963 resultados para COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE


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Apresentação pessoal do professor com ênfase para sua formação acadêmica e desenvolvimento da carreira profissional. Descreve os principais tópicos que serão abordados na disciplina de fenômenos de transporte, por meio de relatos de situações cotidianas, que exemplificam os conceitos: transferência de massa, calor e movimento. Ressalta a importância e a aplicação de fenômenos de transporte em Engenharia Ambiental.

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O item não apresenta o texto completo, para aquisição do livro na íntegra você poderá acessar a Editora da UFSCar por meio do link: www.editora.ufscar.br

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O item não apresenta o texto completo, pois está passando por revisão editorial

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O principal objectivo deste estudo foi o de verificar a aplicabilidade, às ribeiras da Ilha da Madeira, de técnicas indirectas de estimação do caudal e da concentração de sedimentos em suspensão e do seu emprego no cálculo do transporte sólido em suspensão nessas pequenas bacias de montanha. Particular ênfase é dada ao uso de traçadores químicos na determinação indirecta do caudal em cursos de água turbulentos com acentuados declives e à estimação da concentração de sedimentos em suspensão a partir de dados de turbidez da água, sendo tais técnicas aqui detalhadamente descritas. A campanha de medições da condutividade eléctrica e da turbidez da água realizada na Ribeira Seca do Faial, complementada pelos trabalhos realizados na Ribeira do Lajeado e na Ribeira de Santa Luzia, devido às suas grandes limitações em termos temporais e espaciais, não permitiu chegar a conclusões mais representativas sobre o transporte de sedimentos em suspensão na bacia hidrográfica em estudo. Ainda assim, os trabalhos de campo e em laboratório realizados possibilitaram confirmar a aplicabilidade das técnicas indirectas adoptadas na estimação de caudais e no estudo da concentração e do transporte de sedimentos em suspensão nesses cursos de água de montanha.

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O presente trabalho surge em resultado do evento de 20 de Fevereiro de 2010, com o objectivo de caracterizar a bacia hidrográfica da Ribeira de João Gomes, nas suas vertentes hidráulicas, hidrológicas e de transporte sólido. Inicialmente este trabalho relata as condições climáticas, geológicas e hidrológicas da ilha da Madeira, inclusive nos recursos hídricos e nas situações hidrológicas extremas. Em seguida é apresentado uma breve cronologia dos eventos aluviais presentes na ilha da Madeira desde o início do século XVIII. Foram efectuados trabalhos de campo com o intuito de elaborar uma caracterização morfológica, conhecer a geometria do corredor fluvial, proceder à localização das zonas inundadas, zonas com deposição de material sólido e identificar as zonas com danos. Através da informação recolhida dos trabalhos de campo, foi possível alcançar estimativas de valores de caudais líquidos e velocidades de escoamento na zona canalizada a jusante da Ribeira de João Gomes. Posteriormente através do modelo digital do terreno foi elaborada a delimitação da bacia hidrográfica e a determinação da sua rede de drenagem, procedendo à hierarquização da rede de drenagem, determinação dos declives da bacia e calcular as características geométricas e da rede de drenagem da bacia hidrográfica. São apresentadas algumas medidas estruturais utilizadas em bacia hidrográficas de forma a proteger as zonas urbanas e minimizar os efeitos provocados por evento aluviais.

