Una sociedad legalista: Abogados, procuradores de causas y la creación de una cultura legal colonial en Lima y Potosí, 1540–1670

This study deals with the formation, reproduction, and the role in litigation of two branches of the legal profession, lawyers and procurators. They were the experts in charge of civil, criminal, and ecclesiastical litigation during the Old Regime. While the lawyers provided erudite legal advice, procurators oriented and drove the procedure as legal representatives of their clients. The European legal revolutions of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries forged a new legal culture in which the lawsuit was reputed to be the best way to settle disputes. Likewise, that legal culture conferred an important place to specialists as legal facilitators of the contending parties. When Castilians exported their legal system to the New World, they spread a complex and bureaucratic framework, contributing to the reproduction of a class of experts in urban spaces. Lima and Potosi, two urban centers created in the sixteenth century, quickly became significant ‘legal cities’. This dissertation explores how the legal markets of these cities operated, the careers of their specialists, their professional options, social images regarding them, and litigation costs. This study examines the careers of 267 facilitators and demonstrates that they constituted a class of distinctive legal professionals. Legal culture embodies the representation and use of law. The closeness of specialists with litigants, in particular of procurators familiarized the parties with litigation and its complex processes. These specialists forged dominant legal discourses and manipulated juridical order. Litigants were not passive agents of their specialists. Caciques and members of the Hispanicized communities appropriated the law in a visible way as the growing litigiousness illustrates. Colonial law (of a pluralistic basis) was an arena of assertion and discussion of rights by different social actors, encomenderos, leading citizens, widows, native chieftains, artisans, and commoners. This study concludes that this struggle and manipulation served to legitimate the role of those legal experts and gave birth to a complex legalistic society in the Andes under Spanish Habsburg rule.

Ficción de Racionalidad: La memoria como operador mítico en las estéticas polares de Jorge Luis Borges y José Lezama Lima

The aesthetic placement and period designation of Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) and José Lezama Lima (1910-1976) are complicated issues among critics. Borges is obviously considered a predecessor of the Latin American literary “boom,” but despite that taxonomy his work transcends that definition and provides a foundation for new trends and styles, such as the “neobarroco” cultivated by Severo Sarduy. Lezama is considered part of the second wave of the “boom,” but his work feeds, stylistically, from the Spanish baroque. At the same time, Lezama’s daring treatment of homoeroticism and his revolutionary system of images place him after the “boom” in a narrative style that is postmodern. This study undertakes a thorough revision of external and internal issues, revealing the key linguistic and fictive elements that characterize both writers. Through discourse analysis and close reading, a poetic system is formulated, which incorporate features of the “neobarroco,” “boom” and postmodern narrative styles. This dissertation uses a polar structure to analyze both poetic visions and concludes that they are compatible and symmetrical. From this perspective, Borges and Lezama belong to the “core” of literature that centers its emphasis in the creation of a system versus other modes of writing in which mimetic function prevails. By doing this and by recycling world culture, they create postmodern myth: the new building material for Hispanic American literature. There are only a few studies that explore the works of Borges and Lezama within the context of Baroque aesthetics. For the first time, this dissertation offers a comprehensive analysis that considers their poetic visions at large. Besides the difference in perspective, defined as macro-spatial in Borges and micro-spatial in Lezama, there are many similarities in content and form. Both writers question the cause and effect relationship and the modern use of metaphor. They also share a redefinition of genre as well as a hedonistic approach to literature and culture. This kinship in poetic vision is revealed through the polar method used for this study, which proposes a new form of aesthetic placement and period designation.

The other side of the kitchen door: Domestic service in Lima, Peru

Domestic service refers to the work required to complete duties pertaining to the maintenance and functioning of the household, particularly when performed by employed labor. This study provides an ethnographic account of domestic service through an analysis of social behavior and cultural patterns. The participants in the social structure of domestic service are the señora (the lady of the house), her family, and the empleadas (domestic workers) all of whom have specific social identities and roles within the household. The señora/empleada dyad is central to the institution and all other participants are secondary. This study contributes to the growing body of work in anthropology that concentrates on elite sectors of society and explores theoretical issues relating to gender, class, and ethnic differences in Peru.

