Plasminogen interaction with Trypanosoma cruzi

The ability of Trypanosoma cruzi to interact with plasminogen, the zimogenic form of the blood serin protease plasmin, was examined. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that both forms, epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes, were able to fix plasminogen in a lysine dependant manner. This interaction was corroborated by plasminogen activation studies. Both forms of the parasite enhanced the plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator.The maximal enhancements obtained were 15-fold and 3.4-fold with epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes, respectively, as compared to plasminogen activation in absence of cells. Ligand-blotting analysis of proteins extracted with Triton X-114 from a microsomal fraction of epimastigotes revealed at least five soluble proteins and one hydrophobic protein able to bind plasminogen.

Biophysical characterization of the interaction of endotoxins with hemoglobins.

Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is the major component of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria. During severe infections, bacteria may reach the blood circuit of humans, and endotoxins may be released from the bacteria due to cell division or cell death. In particular enterobacterial forms of LPS represent extremely strong activator molecules of the human immune system causing a rapid induction of cytokine production in monocytes and macrophages. Various mammalian blood proteins have been documented to display LPS binding activities mediating normally decreasing effects in the biological activity of LPS. In more recent studies, the essential systemic oxygen transportation protein hemoglobin (Hb) has been shown to amplify LPS-induced cytokine production on immune cells. The mechanism responsible for this effect is poorly understood. Here, we characterize the interaction of hemoglobin with LPS by using biophysical methods. The data presented, revealing the changes of the type and size of supramolecular aggregates of LPS in the presence of Hb, allow a better understanding of the hemoglobin-induced increase in bioactivity of LPS.

Mechanisms of B cell survival induced by BAFF, APRIL and their receptors

RESUME : BAFF est un membre de 1a famille du TNF qui contrôle l'homéostasie des lymphocytes B. BAFF lie les récepteurs TACI, BCMA et BAFF-R sur les cellules B, tandis qu'APRIL, son proche homologue, lie seulement TACI et BCMA. BAFF et APRIL sont des protéines transmembranaires pouvant -être relâchées sous forme de cytokines trimériques solubles suite à un clivage protéolytique. Le BAFF soluble peut s'assembler en 60-mère. Les rôles physiologiques des BAFF membranaires et solubles sont inconnnus. Nous avons étudié la capacité de diverses formes de BAFF et APRIL à activer différents récepteurs. BAFF-R répond à toutes les formes dé BAFF, tandis que TACI nécessite du BAFF ou de l'APRIL membranaire ou oligomérisé pour être activé et pour transmettre des signaux de survie dans les lymphocytes B primaires. TACI ne répond pas aux ligands trimériques bien qu'il puisse les lier. TACI est essentiel pour la réponse humorale aux antigènes présentant des épitoges répétitifs, une réponse qui est indépendante des lymphocytes T (réponse TI-2). Des souris exprimant moins de BAFF ont un pourcentage modérément réduit de lymphocytes B et leur réponse TI-2 est atténuée. Par contre, des souris qui n'expriment que du BAFF membranaire ont encore moins de cellules B mais répondent efficacement aux antigènes TI-2. Ces résultats suggèrent que le BAFF soluble est impliqué dans le maintien de la population des lymphocytes B, alors que le BAFF membranaire peut activer TACI lors d'are réponse TI-2. Le BAFF 60-mère est un autre activateur potentiel de TACI in vivo. Le BAFF 60-mère existe dans des surnageants de cellules productrices de BAFF mais n'est pas détecté dans le plasma de souris saines, même lorsqu'elles présentent des niveaux élevés de BAFF. BAFF 60-mère est néanmoins présent dans le plasma de souris transgéniques pour BAFF et de souris déficientes en TACI. Comme ces deux lignées présentent des signes d'autoimmunité, ces résultats suggèrent que la présence de BAFF 60-mère pourrait être liée à des conditions pathologiques. Summary : The TNF family ligand BAFF is essential for B cell homeostasis. BAFF binds to the receptors TACI, BCMA and BAFF-R on B cells, whereas its close homolog APRIL binds to TACI and BCMA only. BAFF and APRIL are transmembrane proteins, which can be proteolytically processed to release trimeric soluble cytokines. Soluble BAFF 3-mer can further assemble in a 60-mer. The physiological roles of membrane-bound and soluble BAFF are unknown. We studied the ability of various forms of BAFF and APRIL to signal through different receptors. BAFF-R responded to all forms of BAFF, but TACI required membrane-bound, cross-licked or oligomeric BAFF or APRIL in order to transmit productive signals in primary B cells. TACI was unresponsive to trimeric ligands, although it could bind them. TACI is essential for T-cell independent antibody responses to antigens with repetitive epitopes (TI-2 responses). Mice expressing lower than normal levels of BAFF displayed a moderate B cell reduction and impaired TI-2 responses, whereas mice expressing membrane-bound BAFF displayed severe B cell reduction, but unimpaired TI-2 responses. These results suggest that processed BAFF is involved in the maintenance of the B cell pool and that membrane-bound BAFF can activate TACI during T-cell independent humoral responses. BAFF 60-mer is another potential activator of TACI in vivo. BAFF 60-mer was detected in the supernatant of BAFF-producing cells, but not in the plasma of healthy mice with either norma1 or elevated BAFF levels. It was however present in sera of BAFF transgenic mice and TACI-/- mice, both of which suffer from autoimmunity, suggesting that GAFF 60-mer may be linked to pathogenic conditions.