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Após o temporal que se abateu sobre a ilha da Madeira no dia 20 de Fevereiro de 2010 ficou a dúvida se a tragédia podia ter sido evitada ou pelo menos minimizada. A intensa intervenção humana, principalmente na baixa da cidade do Funchal, alterou o normal curso das ribeiras. Esse facto levantou a questão se o homem estará a ser negligente ou irresponsável na maneira como constrói nas suas proximidades. Posto isto, o Governo Regional da Madeira achou que algo mais poderia ser investigado em relação ao comportamento das ribeiras em situações extremas, tal como a sucedida. Com o intuito de responder a estas e outras questões, equipas da UMa (Universidade da Madeira), IST (Instituto Superior Técnico) e LREC (Laboratório Regional de Engenharia Civil) iniciaram, em cooperação, um estudo que foi denominado por Estudo de Avaliação do Risco de Aluviões na Ilha da Madeira. Ao autor deste trabalho foi concedida a oportunidade de fazer parte deste importante estudo para a Ilha da Madeira e de poder realizar esta dissertação no âmbito do mesmo. Foram estudadas as três mais importantes ribeiras do Funchal (João Gomes, Santa Luzia e São João) e as ribeiras da Ribeira Brava e Tabua. O presente trabalho, em particular, incidiu sobre a bacia hidrográfica e Ribeira de São João. Este trabalho inicia-se por uma base teórica, onde é feita uma caracterização biofísica à Ilha da Madeira e mais detalhadamente à bacia hidrográfica da Ribeira de São João. Segue-se uma pequena referência a eventos semelhantes e anteriores ao de 20 de Fevereiro. A parte prática do trabalho consiste no tratamento e interpretação dos dados levantados nas visitas de campo. Estimaram-se os valores sucedidos no dia do evento para caudais máximos e velocidades de escoamento em secções transversais da ribeira previamente seleccionadas. Estimou-se também o volume para o material sólido que foi depositado no leito e nas ruas ou estradas que se situam dentro da área da bacia hidrográfica da Ribeira de São João. Foi feita também uma caracterização granulométrica desse mesmo material sólido. Por fim elaboraram-se listas e mapas com as infra-estruturas danificadas. Finalmente foram propostas algumas medidas preventivas que poderão minimizar as consequências de futuras aluviões.

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The search for a sustainable urban mobility, has recast the public policy of transport and movement for all, in order to contribute to the welfare economic, social and environmental. Within this context, has as its main objective review here in the city of Natal in the state of Rio Grande Norte, the deployment of the new road infrastructure of the transport corridor of Bernardo Vieira Avenue and checking at least with regard to urban areas and environmental chosen here, as will indicators to assess sustainable urban mobility, that the theory has been well constructed, but in practice little way to apply the proposed guidelines for sustainability. To achieve this result, is initially a literature review with the principal investigators of the matter, since the concepts of indicators of sustainable urban mobility. And a second time, participating in to the case study, using the methodology of environmental awareness, through analysis photographs, notes and testimony in the study area ace to reach conclusions

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The railroad, from 1870 and on, becomes an usual complaining in the press s and politician elite s speeches, especially because of Natal s geographic isolation. The implantation of two railroads in the capital territory Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, afterwards part of Great Western Railway Company network, and Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte had serious implications in the urban environment. While railroad s structures were already consolidated, other transportation mechanisms were being implanted in the first decades of the 20th century, such as trams lines, which, by the way, was a transport modal that also used rails as a dislocation meaning. Considering these questions, we may ask: how come railroads and tramways demands, roads and buildings had influenced the internal organization of Natal? We work with the general hypothesis that the influence of technical networks, composed by tramways and railroads, over Natal s urban space happened in a diversified way, sometimes consolidating social aspects in certain areas, sometimes improving the occupation of others. The impact over the city s territory also happens in a diversified way between the buildings/railroad s complexes and the pathways. The different scale of the train in comparison to the trams velocity, size, noise level, flow, among others is also a cause to the different consequences in urban environment. The main objective of this work is to understand the role of circulation technical networks in the construction process of urban space in Natal, as a way to contribute to the urban historiography about the subject. The time frame adopted, between 1881 and 1937, marks the time path of railroads and tramways in Rio Grande do Norte: 1881 is the year of railroad s first section inauguration from Natal to São José do Mipibu as well of the railroad complex in the Republic Square in Natal; the year of 1937 marks the beginning of tramways declination process in the city. At this time railroads and tramways had to face more intensively the competition of motor vehicles. The theory reference adopted is based on concepts and analysis of authors, such as Flávio Villaça and Roberto Lobato Corrêa references to the concepts of urban structure , localization and accessibility and Gabriel Dupuy to explain the concept of urban technical networks . These references reveal the conflict of different realities in the urban universe interests and values which is an important factor about the construction of urban space. The information sources used were from two distinctive natures: primary, journals of the time studied and official government reports, and secondary, based on other works about the subject. It was also used by this study iconographic source, especially images from the data base of the research group História da Cidade, do Território e do Urbanismo .