A invenção barroca de Jorge de Lima: uma leitura da obra Invenção de Orfeu

En esta disertación se examinan algunas cuestiones fundamentales para la comprensión de la obra Invenção de Orfeu del poeta alagoano Jorge de Lima. Para ello, elegimos analizar el barroquismo del poema, evidenciando algunas de sus principales características; estética de la paradoja; el género híbrido (épico-lírico); síntesis entre el antiguo mito de Orfeo y el mito cristiano de la Caída, en alegorías aproximadas; y la realización de la poesía como una utopía. Para realizar los diálogos propuestos con el objeto de estudio, hemos utilizado las herramientas teóricas de Walter Benjamin (1984), Eugenio D'Ors (sd), Severo Sarduy (1989 [?]), Oswald de Andrade (2011).

Marketing político e mídias sociais: as estratégias utilizadas no facebook e twitter de Cássio Cunha Lima PSDB/PB, nas eleições de 2014

This dissertation aims to analyze and understand the process and practices of political marketing strategies applied to social media facebook and twitter Cássio Cunha Lima - PSDB candidate for governor of Paraíba, in the 2014 elections The work is divided into three parts . The first two chapters, both of theoretical nature, underlie the discussion about the use of the Internet as a campaign space and political marketing campaign as well as the different communication strategies and electoral marketing already presented in the literature. Following, is dedicated to a topic for the presentation of the methodology and subsequently makes the discussion of empirical data analysis. Finally, we present the conclusions. The analysis takes as its starting point the models Figueiredo et al. (1998) and Albuquerque (1999) to observe the traditional strategies and suggests the inclusion of typically recorded on the Internet strategies. The methodology used for the analysis was the qualitative and quantitative content from variables that we list different campaign strategies. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, we conducted a case study as an analytical object online campaign Cássio Cunha Lima. The case study took place from the construction of a candidate's biographical and political profile, presented and discussed in the text. This research also made use of virtual ethnography. Therefore, were monitored social media facebook and twitter that political, with the help of image capture program - Greenshot by creating pre-defined categories of analysis, for example, calendar, prestige and support, negative campaign , engagement, among others. The period chosen for monitoring the candidate's official profiles was from 24 August to 28 October 2014, because it holds the pre, during and post-election where there was greater candidate drive level and his team marketing in social media selected for analysis. The results indicate that mobilization strategy (online and offline), merged with the promotion schedule, it is predominant in the social media Cassio. They also indicate that they do not show the failure of the campaign of the candidate in 2014.

Tramas del linaje en Muerte de Narciso de José Lezama Lima

Fil: Chazarreta, Daniela Evangelina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

Lecturas de la tradición en la poesía de José Lezama Lima

Fil: Chazarreta, Daniela Evangelina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

Characteristics of the biological cycle of lutzomyia evandroi Costa Lima & Antunes, 1936 (diptera: psychodidae) under experimental conditions

XIMENES, Maria de Fátima Freire de Melo; MACIEL, Janaína Cunha; JERONIMO, Selma Maria Bezerra. Characteristics of the Biological Cycle of Lutzomyia evandroi Costa Lima & Antunes, 1936 (diptera: psychodidae) under experimental conditions. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, v.96, n.6, p.883-886, ago. 2001. Disponivel em: Acesso em: 4 out. 2010.

Pesca artesanal del Puerto Supe (Provincia de Barranca, Departamento de Lima) en el año 1998