Comparison of results of intravenous infusion of anistreplase versus streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction.

This randomized study compares the coronary perfusion rate in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with 2 different intravenous thrombolytic agents: streptokinase 1.5 million U given over 60 minutes and anisoylated human plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (anistreplase) administrated as a bolus of 30 U over 5 minutes. One hundred seventy-five patients (149 men and 26 women, mean age 54 years) have been included in this study. Eighty-nine patients were treated with anistreplase and 86 patients with streptokinase. AMI was inferior in 54 patients (61%) in the anistreplase group and in 54 patients (63%) in the streptokinase group. It was anterior in 35 (40%) and 32 (37%) patients, respectively. Coronary angiography and ventriculography were performed at a mean time (+/- SEM) of 207 +/- 11 minutes after the beginning of thrombolysis in 170 patients. A perfusion score grade of 2 or 3 according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trial was found in 63 patients (72%) in the anistreplase group and in 56 patients (68%) in the streptokinase group (p = NS). Severe bleeding occurred in 7 patients (8%) after anistreplase and in 6 patients (7%) after streptokinase. No cerebral hemorrhage occurred. Nine patients (5%) died during their hospital stay: 6 after anistreplase and 3 after streptokinase. It is concluded that intravenous administration of anistreplase or streptokinase is efficient and safe. Coronary patency 207 minutes after fibrinolysis, incidence of adverse events and mortality are similar in both groups.

Intérêt des faibles doses de rt-PA dans les syndromes inflammatoires et hémorragiques du segment antérieur: étude clinique et revue de la littérature [Treatment of anterior segment fibrinous reactions and hemorrhage with intracameral low dose rt-PA: clinical study and review of the literature].

PURPOSE: to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of low dose intraocular tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in the treatment of traumatic hyphema and postoperative fibrinous membrane. METHODS: Six microg to 10 microg of rt-PA was injected into the anterior chamber to treat severe fibrinous postoperative membranes and total traumatic hyphemae. RESULTS: Thirteen eyes of 13 patients were treated. Four cases of traumatic hyphema and 9 cases of fibrinous membranes were included. Complete fibrinolysis within 24 hours was observed in 4 cases (30.8%). A partial success was noted in 7 eyes (53.8%). No beneficial effect was observed in two cases of traumatic hyphema associated with intravitreal hemorrhage after penetrating trauma. No side effect attributable to rt-PA occurred. CONCLUSION: Low dose intraocular rt-PA appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of postoperative fibrinous membrane and endocular hemorrhage limited to the anterior chamber.

Identification of proteoglycans as the APRIL-specific binding partners.

B cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are closely related ligands within the TNF superfamily that play important roles in B lymphocyte biology. Both ligands share two receptors--transmembrane activator and calcium signal--modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)--that are predominantly expressed on B cells. In addition, BAFF specifically binds BAFF receptor, whereas the nature of a postulated APRIL-specific receptor remains elusive. We show that the TNF homology domain of APRIL binds BCMA and TACI, whereas a basic amino acid sequence (QKQKKQ) close to the NH2 terminus of the mature protein is required for binding to the APRIL-specific "receptor." This interactor was identified as negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Although T cell lines bound little APRIL, the ectopic expression of glycosaminoglycan-rich syndecans or glypicans conferred on these cells a high binding capacity that was completely dependent on APRIL's basic sequence. Moreover, syndecan-1-positive plasma cells and proteoglycan-rich nonhematopoietic cells displayed high specific, heparin-sensitive binding to APRIL. Inhibition of BAFF and APRIL, but not BAFF alone, prevented the survival and/or the migration of newly formed plasma cells to the bone marrow. In addition, costimulation of B cell proliferation by APRIL was only effective upon APRIL oligomerization. Therefore, we propose a model whereby APRIL binding to the extracellular matrix or to proteoglycan-positive cells induces APRIL oligomerization, which is the prerequisite for the triggering of TACI- and/or BCMA-mediated activation, migration, or survival signals.

SCAP is required for timely and proper myelin membrane synthesis.

Myelination requires a massive increase in glial cell membrane synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that the acute phase of myelin lipid synthesis is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) cleavage activation protein (SCAP), an activator of SREBPs. Deletion of SCAP in Schwann cells led to a loss of SREBP-mediated gene expression involving cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. Schwann cell SCAP mutant mice show congenital hypomyelination and abnormal gait. Interestingly, aging SCAP mutant mice showed partial regain of function; they exhibited improved gait and produced small amounts of myelin indicating a slow SCAP-independent uptake of external lipids. Accordingly, extracellular lipoproteins partially rescued myelination by SCAP mutant Schwann cells. However, SCAP mutant myelin never reached normal thickness and had biophysical abnormalities concordant with abnormal lipid composition. These data demonstrate that SCAP-mediated regulation of glial lipogenesis is key to the proper synthesis of myelin membrane, and provide insight into abnormal Schwann cell function under conditions affecting lipid metabolism.

Regulation of HCF-1 function via proteolytic maturation and HCF-1 subunit interaction