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At a time of changes on the territory during the 19th century, the political and socioeconomic elites of the province and later State of Rio Grande do Norte evolved a discourse in order to justify the permanence of Natal as a city holding a status of capital. In this work we analyze the means employed by the ruling classes to impose their wish to raise Natal to an outstanding position among the existing cities by intervening on the territory during a period of one hundred years (1820-1920). During that time, which was characterized by changing commercial flows and technological development, the elites interventions were essentially directed to the implementation of modes of transportation, especially the railway. We try to understand the reinforcement of Natal as a capital city not only in political and administrative terms, but mainly in a commercial and symbolic manner, through the discourse and interventions undertaken by the local administrative elites, who stimulated the creation of a set of relations on the territory that also imprinted visible marks in the capital s urban fabric. These interventions were based upon the establishment of an infrastructure for exporting the State s production, firstly through and despite the Potengi River, and later on by the construction of railways. Although the project of Natal s hegemony had been outlined before the establishment of the railway network, in both cases the ultimate objective was to reinforce and develop the capital city as a commercial urban center to the detriment of other cities

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Spatial-temporal dynamics of zooplankton in the Caravelas river estuary (Bahia, Brazil). The survey was conducted in order to describe the zooplankton community of the estuary Caravelas (Bahia, Brazil), to quantify and relate the patterns of horizontal and vertical transport with the type of tide (neap and spring) and tidal phase (flood and ebb). Zooplankton samples were collected with the aid of a suction pump (300L), filtered in plankton nets (300μm) and fixed in saline formalin 4%. Samples were collected at a fixed point (A1), near the mouth of the estuary, with samples taken at neap tides and spring tides during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples were collected for 13 hours, at intervals of 1 hour in 3 depths: surface, middle and bottom. Simultaneous collection of biological, we measured the current velocity, temperature and salinity of the water through CTD. In the laboratory, samples were selected for analysis in estereomicroscope, with 25 groups identified, with Copepoda getting the highest number of species. The 168 samples obtained from temporal samples were subsampled and processed on equipment ZooScan, with the aid of software ZooProcess at the end were generated 458.997 vingnettes. 8 taxa were identified automatically, with 16 classified as a semi-automatic. The group Copepoda, despite the limited taxonomic refinement ZooScan, obtained 2 genera and 1 species identified automatically. Among the seasons dry and wet groups Brachyura (zoea), Chaetognatha, and the Calanoid copepods (others), Temora spp., Oithona spp. and Euterpina acutifrons were those who had higher frequency of occurrence, appearing in more than 70% of the samples. Copepoda group showed the largest percentage of relative abundance in both seasons. There was no seasonal variation of total zooplankton, with an average density of 7826±4219 org.m-3 in the dry season, and 7959±3675 org.m-3 in the rainy season, neither between the types and phases of the tides, but seasonal differences were significant recorded for the main zooplankton groups. Vertical stratification was seen for the major zooplankton groups (Brachyura, Chaetognatha, Calanoida (other), Oithona spp, Temora spp. e Euterpina acutifrons). The scale of this stratification varied with the type (square or tide) and tidal phase (flood or ebb). The instantaneous transport was more influenced by current velocity, with higher values observed in spring tides to the total zooplankton, however, there was a variation of this pattern depending on the zooplankton group. According to the data import and export of total zooplankton, the outflow of organisms of the estuary was higher than the input. The results suggest that the estuary of Caravelas may influence the dynamics of organic matter to the adjacent coast, with possible consequences in National Marine Park of Abrolhos

