997 resultados para Absalon, abp., 1128-1201.


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随着机器人技术的不断发展,出现了合作多移动机器人系统这一新的研究和应用领域,随之而来的是对机器人控制体系的新的要求.本文分析了合作多移动机器人系统对单机控制体系结构的要求,并以此为背景,在比较两种典型的智能机器人体系结构的基础上,提出一种混合分层的体系结构

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As the first arrival of seismic phase in deep seismic sounding, Pg is the important data for studying the attributes of the sedimentary layers and the shape of crystalline basement because of its high intensity and reliable detection. Conventionally, the sedimentary cover is expressed as isotropic, linear increasing model in the interpretation of Pg event. Actually, the sedimentary medium should be anisotropic as preferred cracks or fractures and thin layers are common features in the upper crust, so the interpretation of Pg event needs to be taken account of seismic velocity anisotropy. Traveltime calculation is the base of data processing and interpretation. Here, we only study the type of elliptical anisotropy for the poor quality and insufficiency of DSS data. In this thesis, we first investigate the meaning of elliptical anisotropy in the study of crustal structure and attribute, then derive Pg event’s traveltime-offset relationship by assuming a linear increasing velocity model with elliptical anisotropy and present the invert scheme from Pg traveltime-offset dataset to seismic velocity and its anisotropy of shallow crustal structure. We compare the Pg traveltime calculated by our analytic formula with numerical calculating method to test the accuracy. To get the lateral variation of elliptical anisotropy along the profiling, a tomography inversion method with the derived formula is presented, where the profile is divided into rectangles. Anisotropic imaging of crustal structure and attribute is efficient method for crust study. The imaging result can help us interprete the seismic data and discover the attribute of the rock to analyze the interaction between layers. Traveltime calculation is the base of image. Base on the ray tracing equations, the paper present a realization of three dimension of layer model with arbitrary anisotropic type and an example of Pg traveltime calculation in arbitrary anisotropic type is presented. The traveltime calculation method is complex and it only adapts to nonlinear inversion. Perturbation method of travel-time calculation in anisotropy is the linearization approach. It establishes the direct relation between seismic parameters and travetime and it is fit for inversion in anisotropic structural imaging. The thesis presents a P-wave imaging method of layer media for TTI. Southeastern China is an important part of the tectonic framework concerning the continental margin of eastern China and is commonly assumed to comprise the Yangtze block and the Cathaysia block, the two major tectonic units in the region. It’s a typical geological and geophysical zone. In this part, we fit the traveltime of Pg phase by the raytracing numerical method. But the method is not suitable here because the inefficiency of numerical method and the method itself. By the analytic method, we fit the Pg and Sg and get the lateral variation of elliptical anisotropy and then discuss its implication. The northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau is typical because it is the joint area of Eurasian plate and Indian plate and many strong earthquakes have occurred there in recent years.We use the Pg data to get elliptical anisotropic variation and discuss the possible meaning.

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本研究报道一组新的西南季风代用指标,即泥炭中单一种属植物-木里苔草残体纤维素和泥炭混合植物残体纤维素的δ13C 时间序列,所记录的青藏高原东部全新世气候变化。两记录表明,该区全新世的下限年龄约11 200 aBP (14C 年龄约9 900 aBP) ;从约11 200 aBP 起该区迅速进入湿暖的全新世阶段,季风活动迅速增强;在约10800~5 500 aBP 期间,季风总体保持在强盛状态,但其间有4 次突然减弱,气候变干冷;约从5 500 aBP 起季风活动在波动中逐渐减弱,其中有4 次减弱最明显。所有这8 次气候的突然变化都与北大西洋浮冰事件一一对应。这种密切的相关关系表明,西南季风强度的波动可能是对全球变化,特别是对海洋热盐环流引起的地球南北方气候波动的所谓“跷跷板效应”的响应。