Abstract : Host-Cell Factor 1 (HCF-1) was first discovered in the study of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. HCF-1 is one of the two cellular proteins that compose the VP16-induced complex, a key activator of HSV lytic infection. lncleed, when HSV infects human cells, it is able to enter two modes of infection: lytic or latent. The V`P16-induced complex promotes the lytic mode and in so doing the virus targets important cellular regulatory proteins, such as HCF-1, to manipulate the status of the infected cell. Indeed, HCF-1 regulates human cell proliferation and the cell cycle at different steps. In human, HCF-1 is unusual in that it undergoes a process of proteolytic maturation that results from cleavages at six centrally located 26 amino acid repeats called HCF-1pro repeats. This generates a heterodimeric complex of stably associated amino- (HCF-1n) and carboxy- (HCF-1c) terminal subunits. The absence of the HCF-1 N or HCF-1; subunit leads predominantly to either G1 or M phase defects, respectively. We have hypothesized that HCF-1 forms a heterodimeric complex to permit communication between the two subunits of HCF-1 involved in regulating different phases of the cell cycle. Indeed, there is evidence for such inter-subunit communication because a point mutation called P134S in the HCF-1N subunit in the temperature-sensitive hamster cell line tsBN67 causes, addition to G1- phase defects associated with the HCF-1n subunit, M-phase defects similar to the defects seen upon loss of HCF-1 function. Furthermore, inhibition of the proteolytic maturation of HCF-1 by deletion of the six HCF-1pro repeats (HCF-1Aimo) also leads to M-phase defects, specifically cytokinesis defects leading to binucleation, indicating that there is loss of HCF-15 function in the absence of HCF-1 maturation. I demonstrate that individual point mutations in each of the six HCF-1pro repeats that prevent HCF-1 proteolytic maturation also lead to binucleation; however, this defect can be latgely rescued by the presence of just one HCF-1pRO sequence in I-ICF»1. These results argue that processing itself is important for the HCF-1g function. In fact, until now, the hypothesis was that the proteolytic processing per se is more important for HCF-1C function than the proteolytic processing region. But I show that processing per se is not sufticient to rescue multinucleation, but that the HCF-lpm sequence itself is crucial. This discovery leads to the conclusion that the I-ICF-1pRO repeats have an additional function important for HCF-le function. From the studies of others, one potential function of the HCF-lrxo tepeats is as a binding site for O-link NAcetyl glycosamine tansferase (OGT) to glycosylate an HCF-1n-sunbunit region called the Basic region. This new function suggests the Basic region of HCF-1n is also implicated in the communication between the two subunits. This inter-subunit communication was analyzed in more detail with the studies of the Pl34S mutation and the residues 382-450 region of HCF-l that when removed prevents HCF-l subunit association. I demonstrate that the point mutation also leads to a binucleation defect in Hela cells as well as in the tsBN67 cells. In addition, the effect of this mutation on the regulation of HCF-1c activity seems to interfere with that of the HCF-lpgg repeats because the sum of the deletion of the proteolytic processing region and the point mutation surprisingly leads to re-establishment of correct cytokinesis. The study of the 382-450 HCF-lN region also yielded surprising results. This region important for the association of the two subunits is also important for both HCF-1c function in M phase and G1 phase progression. Thus, I have discovered two main functions of this region: its role in the regulation of HCF-lc function in M phase and its involvement in the regulation of G1/S phase ?- an HCF-1n function. These results support the importance of inter-subunit communication in HCF-1 functions. My research illuminates the understanding of the interaction of the two subunits by showing that the whole HCF-1n subunit is involved in the inter-subunit communication in order to regulate HCF-1c function. For this work, I was concentrated on the study of cytokinesis; the first phenotype showing the role of HCF-1c in the M phase. Then, I extended the study of the M phase with analysis of steps earlier to cytokinesis. Because some defects in the chromosome segregation was already described in the absence of HCF-1, I decided to continue the study of M phase by checking effects on the chromosome segregation. I showed that the HCF-1n subunit and HCF-1pro repeats are both important for this key step of M phase. I show that the binucleation phenotype resulting from deletion or mutation in HCF-1pro repeats, Pl34S point mutation or the lack of the region 382-450 are correlated with micronuclei, and chromosome segregation and alignment defects. This suggests that HCF«lç already regulates M phase during an early step and could be involved in the complex regulation of chromosome segregation. Because one of the major roles of HCF-1 is to be a transcription regulator, I also checked the capacity of HCF-1 to bind to the chromatin in my different cell lines. All my recombinant proteins can bind the chromatin, except for, as previously described, the HCF-1 with the P134S point mutation, This suggests that the binding of HCF-1 to the chromatin is not dependant to the Basic and proteolytic regions but more to the Kelch domain. Thus, if the function of HCF-ig in M phase is dependant to its chromatin association, the intercommunication and the proteolytic region are not involved in the ability to bind to the chromatin but more to bind to the right place of the chromatin or to be associated with the co-factors. Résumé : L'étude de l'infection par le virus Herpes Simplex (HSV) a permis la découverte de la protéine HCF-1 (Host-Cell Factor). HCF-1 est une des protéines cellulaires qui font partie du complexe induit par VP16 ; ce complexe est la clef