Estudo sobre a densidade de espinhos dentríticos de neurônios da amígdala medial póstero-dorsal de ratos em diferentes condições experimentais

O núcleo medial da amígdala (AMe), cujo um de seus componentes tem localização póstero-dorsal (AMePD), é uma estrutura encefálica que apresenta plasticidade morfofuncional em seus neurônios e modula vários comportamentos sociais e reprodutivos em ratos. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram determinar a densidade de espinhos dendríticos de neurônios da AMePD de ratos nas seguintes condições experimentais: 1) machos adultos e não manipulados experimentalmente, para estudar separadamente os neurônios multipolares de tipo bipenachados e estrelados; 2) machos adultos submetidos ao estresse de contenção por 1 h, por 6 h ou por 28 dias; 3) machos adultos criados em “ambiente enriquecido” por 3 semanas; e, 4) em machos com idade avançada (24 meses), estudá-los na velhice. Todos os animais (N = 6 em cada grupo) foram manipulados em condições éticas e submetidos ao método de Golgi do tipo “single-section”. Nos animais dos grupos controle e submetidos ao estresse de contenção, adicionalmente as adrenais foram retiradas e pesadas. Para o estudo dos neurônios da AMePD, os encéfalos foram seccionados em vibrátomo e os cortes coronais foram colocados, após fixação, em solução de dicromato de potássio e em nitrato de prata. Neurônios bem impregnados e indubitavelmente presentes na AMePD foram selecionados para estudo.Os espinhos presentes nos primeiros 40 μm dendríticos foram desenhados com auxílio de uma câmara clara, acoplada a microscópio óptico, em aumento de 1000X. Cada animal teve 8 ramos dendríticos selecionados, um por neurônio diferente, perfazendo 48 ramos ao total em cada grupo experimental. Para o primeiro objetivo, as médias da densidade de espinhos dendríticos dos neurônios multipolares bipenachados e estrelados foram comparados pelo teste “t” de Student. Para os demais, as médias das densidades de espinhos dendríticos dos ratos nos grupos estudados nas diferentes condições experimentais foram comparados entre todos os grupos experimentais pela ANOVA de uma via, tendo-se o grupo controle (obtido do primeiro experimento) como o mesmo para todos os outros grupos manipulados experimentalmente. A seguir, os dados foram analisados pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey tendo-se selecionado as comparações mais pertinentes aos grupos experimentais estudados. Em todos os casos o nível de significância foi estabelecido em p < 0,05. A densidade de espinhos dendríticos (média + e.p.m do número de espinhos por μm dendrítico) foi de 3,07 + 0,1 e 3,12 + 0,05 para os neurônios bipenachados e estrelados, respectivamente. Os dois tipos de neurônios multipolares não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa na densidade de espinhos dendríticos entre si (p = 0,6). Desta forma, aleatoriamente selecionou-se parte dos resultados de ambos os tipos celulares que foram somados para gerar o grupo controle. Nos grupos experimentais estudados a seguir, os dois tipos morfológicos contribuíram indistintamente para os valores obtidos. Os resultados da ANOVA de uma via indicaram que em tais grupos houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quando os dados foram comparados entre si [F(5,35) = 10,736; p < 0,01]. O teste post hoc de Tukey demonstrou que o grupo submetido ao estresse de contenção por 1 h possui uma menor densidade de espinhos dendríticos em comparação ao grupo controle (1,94 + 0,08 e 2,95 + 0,16; respectivamente; p < 0,01). Tal redução foi de mais de 34% em relação ao grupo controle. Já os grupos submetidos ao estresse por 6 h e ao estresse por 28 dias (média + e.p.m = 2,52 + 0,11 e 3,07 + 0,03; respectivamente), não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo controle (p > 0,05). O peso relativo das adrenais apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos controle e submetidos ao estresse de contenção [F (3,29) = 48,576; p < 0,01]. O grupo estressado cronicamente apresentou o peso relativo das adrenais maior do que qualquer outro dos grupos estudados (p < 0,01). O teste post hoc de Tukey demonstrou que o grupo submetido ao enriquecimento ambiental apresentou uma diminuição significativa na densidade de espinhos dendríticos em relação ao grupo controle (2,39 + 0,12 e 2,95 + 0,16; respectivamente; p < 0,05) e que tal redução foi de 19% (p < 0,05). Por fim, o teste post hoc de Tukey também indicou que os ratos velhos não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa no valor da densidade de espinhos dendríticos em relação ao grupo controle (2,55 + 0,16 e 2,95 + 0,16; respectivamente; p > 0,05). Os resultados demonstram a plasticidade neural que ocorre na AMePD, específica para a condição experimental estudada. As modificações no número dos espinhos dendríticos na AMePD podem ser uma conseqüência do funcionamento da microcircuitaria local e da hodologia desta estrutura no contexto da organização geral do SNC do rato, como decorrência de ações hormonais nessa estrutura nervosa.