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对贵阳地区22个雨水样品的化学组成和Sr同位素的研究表明,贵阳地区大部分雨水样品的pH值小于5.6(pH=4.53).雨水中Ca^2+是最主要的阳离子,平均值为57μmol·l^-1(12-164μmol·l^-1),占阳离子组成的64%-87%;Mg^2+是次要的阳离子,平均值为13μmol·l^-1(5—4μmol·l^-1),Ca^2+和Mg^2+之和占了阳离子组成的78%-96%;K^+平均值为11μmol·l^-1(2—44μmol·l^-1);Na^+最少,其平均值为4μmol·l^-1(1—8μmol·l^-1).SO4^2-是最主要的阴离子,平均值为941μmol·l^-1(34—279μmol·l^-1),占阴离子组成的28%-94%;NO3^-是次要的阴离子,平均值为48μmol·l^-1(1-252μmol·l^-1),SO4^2-和NO3^-是决定雨水酸度最主要的离子,SO4^2=和NO3^-之和占阴离子组成的77%-99%;Cl^-最少,平均值为20μmol·l^1(1—128μmol·l^-1).贵阳地区雨水中Sr的浓度为0.02-O.33μmol·l^-1,^87Sr/^86Sr比值较小(0.707934-0.709080),非海盐来源的^87Sr/^86Sr比值为0.707820-0.709078.元素比值及Sr同位素组成辨识出贵阳地区雨水溶质主要来源于人为活动,岩石/土壤化学风化次之,海相输入很小或可以忽略不计.

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植物稳定同位素气候学因其具有坚实的理论基础,在古气候研究中倍受关注。同位素“语言”对气候变化的记录是一种“精确”记录。近30多年来,大量科学家不懈努力,提出并完善了植物C、H、O同位素分馏模型,为全球气候变化提供了理想的研究手段。古气候研究面临空前的机遇和挑战;不论是气候规律的发掘以及气候驱动机制的探讨,均需要大力加强。作者利用植物同位素气候学这一理想的研究“工具”,分别选取树轮和泥炭气候历史档案库作为信息载体,开展了中国全新世以来高分辨率、多时间尺度的气候信息综合辨识。我的工作表明:植物稳定同位素组成是理想的气候代用指标。树轮、泥炭档案库相结合,可以获得多尺度(年际、代际、百年以及千年时间尺度)、高分辨率气候信息,对于认识全球气候变化规律以及深入探讨全球气候动力学机制是十分重要的。1、安图红松树轮同位素气候代用记录研究(1)安图红松树轮同位素组成受多种气象因子的联合作用,因而单一地将某一同位素指标与某一气象因子做回归分析所得结果不甚理想。本论文构建了“温度一湿度”复合气候指标,取得了理想的结果。研究发现,不论是树轮δ13C还是δ18O,均与5-8月温湿复合指标显著相关。重建的气候变化与《安图县志》记录的气候变化事件大多吻合。证明这种新的研究方案是可行的,值得在以后的工作中进一步加强。(2)安图红松树轮δ13C灵敏地记录了该区过去200年来5-7月低云量变化。综合分析各种气象要素之间的相关关系以及气象要素与树轮δ13C之间的相关关系,作者认为,低云量对树轮δ13C的影响是一种间接影响。低云量非常显著地影响日照强度以及降雨量等气象因子,进而借助于日照强度及降雨量等气象因子在树轮δ13C中留下自身的变化“印记”。(3)功率谱分析证明,安图红松树轮δ13C、δ18O序列均包含了显著的准2年周期、准4年周期、准10-8年周期。分别是对东亚夏季风准两年振荡(QBO),ENSO准4年周期,太阳活动准11年周期的响应。(4)作者在传统树轮氢、氧同位素分馏模型基础上,同时引入“交换因子”和“蒸腾因子”两个新参数,改进了树轮氢、氧同位素分馏模型。改进的模型能利用树轮H、O同位素组成较准确模拟大气降水H、O同位素组成。改进的模型采用“自适应”方式,具有很大的灵活性,可望用于“用泥炭同位素组成模拟大气降水同位素组成”这项研究中。2、红原泥炭氧同位素气候代用记录研究(1)过去6000年来,红原温度变化趋势与金川、敦德温度变化趋势有很好的相似性,证明中国大多地区温度变化趋势是一致的。6000~4000aBP平均温度水平较低;4000-1500 aBP平均温度水平较高;1500aBP至今平均温度水平相对较低。4000aBP和1500aBP是近6000年温度变化序列中两个显著的转折点。(2)红原温度变化序列中记录到一系列低温突变,这些突变事件与金川、敦德、格陵兰、北大西洋,等等,广泛区域内温度突变事件具有很好的一致性。特别地,每当一次低温突变事件发生,通常有相应的社会结构重整、社会崩溃、古文明坍塌等重大历史事件与之对应。这进一步证实,气候变化(特别是气候突变)对整个社会经济和文明的冲击是十分明显的。(3)近6000年红原、金川温度变化趋势与大气14C变化趋势非常相似,暗示中国地区温度变化的主要驱动力来自太阳活动。功率谱分析进一步证实了这一结论。功率谱分析中最显著的周期信号是88-yr和123-127-yr年周期,体现了一种典型的世纪尺度温度变化特征。3、综合讨论(1)“红原-金川”平均温度变化趋势显示,近千年中国平均温度变化与经典的太阳活动极小期,如Darton极小、Maunder极小、sp6rer极小、oort极小,等等,表现一致。表明中国气温变化主要驱动力来自太阳活动。大约在1050-1250AD期间,中国温度水平较高。而同期大气14C,南极冰心10Be以及模拟的总太阳辐射等均表明太阳活动处于较高水平。大量树轮记录也表明近百年中国并无异常升温。这些资料表明,最近百年气温变化可能并未超出自然变率。(2)提出了“大洋温盐环流一季风”概念模型。这一模型能很好解释北大西洋温度突变与印度洋夏季风突变的一致性、中国东北和西南长期降雨趋势的反相性、北太平洋(温盐环流上翻区)温度记录与北大西洋温度记录的“跷跷板”效应(seesaw effect),等等。大洋温盐环流可能是主宰印度洋夏季风区、东亚夏季风区长期干湿变迁的主要因素。