pour l'activation de la phase lytique de HSV. Afin de manipuler les cellules infectées, le complexe induit pas le VPIG devrait donc cibler les protéines importantes pour la régulation cellulaire, telles que la protéine HCF-1. Cette dernière s'avère donc être un senseur pour la cellule et devrait également jouer un rôle de régulation lors des différentes phases du cycle cellulaire. Chez l'humain, HCF-1 a la particularité de devoir passer par une phase de maturation pour devenir active. Lors de cette maturation, la protéine subit une coupure protéolytique au niveau de six répétitions composées de 26 acides aminés, appelé HCF-1pro repeats. Cette coupure engendre la formation d'un complexe formé de deux sous-unités, HCF-1n et HCF-1c, associées l'une à l'autre de façon stable. Enlever la sous-unité HCF-IN ou C entraîne respectivement des défauts dans la phase G1 et M. Nous pensons donc que HCF-1 forme un complexe hétérodimérique afin de permettre la communication entre les molécules impliquées dans la régulation des différentes phases du cycle cellulaire. Cette hypothèse est déduite suite à deux études: l'une réalisée sur la lignée cellulaire tsBN67 et l'autre portant sur l'inhibition de la maturation protéolytique. La lignée cellulaire tsBN67, sensible à la température, porte la mutation Pl 345 dans la sous-unité HCF-1n. Cette mutation, en plus d'occasionner des défauts dans la phase G1 (défauts liés à la sous-unité HCF-1N), a aussi pour conséquence d'entrainer des défauts dans la phase M, défauts similaires à ceux dus a la perte de la sous-unité HCF-1c. Quant à la maturation protéolytique, l'absence de la région de la protéolyse provoque la binucléation, défaut lié à la cytokinèse, indiquant la perte de la fonction de la sous-unité HCF-1c. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai démontré que des mutations dans les HCF-1=no repeats, qui bloquent la protéolyse, engendrent la binucléation ; cependant ce défaut peut être corrigé pas l'ajout d'un HCF-1pro repeat dans un HCF-1 ne contenant pas la région protéolytique. Ces résultats soutiennent l'idée que la région protéolytique est importante pour le bon fonctionnement de HCF-1c. En réalité jusqu'a maintenant on supposait que le mécanisme de coupure était plus important que la région impliquée pour la régulation de la fonction de HCF-1;. Mais mon étude montre que la protéolyse n'est pas suffisante pour éviter la binucléation ; en effet, les HCF-1pro repeats semblent jouer le rôle essentiel dans le cycle cellulaire. Cette découverte conduit à la conclusion que les HCF-1pro repeats ont sûrement une fonction autre qui serait cruciale pour la foncton de HCF-1c. Une des fonctions possibles est d'être le site de liaison de l'O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transférase (OGT) qui glycosylerait la région Basique de HCF-1n. Cette nouvelle fonction suggère que la région Basique est aussi impliquée dans la communication entre les deux sous- unités. L'intercommunication entre les deux sous-unités ai été d'ailleurs analysée plus en détail dans mon travail à travers l'étude de la mutation Pl34S et de la région 382-450, essentielle pour l'association des deux sous»unités. J'ai ainsi démontré que la mutation P134S entraînait aussi des défauts dans la cytokinése dans la lignée cellulaire Hela, de plus, son influence sur HCF-1c semble interférer avec celle de la région protéolytique. En effet, la superposition de ces deux modifications dans HCF-1 conduit au rétablissement d'une cytokinése correcte. Concernant la région 382 à 450, les résultats ont été assez surprenants, la perte de cette région provoque l'arrêt du cycle en G1 et la binucléation, ce qui tend à prouver son importance pour le bon fonctionnement de HCF-1n et de HCF-1c. Cette découverte appuie par conséquent l'hypotl1èse d'une intercommunicatzion entre les deux sous-unités mettant en jeu les différentes régions de HCF-1n. Grâce à mes recherches, j'ai pu améliorer la compréhension de l'interaction des deux sous-unités de HCF-1 en montrant que toutes les régions de HCF-1n sont engagées dans un processus d'intercommunication, dont le but est de réguler l'action de HCF-1c. J'ai également mis en évidence une nouvelle étape de la maturation de HCF-1 qui représente une phase importante pour l'activation de la fonction de HCF-1c. Afin de mettre à jour cette découverte, je me suis concentrée sur l'étude de l'impact de ces régions au niveau de la cytokinése qui fut le premier phénotype démontrant le rôle de HCF-1c dans la phase M. A ce jour, nous savons que HCF-1c joue un rôle dans la cytokinèse, nous ne connaissons pas encore sa fonction précise. Dans le but de cerner plus précisément cette fonction, j'ai investigué des étapes ultérieures ai la cytokinèse. Des défauts dans la ségrégation des chromosomes avaient déjà été observés, ai donc continué l'étude en prouvant que HCF-1n et les HCF-1pro repeats sont aussi importants pour le bon fonctionnement de cette étape clef également régulée par HCF-1c. J' ai aussi montré que la région 382-450 et la mutation P134S sont associées à un taux élevé de micronoyaux, de défauts dans la ségrégation des chromosomes. L'une des fonctions principales de HCF-1 étant la régulation de la transcription, j'ai aussi contrôlé la capacité de HCF-1 à se lier à la chromatine après insertion de mutations ou délétions dans HCF-1n et dans la région protéolytique. Or, à l'exception des HCF-1 contenant la mutation P134S, la sous-unité HCF-1c des HCF-1 tronquées se lie correctement à la chromatine. Cette constatation suggère que la liaison entre HCF-1c et chromatine n'est pas dépendante de la région Basique ou Protéolytique mais peut-être vraisemblablement de la région Kelch. Donc si le rôle de HCF-1c est dépendant de sa capacité â activer la transcription, l'intercommunication entre les deux sous-unités et la région protéolytique joueraient un rôle important non pas dans son habileté à se lier à la chromatine, mais dans la capacité de HCF-1 à s'associer aux co-facteurs ou à se placer sur les bonnes régions du génome.