Durante el año 1998 (*) la pesca artesanal en el Puerto Supe se registra el desembarque de 699 t de recursos hidrobiológicos, constituido por 35 especies hidrobiológicas entre peces (31) e invertebrados (4), entre los peces destacó el ayanque (Cynoscion analis) con 147808 k, el bagre (Galeichthys peruvianus) con 165095 k, la lisa (Mugil cephalus) con 53828 k, la lorna (Sciaena deliciosa) con 27898 k, el machete (Ethmídium maculatum) con 19663 k y el perico (Coryphaena hippurus) con 16472 k y entre los invertebrados el mas importante fue el langostino tití (Xíphopenaeus rivetí) con 220 t de captura. Operaron un promedio de 218 embarcaciones mensuales que realizaron faenas de pesca en 30 zonas, desde las Zorras a Ancón obteniendo un esfuerzo pesquero de 2621 viajes y un rendimiento promedio de 267 k/viaje, se capturaron especies asociadas al fenómeno "El Niño", tales como el perico (Coryphaena híppurus) y langostino tití (Xiphopenaeus rive i), que incrementaron su desembarque y las ausencias de otras especies como el pejerrey (Odontesthes regia regia) y el cangrejo morado (Platyxan thus oÍbignyi) . En Puerto Supe se desembarcaron recursos costeros provenientes de la flota industrial, para ser procesados e las plantas pesqueras harineras, se desembarco 723. 669 t, constituido por 3 especies, en este volumen de captura destacó el ayanque (Cynoscion analís) con 616.006 t, lorna (Sciaena deliciosa) con 105.265 t y el coco (Paralonchurus peruanus) con 2398 t, operaron 19 E/P industriales, que realizaron faenas de pesca en Bermejo y Paramonga con un esfuerzo pesquero de 48 viajes y un rendimiento promedio de 15,076 k/viaje. Los meses que se registraron, estos viajes, fue junio, julio, agosto, y octubre. En Puerto Supe se desembarcó un total de 1422.676 t tanto de la flota industrial y artesanal, obteniendo la pesca industrial 3.4% más que la flota artesanal, que operó en el año 357 días, (Los días 1,2,23 y 29 de Junio, 19 y 28 de Julio 3 y 4 de Octubre no salieron a la pesca por condiciones meteorológicas o fiestas) . La flota industrial opero solo 14 días en el año (01 días en Junio, 06 Julio, 01 en Agosto, y 06 días en Octubre). El arte que utilizaron las embarcaciones industriales fue el cerco anchovetero de tamaño de malla de 1/2 Pulg.

Homo e Heterossexuais: o papel das memórias de vergonha, das memórias precoces de calor e segurança, e qualidade de vinculação ao pai, à mãe e ao par amoroso

As experiências precoces de vergonha, na infância e adolescência, cujas memórias assumem características traumáticas, e de centralidade para a identidade, estão associadas a maior propensão para a vergonha e psicopatologia na adultez. O presente estudo visou clarificar o impacto das características traumáticas e da centralidade, das memórias de vergonha, e das memórias precoces de calor e segurança, na qualidade de vinculação aos pais e ao par amoroso, apreciando a orientação sexual. Nesse sentido, 123 sujeitos, homossexuais masculinos (N = 53) e heterossexuais masculinos e femininos (N = 70), completaram a bateria de questionários de autorresposta, para avaliar as caraterísticas traumáticas e a centralidade das memórias de vergonha, as memórias precoces de calor e segurança, a qualidade de vinculação ao pai, à mãe e ao par amoroso, recolhidos a partir de amostra de conveniência não aleatória da população geral. Os resultados mostram que os homossexuais, comparativamente com os heterossexuais, apresentam níveis mais elevados de caraterísticas traumáticas e de centralidade para a identidade, das memórias de vergonha, a par de níveis inferiores de memórias precoces positivas. As caraterísticas traumáticas e de centralidade, das memórias de vergonha, surgem associadas, com intensidade tendencialmente superior nos homossexuais, à restrição da aquisição de autonomia, conferida pelo pai, à sua desvalorização e à ansiedade de separação materna. O vínculo inseguro, aos progenitores, perpetua-se à adultez e ao par amoroso. Relativamente aos heterossexuais, apurámos que o laço emocional e a ansiedade de separação e dependência, paterna e materna, surgem associados a maior confiança e menor evitamento, respetivamente, ao par amoroso. Paralelamente, a ansiedade de separação e dependência materna surge, ainda, associada a maior dependência daquela figura. Este estudo conclui que as experiências precoces de vergonha, na infância e adolescência, podem funcionar como memórias com caraterísticas traumáticas e autobiográficas, constituir marcos de referência centrais no que concerne à identidade e história de vida, sobretudo em homossexuais, com atribuição de significado a outras experiências de vida, nomeadamente no que respeita à vinculação ao par romântico. / Early experiences of shame, in childhood and adolescence, whose memories assume traumatic characteristics, and centrality to identity, are associated with greater propensity to shame and psychopathology in adulthood. The present study aimed to clarify the impact of traumatic features and centrality to identity of shame memories, and of early memories of warmth and safety, on quality of attachment to parents and the loving couple`s bond, considering sexual orientation. Accordingly, 123 subjects, male homosexuals (N = 53) and male and female (N = 70) heterosexuals, completed the battery of self-report questionnaires, to assess trauma characteristics and centrality of shame memories, early memories of warmth and safeness, quality of attachment to the father, mother and loving couple, collected from a non-random convenience sample from general population. The results point that homosexual men, compared with heterosexuals, show higher levels of traumatic characteristics and centrality to identity of shame memories, along with lower levels of early positive memories. Traumatic characteristics and centrality of shame memories arise associated, tendentiously with higher intensity in homosexuals, to restriction of autonomy`s acquisition, conferred by the father, his devaluation and maternal separation anxiety. The unsecured bond, to parents, perpetuates into adulthood and loving couple. Regarding heterosexuals, we found that emotional bond and separation anxiety and dependency, paternal and maternal, arise associated with greater confidence, and less avoidance, respectively, to the loving couple. Further, separation anxiety and mother`s dependency also appears associated with greater dependency to that figure. This study concludes that early experiences of shame, in childhood and adolescence, might function as memories with traumatic and autobiographical characteristics, produce landmarks of central reference regarding identity and life`s history, particularly in homosexual, with attribution of meaning to other life experiences, particularly in the linking to the romantic couple.