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Discrepancies between classical model predictions and experimental data for deep bed filtration have been reported by various authors. In order to understand these discrepancies, an analytic continuum model for deep bed filtration is proposed. In this model, a filter coefficient is attributed to each distinct retention mechanism (straining, diffusion, gravity interception, etc.). It was shown that these coefficients generally cannot be merged into an effective filter coefficient, as considered in the classical model. Furthermore, the derived analytic solutions for the proposed model were applied for fitting experimental data, and a very good agreement between experimental data and proposed model predictions were obtained. Comparison of the obtained results with empirical correlations allowed identifying the dominant retention mechanisms. In addition, it was shown that the larger the ratio of particle to pore sizes, the more intensive the straining mechanism and the larger the discrepancies between experimental data and classical model predictions. The classical model and proposed model were compared via statistical analysis. The obtained p values allow concluding that the proposed model should be preferred especially when straining plays an important role. In addition, deep bed filtration with finite retention capacity was studied. This work also involves the study of filtration of particles through porous media with a finite capacity of filtration. It was observed, in this case, that is necessary to consider changes in the boundary conditions through time evolution. It was obtained a solution for such a model using different functions of filtration coefficients. Besides that, it was shown how to build a solution for any filtration coefficient. It was seen that, even considering the same filtration coefficient, the classic model and the one here propposed, show different predictions for the concentration of particles retained in the porous media and for the suspended particles at the exit of the media

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Transportation of curimbata Prochilodus lineatus juveniles in different densities. Tins study evaluated the effects of curimbata Prochilodus lineatus transportation in three densities (100, 150 and 250 g L-1) on survival, metabolic, ionic and hematological (red series) variables Curimbata juveniles were transported in plastic bag during six hours, and sampled before packing, immediately after die arrival, 24 and 96 hours after transportation During recovery, higher mortality was seen in fish transported in die highest density Water variables, such as conductivity and total ammonia, presented increased values as density increased (p < 005). whereas the opposite occurred with dissolved oxygen Glucose level observed in the arrival was high, significantly reducing after 96 hours Among ionic variables, chloride decreased in higher fish densities and according to sampling times Red series hematological variables, such as hematocrit, red blood cell and hemoglobin, Increased in arrival, but diminished 96 hours after transportation There were no significant differences in the interaction between density and time of sampling for mentioned variables 250 g L-1 density induced the highest mortality rate and the worst variables values measured 96 hours of recovery after the stressing event was enough to return to initial values for hematological variables, but was not sufficient to return to initial values for metabolic and ionic variables.

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Os objetivos deste trabalho foram testar a eficiência do sal como redutor de estresse e verificar a melhor densidade de transporte de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomun) em caixas de plástico adaptadas. No primeiro experimento foram testadas diferentes concentrações de sal de cozinha (NaCl) na água; no segundo, o transporte foi realizado por três horas em caixas de plástico de 200 L estocadas com diferentes densidades de peixe, com 8 g de sal/L de água. O cortisol plasmático dos peixes sofreu aumento significativo após o transporte no tratamento sem sal e com 2 g de sal/L de água, retornando para níveis normais após 96 horas. A glicose plasmática dos peixes sofreu aumento após o transporte em todas as concentrações de sal testadas, com exceção da com 8 g/L de água, retornando para níveis normais em 24 horas. Nos peixes transportados no segundo experimento, com 8 g de sal/L de água, não foi verificada mudança significativa no cortisol plasmático, mas a glicose aumentou significativamente em todas as densidades após o transporte, retornando para níveis normais em 24 horas. Houve mortalidade de 11% em uma das repetições da densidade de 200 kg/m³ de água. Para o transporte com 8 g de sal/L de água, a densidade máxima deve ser de 150 kg/m³ de água. Nesta densidade os parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade de água se mantêm com características adequadas, as respostas ao estresse são mínimas e não há mortalidade.