Diseño de un controlador para una matriz de Led tricolor basado en microprocesador

Diseño de un Controlador para una matriz de Led Tricolor basado en microprocesador, cuya función principal es la de representar en una matriz de 16 x 16 formada por LED Tricolor, una imagen dada por un archivo digital.

Improving binding affinity and stability of peptide ligands by substituting glycines with D-amino acids.

Improving the binding affinity and/or stability of peptide ligands often requires testing of large numbers of variants to identify beneficial mutations. Herein we propose a type of mutation that promises a high success rate. In a bicyclic peptide inhibitor of the cancer-related protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), we observed a glycine residue that has a positive ϕ dihedral angle when bound to the target. We hypothesized that replacing it with a D-amino acid, which favors positive ϕ angles, could enhance the binding affinity and/or proteolytic resistance. Mutation of this specific glycine to D-serine in the bicyclic peptide indeed improved inhibitory activity (1.75-fold) and stability (fourfold). X-ray-structure analysis of the inhibitors in complex with uPA showed that the peptide backbone conformation was conserved. Analysis of known cyclic peptide ligands showed that glycine is one of the most frequent amino acids, and that glycines with positive ϕ angles are found in many protein-bound peptides. These results suggest that the glycine-to-D-amino acid mutagenesis strategy could be broadly applied.

Gestión postventa

Proyecto final de carrera en el que una empresa, especializada en el segmento de los electrodomésticos, se ve en la necesidad de cambiar el sistema que tiene para gestionar la postventa de sus productos. Se han analizado los requerimientos del nuevo sistema, así como implementado la base de datos que satisface estos requerimientos junto con los procedimientos necesarios para la gestión que proporcionaran el único método de acceso. A parte de la gestión diaria de las incidencias, se han consolidado datos para generar estadísticas que permitan mejorar la eficiencia de la empresa.

Gestió d'incidències post venda de productes electrodomèstics

Base de dades per gestionar incidències post venda de productes electrodomèstics. Inclou anàlisi, disseny i creació de la base de dades i del magatzem de Dades.

Disseny i implementació d'un sistema per a gestionar la postvenda d'electrodomèstics

Treball centrat en el disseny i implementació d'una base de dades relacional (BD) per a la gestió d'incidències d'electrodomèstics, atenent als requeriments inicialment establerts. Inclou els procediments emmagatzemats, els sistema de diari (log). També es crea un magatzem de dades (DWH) i el procés d'extracció, transformació i càrrega (ETL) entre la BD i el DWH. Finalment es creen unes consultes específiques del DWH i una interfície HTML per a realitzar-les des d'un navegador i un servidor web.

