ao curso de tratamento com o mesmo esquema.

Hipersensibilidade tardia a antígeno de Trypanosoma cruzi: II - emprego do teste cutâneo com antígeno T12E para diagnóstico da doença de Chagas

Reações cutâneas de hipersensibilidade tardia ao antígeno T12E foram identificadas em 35,7% da amostra de 842 indivíduos do município de Mambaí, Goiás. Suas especificidade e sensibilidade foram comparadas com aquelas dos exames sorológicos. Em 94 pacientes chagásicos comprovados pelo xenodiagnóstico, o teste cutâneo foi positivo em 98,7% dos casos, a imunofluorescência em 97,8% e afixação do complemento em 80,6%. A hemaglutinação foi positiva em todos esses casos. O índice de 0,897 mostrou a estreita relação entre os percentuais positivos dos exames de hemaglutinação e de imunofluorescência com o teste cutâneo, nos chagásicos sem comprovaçãoparasitológica. Esse dado indica que em aproximadamente 90% dos casos os resultados desses três exames são concordantes. A quantidade de 50µg do antígeno T12E empregada no teste cutâneo não apresentou efeitos colaterais e não produziu conversão das provas imunológicas, mesmo quando foi repetido cinco vezes em voluntários sadios, em intervalos de 15 dias. A potência do antígeno permaneceu inalterada após a estocagem a -10ºC, durante 24 meses.

Otimização do emprego de recursos econômicos para vacinação contra hepatite B em profissionais da área de saúde

Com o objetivo de racionalizar o emprego de recursos econômicos em programas de vacinação contra hepatite B, em profissionais da área de saúde, foram estudados dois aspectos distintos: necessidade ou não de triagem sorológica pré-vacinação e viabilidade da utilização de doses reduzidas de vacina por via intradérmica (ID). A análise econômica de custo-minimização demonstrou que com prevalência de imunes na população a ser vacinada superior a 11% (o que ocorreu em nosso estudo apenas no grupo de funcionários) passou a ser economicamente viável a triagem sorológica, diferentemente do grupo de alunos e médicos, nos quais a vacina sem triagem foi a melhor opção estratégica. Quanto ao esquema a ser utilizado, o emprego de três doses por via intramuscular (IM) (esquema A) foi comparado com dois esquemas alternativos: 1) esquema B, utilizando primeira dose via ID e duas via IM e 2) esquema C, empregando as duas primeiras doses via ID e a terceira via IM. Após a terceira dose, as taxas de soroconversão nos esquemas Ae B (92% e 93%, respectivamente) e os títulos médios geométricos de antiHBs (1278 Ul/L e 789,6UI/L) foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos, e apresentaram diferença significante em relação ao esquema C, demonstrando que esquemas alternativos podem ser custo-efetivos.

Aspectos epidemiológicos determinantes na manutenção da leishmaniose visceral no Estado do Maranhão - Brasil

Analisou-se o comportamento da leishmaniose visceral (LV) no Estado do Maranhão-Brasil, no período de 1982 a 1993. A enfermidade vem ocorrendo predominantemente na Ilha de São Luís-MA em áreas periurbanas, destacando, no período epidêmico, a capital São Luís como principal área endêmica. A maior freqüência de casos ocorreu em 1993, apesar do uso de inseticidas e controle dos cães. Houve predomíyiio na faixa etária de 0 a 4 anos de idade com 58,4% dos casos. Nem a doença humana nem o índice pluviométrico apresentaram variações sazonais significativas, entretanto estiveram moderadamente correlacionados, havendo quase sempre elevação do número de casos após o período de maior precipitação chuvosa. A partir deste estudo, poderão ser levantadas questões para o controle mais eficaz, consoante á urbanização da doença, aliada aos fatores da dinâmica de transmissão em áreas endêmicas do Estado.