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自20世纪60年代以来,探索全球性气候变化规律和环境变迁史的研究工作在世界各国广泛开展。大规模的深海岩芯的研究、中国北方黄土的系统研究、大型湖泊沉积岩芯的研究及对树木年轮、泥炭、珊瑚、冰芯等“自然环境历史档案”开展的研究工作,都为重建古气候和古生态环境提供了大量的资料。洞穴化学沉积物(石笋)由于其特有的微层结构及其内的稳定氧、碳同位素和微量元素所蕴含的古气候与古生态环境信息,并且具有分布广、时间长、信息保存完整等特点,因此,它是研究地球环境变化很好的自然环境历史档案。本论文通过对凉风洞洞穴体系的综合研究和对凉风洞石笋(微层)生长特征及石笋的碳、氧稳定同位素组成的研究,系统探讨了贵州凉风洞石笋的古气候记录和古生态环境意义,得出以下主要结论:1,地表植被的类型及生物量等信息可综合反映于洞穴体系的不同组.分(气样、土样、水样)中。而洞穴的水动力条件也能很好的被洞穴滴水中所含微量(常量)元素记录。根据分析,洞穴综合体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系存在一定规律性。通过对比说明,我们所选的凉风洞基岩的溶蚀和缓冲对水体中的信息影响不大,即洞穴滴水较好的继承了土壤水所携带的地表气候与生态环境信息,是理想的研究对象。2.凉风洞石笋具有多个沉积旋回,不同沉积旋回的纹层组合及纹层结构存在一定的差异,指示不同的沉积环境。根据年龄数据判断,旋回①至旋回⑧之间年龄跨度为1570-8000 aBP,以呈缓平顶(柱)对称叠复状的沉积形态组合为主,示洞顶滴水量较大,滴水点相对稳定,且均匀,与全新世较为稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律相一致。旋回⑧以下至底部石葡萄状沉积物之上部分之间年龄跨度为8000-14220 aBP,期间经历末次冰期晚期向全新世大暖期过渡,受诸如新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas)等的影响,气候变化幅度大,且经历多次反复,石笋生长的沉积学特征表现为斜锥(柱)、尖顶锥不对称叠复纹层组合,示洞顶滴水水量较小但变化较大,且洞穴滴水不稳(固)定。与此时间段内不稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律也相一致。3.凉风洞石笋上段微层具有典型南方石笋微层发育的特性:微层发育较差,层面多弯曲,层间界面模糊等。下段因为沉积间断较多、风化层面厚及受到若干时段内碳酸钙重结晶而导致晶体穿插层位生长的影响,尽管在某些层位有微层发育,但无法对石笋微层作连续观察记录。根据高精度的石笋TIMS、ICP-MS测年数据和在显微镜下所数石笋微层数量的对比,扣除若干个沉积间断及风化层导致的微层缺失,以及显微镜下肉眼对细小微层计数的误差,我们认为,凉风洞石笋微层是年生长层的可能性较大。4,由于部分测年数据仍在测试中,目前无法精确控制石笋中沉积间断的存在导致的信息缺失,因此,我们仅仅根据部分石笋测年数据,建立了凉风洞石笋在不同时段的生长速率。全新世以来石笋的生长速率在22μm/yr-51μm/yr之间,明显高于末次冰期晚期向全新世过渡这一时间段内的石笋生长速率(16μm/yr)。这些数据间接印证了石笋生长响应于外界气候,尤其是降雨的变化。5.通过对洞穴体系的综合分析对比,我们判断凉风洞洞穴综合体系相对完整,洞穴化学沉积物的6先值较为直接的响应了土壤c压的61t值变化,即反映了地表的植被(c3植物和c;植物)的组成状况。贵州地区降雨80%集中在5-10月份,在此期间,基本受西南季风和东亚季风所控制。西南季风盛行时贵州各地的降雨频繁,是一年中雨量最集中的时期,在东亚季风影响时期,贵州多晴少雨,往往形成干早的天气。又西南季风控制区大气降雨创的值的加权平均值明显低于东亚季风控制区大气降雨δ18O值的加权平均值。因此,贵州地区年均降雨量和年均降雨δ18O值主要取决于西南(印度洋)季风的强弱:西南季风加强,降雨量增加,年均降雨剐、值偏负;西南季风减弱,降雨量减少,年均降雨δ18O值偏正。洞穴滴水的6旧O值变化基本继承了大气降水的别勿值变化。因此,对地处我国西南地区贵州南部的凉风洞,源于洞穴滴水的凉风洞石笋的别勺值变化直接响应了外界的大气降雨量的变化和西南季风与东亚季风相互的强弱交替。