STAT3 links IL-22 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells to mucosal wound healing.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is a pleiotropic transcription factor with important functions in cytokine signaling in a variety of tissues. However, the role of STAT3 in the intestinal epithelium is not well understood. We demonstrate that development of colonic inflammation is associated with the induction of STAT3 activity in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Studies in genetically engineered mice showed that epithelial STAT3 activation in dextran sodium sulfate colitis is dependent on interleukin (IL)-22 rather than IL-6. IL-22 was secreted by colonic CD11c(+) cells in response to Toll-like receptor stimulation. Conditional knockout mice with an IEC-specific deletion of STAT3 activity were highly susceptible to experimental colitis, indicating that epithelial STAT3 regulates gut homeostasis. STAT3(IEC-KO) mice, upon induction of colitis, showed a striking defect of epithelial restitution. Gene chip analysis indicated that STAT3 regulates the cellular stress response, apoptosis, and pathways associated with wound healing in IECs. Consistently, both IL-22 and epithelial STAT3 were found to be important in wound-healing experiments in vivo. In summary, our data suggest that intestinal epithelial STAT3 activation regulates immune homeostasis in the gut by promoting IL-22-dependent mucosal wound healing.

In Vivo Modulation of Mitochondrial Activity Determines HSC Engraftment and Post-Transplant Survival in Mice

Cellular metabolism is emerging as a potential fate determinant in cancer and stem cell biology, constituting a crucial regulator of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool [1-4]. The extremely low oxygen tension in the HSC microenvironment of the adult bone marrow forces HSCs into a low metabolic profile that is thought to enable their maintenance by protecting them from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although HSC quiescence has for long been associated with low mitochondrial activity, as testified by the low rhodamine stain that marks primitive HSCs, we hypothesized that mitochondrial activation could be an HSC fate determinant in its own right. We thus set to investigate the implications of pharmacologically modulating mitochondrial activity during bone marrow transplantation, and have found that forcing mitochondrial activation in the post-transplant period dramatically increases survival. Specifically, we examined the mitochondrial content and activation profile of each murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor compartment. Long-term-HSCs (LT-HSC, Lin-cKit+Sca1+ (LKS) CD150+CD34-), short-term-HSCs (ST-HSC, LKS+150+34+), multipotent progenitors (MPPs, LKS+150-) and committed progenitors (PROG, Lin-cKit+Sca1-) display distinct mitochondrial profiles, with both mitochondrial content and activity increasing with differentiation. Indeed, we found that overall function of the hematopoietic progenitor and stem cell compartment can be resolved by mitochondrial activity alone, as illustrated by the fact that low mitochondrial activity LKS cells (TMRM low) can provide efficient long-term engraftment, while high mitochondrial activity LKS cells (TMRM high) cannot engraft in lethally irradiated mice. Moreover, low mitochondrial activity can equally predict efficiency of engraftment within the LT-HSC and ST-HSC compartments, opening the field to a novel method of discriminating a population of transitioning ST-HSCs that retain long-term engraftment capacity. Based on previous experience that a high-fat bone marrow microenvironment depletes short-term hematopoietic progenitors while conserving their long-term counterparts [5], we set to measure HSC mitochondrial activation in high-fat diet fed mice, known to decrease metabolic rate on a per cell basis through excess insulin/IGF-1 production. Congruently, we found lower mitochondrial activation as assessed by flow cytometry and RT-PCR analysis as well as a depletion of the short-term progenitor compartment in high fat versus control chow diet fed mice. We then tested the effects of a mitochondrial activator known to counteract the negative effects of high fat diet. We first analyzed the in vitro effect on HSC cell cycle kinetics, where no significant change in proliferation or division time was found. However, HSCs responded to the mitochondrial activator by increasing asynchrony, a behavior that is thought to directly correlate with asymmetric division [6]. As opposed to high-fat diet fed mice, mice fed with the mitochondrial activator showed an increase in ST-HSCs, while all the other hematopoietic compartments were comparable to mice fed on control diet. Given the dependency on short-term progenitors to rapidly reconstitute hematopoiesis following bone marrow transplantation, we tested the effect of pharmacological mitochondrial activation on the recovery of mice transplanted with a limiting HSC dose. Survival 3 weeks post-transplant was 80% in the treated group compared to 0% in the control group, as predicted by faster recovery of platelet and neutrophil counts. In conclusion, we have found that mitochondrial activation regulates the long-term to short-term HSC transition, unraveling mitochondrial modulation as a valuable drug target for post-transplant therapy. Identification of molecular pathways accountable for the metabolically mediated fate switch is currently ongoing.