Características das células procarióticas e eucarióticas

Apresenta a definição e descrição de células procarióticas e eucarióticas com o auxílio de figuras ilustrativas. Inicialmente detalha-se a célula procariótica e suas estruturas: parede celular, membrana celular, citoplasma, ribossomos, estruturas externas, região nuclear, plasmídeo, endósporo, morfologia celular e divisão celular. A seguir apresenta-se a célula eucariótica e suas estruturas: organelas, retículo endoplasmático, ribossomos, lisossomos, núcleo celular, mitocôndrias, cloroplasto e complexo de Golgi. No decorrer da descrição enfatizam-se as semelhanças e diferenças entre as células procarióticas e eucarióticas, apresenta-se a Teoria endossimbiótica e a árvore filogenética (Bacteria, Archaea e Eucarya).

Isolamento e caracterização ultraestrutural de folículos pré-antrais de vacas da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Increased pancreatic islet mass is accompanied by activation of the insulin receptor substrate-2/serine-threonine kinase pathway and augmented cyclin D(2) protein levels in insulin-resistant rats

It is well known that glucocorticoids induce peripheral insulin resistance in rodents and humans. Here, we investigated the structural and ultrastructural modifications, as well as the proteins involved in beta-cell function and proliferation, in islets from insulin-resistant rats. Adult male Wistar rats were made insulin resistant by daily administration of dexamethasone (DEX; 1mg/kg, i.p.) for five consecutive days, whilst control (CTL) rats received saline alone. Structure analyses showed a marked hypertrophy of DEX islets with an increase of 1.7-fold in islet mass and of 1.6-fold in islet density compared with CTL islets (P < 0.05). Ultrastructural evaluation of islets revealed an increased amount of secreting organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in DEX islets. Mitotic figures were observed in DEX islets at structural and ultrastructural levels. Beta-cell proliferation, evaluated at the immunohistochemical level using anti-PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), showed an increase in pancreatic beta-cell proliferation of 6.4-fold in DEX islets compared with CTL islets (P < 0.0001). Increases in insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphorylated-serine-threonine kinase AKT (p-AKT), cyclin D(2) and a decrease in retinoblastoma protein (pRb) levels were observed in DEX islets compared with CTL islets (P < 0.05). Therefore, during the development of insulin resistance, the endocrine pancreas adapts itself increasing beta-cell mass and proliferation, resulting in an amelioration of the functions. The potential mechanisms that underlie these events involve the activation of the IRS-2/AKT pathway and activation of the cell cycle, mediated by cyclin D(2). These adaptations permit the maintenance of glycaemia at near-physiological ranges.

Direct effects of colchicine on myocardial function - Studies in hypertrophied and failing spontaneously hypertensive rats

The aging spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a model in which the transition from chronic stable left ventricular hypertrophy to overt heart failure can be observed. Although the mechanisms for impaired function in hypertrophied and failing cardiac muscle from the SHR have been studied, none accounts fully for the myocardial contractile abnormalities. The cardiac cytoskeleton has been implicated as a possible cause for myocardial dysfunction. If an increase in microtubules contributes to dysfunction, then myocardial microtubule disruption by colchicine should promote an improvement in cardiac performance. We studied the active and passive properties of isolated left ventricular papillary muscles from 18- to 24-month-old SHR with evidence of heart failure (SHR-F, n=6), age-matched SHR without heart failure (SHR-NF, n=6), and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY, n=5). Mechanical parameters were analyzed before and up to 90 minutes after the addition of colchicine (10(-5), 10(-4), and 10(-3) mol/L). In the baseline state, active tension (AT) developed by papillary muscles from the WKY group was greater than for SHR-NF and SHR-F groups (WKY 5.69+/-1.47 g/mm(2) [mean+/-SD], SHR-NF 3.41+/-1.05, SHR-F 2.87+/-0.26; SHR-NF and SHR-F P<0.05 versus WKY rats). The passive stiffness was greater in SHR-F than in the WKY and SHR-NF groups (central segment exponential stiffness constant, K-cs: SHR-F 70+/-25, SHR-NF 44+/-17, WKY 41+/-13 [mean+/-SD]; SHR-F P<0.05 versus; SHR-NF and WKY rats). AT did not improve after 10, 20, and 30 minutes of exposure to colchicine (10(-5), 10(-4), and 10(-3) mol/L) in any group. In the SHR-F group, AT and passive stiffness did not change after 30 to 90 minutes of colchicine exposure (10(-4) mol/L). In summary, the data in this study fail to demonstrate improvement of intrinsic muscle function in SHR with heart failure after colchicine. Thus, in the SHR there is no evidence that colchicine-induced cardiac microtubular depolymerization affects the active or passive properties of hypertrophied or failing left ventricular myocardium.