6.对凉风洞石笋碳、氧同位素组成的时间序列曲线作20点移动平均,发现,特别是进入全新世后,石笋的引3c值和扩、值几乎具有完全一致的同步变化,只是在变化幅度上在某些时段存在差异。说明在凉风洞石笋反映的14220-1570 aBP时间段内,尤其是10500-1570 aBP期间,本区域气候具有雨热(或干冷)同期的气候特征:在气温较高时间段,西南季风增强,气候湿润多雨,更有利于地表。植物的生长。气温降低时,随着东亚季风增强,西南季风减弱,气候干旱少雨,地表C;植物的生长占有一定的比例。据此重建和恢复了本地区14220-1570 aBP期间的古气候和古生态环境:(1).14220-10500aBP,处于末次冰期晚期,气温较低。凉风洞石笋此时段的司、值都大于-9.8‰,最小值为-9.31‰,最大值达-7.290‰,平均值为-8.552‰。说明凉风洞洞穴地表的生长植被。植物占有一定的组分,石笋的δ18C值受C3植物和C4植物的共同影响。此时段内石笋6、值也存在一定的波动(-5.651‰-6.942‰),考虑到末次冰期晚期先全新世过渡期间气温变幅较大,O'Neil等(1969)所建立的氧同位素平衡分馏方程中的温度变化已不能忽略,并且大气降雨的温度效应作用也比较明显,因此我们对此时段的季风和大气降雨量的变化不作讨论。(2). 10500-9300 aBP,新仙女木事件结束,进入全新世,气温逐渐回升。凉风洞石笋此时段的扩3c值大都小于-9.8‰,最小值为-10.377‰,最大值为-9.267‰,平均值为-9.910‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被已逐渐由C3植物占主导。此时段石笋δ18C值明显卜降,最小值为-7.420‰,最大值为-6.077‰,平均值为-6.854‰。反映在全新世早期夏季风盛行,降雨量较大,西南季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率大。(3).9300-8300 aBP,经历一段明显温度波动变化。仟3c值在-9.8‰上下波动,最小值为-10.155‰,最大值为-9.096‰,平均值为-9.712‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被C4植物所占比例存在反复。此时段石笋岁a0值变化幅度不是很大,最小值为-6.796‰,最大值为-6.260‰,平均值为-6.490‰。受冬季风影响,夏季风有一定的减弱,总体降雨量一般,东亚季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率比全新世初期有所增大。(4).8300-3l000BP,俗称全新世大暖期,此时段全球气温明显回升,石笋δ18C值总体逐渐降低,最小值为-n.926编,平均值为-10.496‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本由C3植物所控制。但在扩飞值总体逐渐降低的趋势一F,也存在若干扩3c值明显增大时段,如7700-6700 aBP时段,61七值最大值达-8.110‰,地表C4植物所占比例已不能忽略。此时段石笋6150值变化幅度较大,最小值为-7.373‰,最大值为-5.047‰,平均值为-6.261‰。反映在全新世大暖期的大背景下西南季风和东亚季风的交替以及大气降雨量的变化存在较大的波动,说明了季风气候的不稳定性。(5).3100-1570 aBP,在3100aBP前后,凉风洞石笋的δ18C值和δ18O值均急剧上升,标志进入晚全新世。此时段气温变幅很大,δ18C值总体虽然仍偏低,平均值为-10.275‰,但刻畜介于-6.495-12.097‰之间;δ18C值平均值为-6.184‰,变幅介于-4.677-8.65‰之间,均超过以往任何时段。此时段凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本上仍然由C。植物所控制,始于3100 aBP的急速降温事件使得在全新世晚期开始时段C4植物所占比例有一定的上升。此时段内西南季风和东亚季风反复多次交替,大气降雨量存在较大幅度的变化,说明了季风气候在此时段的很不稳定性。对于169于巧70 oBP百年时间段内石笋的δ18C值和司、值巨大幅度的急剧升高,有待进一步研究,也不排除石笋表层长期裸露受外界污染所致。

