Controlo da fermentação do mosto e das condições ambientais de uma sala de lagares

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Labeling of Salmonella Typhymurium with iodine-131 to study phagocytic function in rats

The present study describes a method for labeling Salmonella typhymurium with iodine-131 to evaluate both the morphological and the functional characteristics of the reticulo-endothelial system. A suspension containing 2 x 10(9) bacteria per ml was labeled with carrier-free Na131I without reductor, with a labeling yield of 46.5 ± 3% and 3.5 ± 1.3% of free Iodine-131. The biodistribution of the labeled bacteria in rats was studied with a large field-of-view scintillation camera equiped with a pinhole collimator. Whole body images were obtained 15 and 30 minutes after intravenous injection of the labeled microorganisms. Images showed accumulation of bacteria in the liver and both normal and transplanted spleens of the animals. Autoradiographs of liver and spleen demonstrated labeled bacteria within the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. The method described is easy to perform, has a good labeling yield and allows the functional evaluation of the reticulo-monophagocytic system, including transplanted spleens.

Characterization of the abn2(yxiA) encoding a Bacillus subtilis GH43 arabinanase, Abn2, and its role in arabino-polysaccharides degradation.

Journal of Bacteriology (Junho 2008) 4272-4280

Lymphocyte subpopulations and neutrophil function in chronic human Chagas' disease

The absolute numbers of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, T cells, helper/inducer, suppressor/cytotoxic and B cells were decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic Chagas' disease. Since antilymphocyte antibodies were present only in a minority of patients they probably cannot account for the abnormalities in lymphocyte subsets. Patient neutrophils stimulated with endotoxin-treated autologous plasma showed depressed chemotactic activity and this seems to be an intrinsic cellular defect rather than plasma inhibition. Random migration of neutrophils was normal. Reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by endotoxin- stimulated neutrophils was also decreased. These findings further document the presence of immunosuppression in human Chagas' disease. They may be relevant to autoimmunity, defense against microorganisms and against tumor cells at least in a subset of patients with more severe abnormalities.

Growth of phototrophic biofilms from limestone monuments under laboratory conditions

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation,xxx (2009) 1–8

Reproducing stone monument photosynthetic-based colonization under laboratory conditions

Science of the total environment 405(2008) 278-285

Anatase as an alternative application for preventing biodeterioration of mortars: evaluation and comparison with other biocides

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 64(2010)388 e 396

Dinoflagelados. Nomenclatura portuguesa

Dinoflagellates are planktonic unicellular microorganisms, that under certain conditions may produce cysts prone to fossilization. These cysts are abundant in the sedimentary record since the Palaeozoic, supplying important biostratigraphical and palaeoecological information. In Portugal, the study of dinoflagellates is still in its beginnings. Considering the late developments in this domain, an updated nomenclature in Portuguese language is presented, pertaining to it's biology, taxonomy, ecology, palaeoecology and biostratigraphy.

Respiratory complications in Brazilian patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

PURPOSE: To determine how often and by what means an indentifiable pulmonary pathogen can be recognized in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with respiratory disorders in Brazil, which are the most frequently observed microorganisms and what impact specific therapy has on these agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five HIV seroposiüve subjects with respiratory complaints were studied. All patients had a complete history, physical examination and blood counts. The pulmonary assessment included chest radiograms; sputum examination for bacterial and fungal pathogens; bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy. Patients with treatable complications received standard antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS: One or more microorganisms were found in 24 subjects and another 3 individuals showed nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis. The sputum examination identified the pulmonary pathogens in 7 cases. The bronchoalveolar lavage and the histopathologic examination were diagnostic in 14% and 83%, respectively, of the 28 individuals that were submitted to bronchoscopy. The most frequently identified microorganism was P. carinii (55%), followed by M. tuberculosis (41%) and cytomegalovirus (8%). The clinical, laboratory and radiographic findings failed to distinguish the specific pulmonary pathogens. Twenty-three individuals with P. carinii pneumonitis and/or tuberculosis received specific therapy; among the evaluable patients the therapeutic response rates were 79% for PCP and 100% for TB. CONCLUSIONS: We have determined that tuberculosis, P. carinii and cytomegalovirus pneumonitis are the most common respiratory opportunistic diseases in Brazilian patients infected with HIV. The histologic evaluation was crucial in order to identify the pulmonary pathogens. Tuberculosis in AIDS individuals displayed clinical and radiographic findings atypical for reactivation disease. However, most of the features observed in HIV infected patients had been previously described in infection of the normal host. Furthermore, the AIDS subjects showed a good therapeutic response to anti-tuberculous drugs.

Doseamento da Azadiractina e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana em produtos contendo óleo de Neem