Toxicidade da mitomicina C ao endotélio da córnea de coelhos

Purpose: To evaluate corneal endothelium alterations after applying mitomycin C to the sclera using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, correlating alterations with time, concentration, and evaluation methods. Methods: The corneal endothelium of both eyes of 32 albino rabbits was evaluated and distributed into four groups of 8. Mitomycin C was applied under a scleral flap in the right eye for 5 minutes. Mitomycin C concentrations were 0.5 mg/ml for G1 and G2 and 0.2 mg/ml for G3 and G4. Examinations were performed 15 days after application to G1 and G3, and 30 days after application to G2 and G4. Four cornea in each group were prepared for transmission electron microscopy and four for scanning electron microscopy. Left eyes of all animals were used as controls. Results: Transmission electron microscopy showed corneal endothelium alterations in all groups: rarefied cytoplasm, dilation and fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, Golgi apparatus with cisternal dilation, reduced vacuoles, and irregularities of internal membrane more noticeable in G1 and G2. Scanning electron microscopy revealed alterations in all groups except G1: changes in the shape and size of cells and longer filopodial projections. Conclusions: 1-Corneal endothelium alterations were seen at both 0.5 and 0.2 mg/ml concentrations and at 15 and 30 days after mytomicin C application; 2 - Alterations were more intense with higher mytomicin C concentration by transmission electron but not by scanning electron microscopy; 3 - The alterations correlated with time by scanning electron microscopy but not by transmission electron microscopy.

Structural and ultrastructural characterization of buffalo fetus (Bubalus bubalis) ovarian germinative cells

The objective of the present study was to characterize ovogones, primary oocytes and preantral follicles of buffalo fetus in different ages of gestation. For this, 29 fetuses were collected from a slaughterhouse (Frigol, Brazil) and crown-rump lengths were measured to estimate the fetal age (0-3, 4-6, 7-10 months of gestation). The ovaries were removed and ovarian tissue was processed for classic histology and transmission eletron microscopy examination. The structural evaluation demonstrated that in the first period of the gestation (0-3 months) the buffalo fetus showed ovogones (in mitotic division) and in some cases, the primary oocytes surrounded by somatic cells. In the second period (4-6 months), it was verified that the preantral follicles were completely formed. In the last period (70 month to the end of gestation) the ovaries contained a large amount of preantral follicles, and in some fetuses, antral follicles were observed. The ultrastructural analysis of the ovogones, primary oocytes and preantral follicles showed that these cells have few organelles and the quantity of mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum and apparatus Golgi complex is increased as the germinative cells passing from one stage to another.

Morphological aspects of spermatogenic cells at different stages of sexual maturation in black isogenic C57BL/6/Uni mice

In order to study the morphological changes that occur in cells of the testes of isogenic black mouse C57BL/6/Uni into three periods during spermatogenetic used 15 mice divided into 3 groups of 5 animals with 40,50 and 60 days of age. The mice were sacrificed and weighed. Testicles were weighed and measured, and histologically processed and stained with HE, PAS and Masson Massom-H and evaluated under light microscopy. It was observed that group I with 40 days of age in the seminifcrous tubules had a lumen with sparse small amount of interstitial tubular cells. In the seminiferous epithelium type A spermatogonia, intermediate and B were identified, which occupied the compartment adbasal and intermingled with these cells in spermatocytes I in Pachytene and leptotene was observed, whereas in the adluminal compartment Golgi phase spermatids we observed the presence of acrosomal granule. In group II, the cells of the seminiferous epithelium were developed and it was observed in round spermatids cephalic hood phase plus many elongated spermatids in acrosome phase and Sertoli cells. In Group III, 60 days old, it was found that seminiferous epithelium which was of the tubules had elongated spermatids in acrosome phase and maturation, with elongated nuclei and acrosomal system typical of spermiation in the presence of sperm and residual bodies near the tubular lumen. Therefore morphological evolution of germ cell testicular spermatids can be checked and recognized in its four phases: Golgi, cap, acrosome and maturation over the age of the animal.