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泥炭的形成和积累主要受控于气候,其次是地质、地貌和水文等因素。作为一种重要和理想的气候信息载体,泥炭己经与冰芯、海洋及湖泊沉积、黄土堆积、洞穴碳酸盐沉积、树轮和珊瑚礁等其它类型的自然地质档案一样,逐渐为国内外致力于古气候变化研究的学者所接受,并将其重点应用于全新世以来气候变化信息的提取。本研究在已有的泥炭混合植物残体纤维素碳稳定同位素记录青藏高原东部地区气候信息的基础上,首次提取泥炭中单一种属植物残体一木里苔草(Calexmulieensis)纤维素,测定其碳稳定同位素,并以其时间序列作为一种新的西南季风代用指标,揭示该区域全新世以来气候变化。研究表明:1.木里苔草的碳稳定同位素时间序列是西南季风强度变化的敏感代用指标。约11800~11加0 cal aBP期间,木里苔草纤维素的613C记录处于最大值,表明该时段西南季风活动鼻弱,气候干冷,对应于普遍发生并存在的新仙女木事件;它清晰地指示了该区全新世的下限年龄为约11200 cal aBP(14c年龄约9900aB玲从约11200 oal aBP起该区迅速进入湿暖的全新世阶段,季风活动迅速增强;在约10800~5500 cal aBP期间,季风总体保持在强盛状态,但其间有4次突然减弱,气候变干冷;约从5500 cala即起季风活动在波动中逐渐减弱,其中有4次减弱最为明显。2.木里苔草纤维素碳同位素所记录的犯000年以来的所有9次西南季风活动的突然减弱与同时期北大西洋发生的冰力}漂移碎屑沉积物事件(IRD事件)一一对应。这种密切的相关关系表明,西南季风强度的波动可能是对全球气候变化特别是对海洋热盐环流引起的地球南北方气撇动变化的响应。3.木里苔草纤维素碳稳定同位素所指示的西南季风有952,乓57,475,312,211和77年等一系列周期。其中557年和77年两个周期分别与北大西洋深层海水环流的550年的周期和76年的气候周期非常吻合。这表明西南季风与北大西洋气候间有很好的相关关系。由于557年和77年的季风周期又都分别类似于53。年和80年的太阳活动周期,这表明太阳活动可能对西南季风和北大西洋气候间的联系有着影响。4.红原泥炭木里苔草纤维素和泥炭混合纤维素别3c时间序列在千年至万年时间尺度上的变化趋势很相近。两种代用记录都一致反映了冰后期的气候变化,即均指示西南季风强度变化可分为三个明显的大阶段。这说明它们对过去12000年的西南季风变化具有相同的响应。对于目前经过较详细研究的那些全球大范围发生的突然气候变化事件,木里苔草纤维素δ~(13)C代用记录与泥炭混合纤维素δ~(13)C代用记录一样,都有相同的响应,但是,相对于泥炭中单一的木里苔草敏感地记录到历次北大西洋I劝事件而言,泥炭混合纤维素δ~(13)C记录对其中的几次突然气候变化事件似乎没有表现出明显的响应。这个结果表明对数百年尺度的突然气候变化,木里苔草纤维素比混合纤维素的酬3c指标似乎要更敏感一点。因此,在能获得足够数量的单种植物·残体的情况下,单种植物残体纤维素的δ~(13)C指标有很好的使用价值。