Propiedades psicométricas del Sexuality and the Mental Retardation Attitude Inventory (SMRAI) en estudiantes universitarios de Lima

El objetivo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Sexuality and the Mental Retardation Attitude Inventory (SMRAI) en una muestra de 144 estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de psicología de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana, del 2do al 9no ciclo, de los cuales 44 fueron varones (30.6%) y 100 mujeres (69.4%), con edades comprendidas entre 17 y 43 años (M: 21.9). El análisis factorial confirmatorio realizado revela que dicha prueba presenta una estructura de dos factores con índices de ajuste adecuados. Por otro lado, con relación a la confiabilidad del constructo mediante el coeficiente Rho se obtuvo un indicador de .80. Se concluye que la SMRAI cuenta con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para implementarlo en estudios orientados a conocer más facetas de las actitudes hacia la sexualidad de las personas con discapacidad intelectual.

“Você, Quaresma, é um visionário!”: o conflito entre herói e mundo no romance de Lima Barreto Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma

O presente trabalho pretende analisar o conflito entre o protagonista do romance de Lima Barreto Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma e o seu mundo, o mundo que representa ficcionalmente o Rio de Janeiro da Primeira República, tendo como referencial teórico A teoria do romance, de Georg Lukács. Busca-se aplicar ao herói Policarpo Quaresma dois conceitos elaborados nesta obra: o conceito de heroísmo problemático e o conceito de idealismo abstrato. Policarpo Quaresma será entendido, portanto, como um herói problemático, sujeito a um idealismo abstrato que o coloca em descompasso com a realidade concreta em que vive, o que lhe configura, perante as demais personagens do meio que o circunda, a imagem de um “visionário. Como, de acordo com Georg Lukács, o herói problemático, que se encontra em conflito com o seu mundo, surge com o romance na modernidade, este estudo visa ressaltar o caráter moderno da obra ficcional de Lima Barreto, buscando contribuir para sua reinserção no sistema literário brasileiro como obra própria, produção autônoma, para além do epíteto de pré-modernista.

No pero sí: discriminación en empresas de Lima Metropolitana

¿Cómo entender la discriminación en el ámbito empresarial?, ¿cómo pensar las prácticas discriminatorias de sujetos concretos en el marco de empresas que institucionalmente no lo son? Es decir, ¿cómo interpretar la discriminación que se produce informalmente en las acciones o decisiones cotidianas de las personas? Analiza las formas de discriminación, por género, raza, edad, nivel socioeconómico e identidad sexual, en el entorno laboral de las pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas ubicadas en Lima Metropolitana. La necesidad de comprender más a fondo lo que ocurre dentro de las empresas en nuestro país, los esfuerzos que vienen realizando estas para promover la diversidad dentro de sus organizaciones y los aspectos que aún falta conocer y analizar respecto al tema, fueron los grandes impulsores del proyecto cuyos resultados nos brindan una primera aproximación acerca de lo que las empresas y sus trabajadores opinan, observan y hacen al respecto.

Plan de negocio para el establecimiento de un minimarket en Lima Norte

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo demostrar que el plan de negocio para el establecimiento de un minimarket en Lima Norte es viable de implementar. Con la implementación del minimarket se pretende satisfacer la necesidad principal de alimentación de los clientes y sus deseos de ahorrar costos y tiempo en realizar las compras de productos; a la vez, se busca mejorar su calidad de vida. El negocio propuesto expenderá productos de consumo masivo, principalmente alimentos. Su público objetivo primario está conformado por las amas de casa de 18 a 60 años de edad, pertenecientes a los NSE C y D, que viven en el distrito de Comas, cuyos estilos de vida son progresistas y conservadores.