Morphological and morphometric study of the opossum's dorsal root ganglia neurons

The ultrastructural characteristics and the morphometric evaluation of the different types of neurons present in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the South American opossum (Didelphis albiventris) were studied. Four adult male animals were used and the neurons from cervical and lumbar DRG were removed and processed for histological and transmission electron microscopy observations. The morphometric data were obtained from serial sections stained by H/E and Masson's trichrome. The number of neurons in cervical and lumbar DRG was 22 300 and 31 000, respectively. About 68% of the cervical neurons and 62.5% of the lumbar neurons presented areas up to 1300 mu m(2) and were considered as the small neurons of the DRG. The ultrastructural observations revealed two morphological types of neurons: clear large neurons and dark small neurons. The nuclei of both cell types are spherical and the chromatin is disperse and rarefected. The cytoplasm of the dark small neuron is more electron dense and shows a regular distribution of small mitochondria and many rough reticulum cisterns in the periphery. A small Golgi apparatus was close to the nucleus and many disperse neurofilaments occupy most parts of the cytoplasm. Smooth reticulum cisterns are rare and lipofucsin-like inclusions are present at some points. In the clear large neurons, the organelles are homogenously scattered through the cytoplasm. The neurofilaments are close packed forming bundles and small mitochondria and rough reticulum cisterns are disperse. Lipofucsin-like inclusions are more frequent in these cells.

Ultrastructural study of acrosome formation in mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Spermatogenesis is a complex and very well organized process lasting from 30 to 75 days in mammals. The spermatogenic process has been described mainly in laboratory mammals, such as the rat, while correspondent studies in wild animals are scarce. The gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is a small rodent native of the arid regions of Mongolia and China. Few reports are available on reproduction in the male Mongolian gerbil. The present study provides the first description of the ultrastructural alterations in spermatid cytoplasm and nucleus, with particular reference to acrosome formation in gerbils. The testes were processed by conventional transmission electron microscopy technique. Based on the development of the acrosomal system and changes in nuclear morphology, the transformation of spermatids in spermatozoon was divided into 15 steps. There were four phases in the spermiogenesis process in the gerbil: Golgi, cap, acrosomal and maturation phases. This provides the foundation for a variety of future studies of the spermiogenesis of this animal. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

Ovary peltate trichomes of Zeyheria montana (Bignoniaceae): Developmental ultrastructure and secretion in relation to function

center dot Background and Aims Nectar production in the Bignoniaceae species lacking a nectariferous functional disc is ascribed to trichomatic glands around the ovary base and/or on the inner corolla wall. Nevertheless, knowledge about the secretion and function of these glands is very incomplete. The purpose of this paper is to study, from a developmental viewpoint, the ultrastructure, histochemistry and secretory process of the peltate trichomes on the ovary of Zeyheria montana, a species in the Bignoniaceae which has a rudimentary disc.center dot Methods Samples of the gynoecium at various developmental stages were fixed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Histochemistry and cytochemistry tests were performed to examine the chemical composition of exudates. Thin layer chromatography was used to determine the presence of alkaloids and terpenes in gynoecium and fruit extracts, and in fresh nectar stored in the nectar chamber.center dot Key Results Peltate trichomes at different developmental stages appear side by side from floral budding up to pre-dispersal fruit. Large plastids with an extensive internal membrane system consisting of tubules filled with lipophilic material, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, few Golgi bodies, lipophilic deposits in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and scattered cytoplasmic oil droplets are the main characteristics of mature head cells. The secretion which accumulates in the subcuticular space stains positively for hydrophilic and lipophilic substances, with lipids prevailing for fully peltate trichomes. Histochemistry and thin layer chromatography detected terpenes and alkaloids. Fehling's test to detect of sugars in the secretion was negative.center dot Conclusions the continuous presence and activity of peltate trichomes on the ovary of Z. montana from early budding through to flowering and fruiting set, and its main chemical components, alkaloids and terpenes, suggest that they serve a protective function and are not related to the floral nectar source or to improving nectar quality.

Dendroid colleters on vegetative and reproductive apices in Alibertia sessilis (Rubiaceae) differ in ultrastructure and secretion

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Leaf glands act as nectaries in Diplopterys pubipetala (Malpighiaceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

OIL GLANDS IN PTERODON PUBESCENS BENTH. (LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE): DISTRIBUTION, STRUCTURE, and SECRETION MECHANISMS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)