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This research is concerned with designing representations for analytical reasoning problems (of the sort found on the GRE and LSAT). These problems test the ability to draw logical conclusions. A computer program was developed that takes as input a straightforward predicate calculus translation of a problem, requests additional information if necessary, decides what to represent and how, designs representations capturing the constraints of the problem, and creates and executes a LISP program that uses those representations to produce a solution. Even though these problems are typically difficult for theorem provers to solve, the LISP program that uses the designed representations is very efficient.

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Although the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation of Clostridium acetobutylicum is currently uneconomic, the ability of the bacterium to metabolise a wide range of carbohydrates offers the potential for revival based on the use of cheap, low grade substrates. We have investigated the uptake and metabolism of lactose, the major sugar in industrial whey waste, by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Lactose is taken up via a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) comprising both soluble and membrane-associated components, and the resulting phosphorylated derivative is hydrolysed by a phospho--galactosidase. These activities are induced during growth on lactose, but are absent in glucose-grown cells. Analysis of the C. acetobutylicum genome sequence identified a gene system, lacRFEG, encoding a transcriptional regulator of the DeoR family, IIA and IICB components of a lactose PTS, and phospho--galactosidase. During growth in medium containing both glucose and lactose, C. acetobutylicum exhibited a classical diauxic growth, and the lac operon was not expressed until glucose was exhausted from the medium. The presence upstream of lacR of a potential catabolite responsive element (cre) encompassing the transcriptional start site is indicative of the mechanism of carbon catabolite repression characteristic of low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. A pathway for the uptake and metabolism of lactose by this industrially important organism is proposed.

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Cannabinoid receptors are members of the large family of G-protein coupled receptors. Two types of cannabinoid receptor have been discovered: CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are localised predominantly in the brain whereas CB2 receptors are more abundant in peripheral nervous system cells. CB1 receptors have been related with a number of disorders, including depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia, chronic pain and obesity. For this reason, several cannabinoid ligands were developed as drug candidates. Among these ligands, a prominent position is occupied by SR141716 (Rimonabant), which is a pyrazole derivative with inverse agonist activity discovered by Sanofi-Synthelabo in 1994. This compound was marketed in Europe as an anti-obesity drug, but subsequently withdrawn due to its side-effects. Since the relationship between the CB1 receptors’ functional modification, density and distribution, and the beginning of a pathological state is still not well understood, the development of radio-ligands suitable for in vivo PET (Positron Emission Tomography) functional imaging of CB1 receptors remains an important area of research in medicine and drug development. To date, a few radiotracers have been synthesised and tested in vivo, but most of them afforded unsatisfactory brain imaging results. A handful of radiolabelled CB1 PET ligands have also been submitted to clinical trials in humans. In this PhD Thesis the design, synthesis and characterization of three new classes of potential high-affinity CB1 ligands as candidate PET tracers is described.

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In practice, piles are most often modelled as "Beams on Non-Linear Winkler Foundation" (also known as “p-y spring” approach) where the soil is idealised as p-y springs. These p-y springs are obtained through semi-empirical approach using element test results of the soil. For liquefied soil, a reduction factor (often termed as p-multiplier approach) is applied on a standard p-y curve for the non-liquefied condition to obtain the p-y curve liquefied soil condition. This paper presents a methodology to obtain p-y curves for liquefied soil based on element testing of liquefied soil considering physically plausible mechanisms. Validation of the proposed p-y curves is carried out through the back analysis of physical model tests.

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This chapter examines the role of the advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) within the domains of practice identified by the Royal College of Nursing (2002) as the teaching and coaching function. (Note that this is referred to by the NMC as the education function. It approaches the analysis against the backdrop of three policy documents: The Expert Patient: a new approach to chronic disease management for the 21st century(DoH 2001), Choosing Health: making healthy choices easier (DoH 2004), Our health, our care, our say (DoH 2006). It draws into the frame the experiences of ANP students as they work with patients, clients and carers, with the intention of enabling health and managing illness. It uses examples from a range of everyday practice setting to illustrate the inherent challenges of the teaching and coaching function of the ANP, at the same time as recognising its significance if patients, clients and carers are to be enabled to make choices that might optimize their well-being. Before this, however, some statistics are presented to focus thinking on why education is an invaluable component of advanced nursing practice.

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En los últimos años se han introducido el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) y de los métodos de Inquiry-Based learning (IBL) o Aprendizaje Basado en la Experimentación en los programas de asignaturas de ciencias experimentales. Estos protocolos pretenden cambiar el modelo actual de evaluación de trabajo de laboratorio basado en el informe de laboratorio o el examen final teórico de las prácticas. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de la aplicación de un protocolo de IBL para el trabajo de laboratorio de dos asignaturas básicas del Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas de la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Tanto los resultados de evaluación de los alumnos, como el grado de satisfacción de los mismos con este método ha sido muy satisfactorio. En nuestra opinión, la metodología IBL constituye un buen método que permite trabajar competencias como el trabajo en equipo o el razonamiento crítico, esenciales en la enseñanza de las ciencias. Esta metodología es además aplicable a cualquier curso general que tenga como parte de su programa una pequeña investigación.

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Ellis, D. I., Broadhurst, D., Kell, D. B., Rowland, J. J., Goodacre, R. (2002). Rapid and quantitative detection of the microbial spoilage of meat by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and machine learning. ? Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, (6), 2822-2828 Sponsorship: BBSRC