O Neem (Azadirachta indica) é uma árvore indiana conhecida pela atividade pesticida e por várias atividades farmacológicas. De entre os vários compostos já isolados e estudados, a Azadiractina (AZA) foi identificada como o principal composto bioativo desta planta. Este composto apresenta uma grande diversidade de localizações nesta planta, porém assume a sua máxima concentração ao nível das sementes, porção que se apresenta também como a principal fonte de obtenção do óleo de Neem. O óleo apresenta-se como a porção menos estudada do Neem, quer ao nível do seu teor em AZA, quer ao nível das suas propriedades, nomeadamente antimicrobianas. Neste sentido, os objetivos primordiais deste estudo foram o doseamento da Azadiractina e a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana em produtos contendo óleo de Neem. Um método analítico rápido, sensível e seletivo utilizando HPLC-UV foi desenvolvido para a identificação e quantificação da Azadiractina-A (AZA-A) e 3-tigloylazadirachtol (AZA-B) em diferentes amostras de óleo de Neem. O teor de AZA-A, B e A+B determinado nas amostras de óleo de Neem apresentou valores entre 58,53-843,42 mg/kg, 12,52-800,223 mg/kg e 104,20-1642,17 mg/kg, respetivamente. Na generalidade, os valores obtidos foram inferiores aos descritos na literatura. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se ainda que o teor destes compostos não é similar em todas as amostras, sendo este condicionado pela qualidade das sementes que deram origem ao óleo e pelo processo extrativo utilizado. Para além disso, foi possível inferir que duas das amostras testadas teriam qualidade inferior, dados os teores reduzidos de AZA que apresentavam. As diferentes amostras de óleo de Neem, bem como formulações comerciais contendo óleo de Neem, foram testadas em 14 microrganismos de forma a avaliar o seu potencial antimicrobiano. Após a análise, verificou-se atividade antimicrobiana de todas as amostras sobre todos os microrganismos testados, observando-se atividade tanto em bactérias Gram+ como Gram-. Os resultados alcançados mostraram que o óleo de Neem e as formulações comerciais contendo óleo de Neem têm um potencial antimicrobiano interessante, principalmente sobre bactérias comuns em patologias da pele. Para além disso, foi possível comprovar que, no caso do óleo de Neem, a AZA não será a principal responsável por esta atividade. Por outro lado, verificou-se que a atividade antimicrobiana das formulações comerciais não se deverá exclusivamente à presença do óleo de Neem, Doseamento da Azadiractina e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana em produtos contendo óleo de Neem X uma vez que os valores dos halos de inibição obtidos com as formulações tenderam a ser superiores aos verificados apenas com o óleo, além de que os valores de inibição mais elevados foram observados para as formulações contendo menor percentagem de óleo de Neem incorporado. Em suma, os resultados alcançados para os diferentes produtos analisados são promissores e, na sua maioria, convergem com o que está descrito na literatura. No entanto, apesar destes resultados serem um grande contributo, mais estudos são necessários e importantes para conhecer melhor os produtos analisados e assim poder tirar o maior proveito deles.

The relevance of laboratory diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis and other coccidia

Human infection by Cryptosporidium spp and other coccidia are due to opportunist non-host specific microorganisms. In HIV seropositive patients, the gastrointestinal symptoms accompanying such infections may be serious and prolonged and may include nausea, low-grade fever, abdominal cramps, anorexia and watery diarrhoea. We studied 188 stool samples from 111 patients (84 men and 27 women) with diarrhoea. A modified Ziehl-Nielsen technique for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp and Isospora belli was employed. The mean age of the patients was 31 years. Cryptosporidium spp was seen in 18% (n=20) of the patients, 90% (n=18) of whom were HIV seropositive. Isospora belli was recorded only from HIV seropositive patients (5.4% of all the patients studied and 6.5% of those who were HIV seropositive). These data confirm the good results obtained with this technique for the identification of Cryptosporidium spp and other coccidia and also reaffirm the clinical importance of correctly diagnosing the cause of diarrhoea, particularly in HIV seropositive patients.

Molecular typing of Candida albicans strains isolated from nosocomial candidemia

Yeasts of the genus Candida have been recognized as important microorganisms responsible for nosocomial fungemia. Six blood-stream and two intravenous central catheter C. albicans strains were isolated from eight patients and studied by electrophoretic karyotyping of chromosomal DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Seven chromosomal DNA profiles were identified. Two patients showed isolates with the same profile, suggesting nosocomial transmission. Karyotyping of C. albicans revealed an excellent discriminatory power among the isolates and may therefore be useful in the study of nosocomial candidemia.

Vibrio metschnikovii among diarrheal patients during cholera epidemic in Recife Brazil

Although known since the last century, Vibrio metschnikovii was only appropriately described and recognized as a new species within the genus Vibrio in 1978. Rarely is the organism linked to human disease. Only once has V. metschnikovii been incriminated as responsible for human diarrhea, and affecting an old woman who suffered from diabetes and had a hepatoma. During the first two years of the present cholera epidemic, which reached Recife in March, 1992, we screened for vibrio nearly 4000 diarrheal fecal specimens submitted to a private clinical laboratory for detection of enteropathogenic microorganisms. Now, we report six cases of diarrhea associated with V. metschnikovii affecting individuals not suffering of any apparent underlying systemic illness.

New Strategies on Molecular Biology Applied to Microbial Systematics

Systematics is the study of diversity of the organisms and their relationships comprising classification, nomenclature and identification. The term classification or taxonomy means the arrangement of the organisms in groups (rate) and the nomenclature is the attribution of correct international scientific names to organisms and identification is the inclusion of unknown strains in groups derived from classification. Therefore, classification for a stable nomenclature and a perfect identification are required previously. The beginning of the new bacterial systematics era can be remembered by the introduction and application of new taxonomic concepts and techniques, from the 50’s and 60’s. Important progress were achieved using numerical taxonomy and molecular taxonomy. Molecular taxonomy, brought into effect after the emergence of the Molecular Biology resources, provided knowledge that comprises systematics of bacteria, in which occurs great evolutionary interest, or where is observed the necessity of eliminating any environmental interference. When you study the composition and disposition of nucleotides in certain portions of the genetic material, you study searching their genome, much less susceptible to environmental alterations than proteins, codified based on it. In the molecular taxonomy, you can research both DNA and RNA, and the main techniques that have been used in the systematics comprise the build of restriction maps, DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA-RNA hybridization, sequencing of DNA sequencing of sub-units 16S and 23S of rRNA, RAPD, RFLP, PFGE etc. Techniques such as base sequencing, though they are extremely sensible and greatly precise, are relatively onerous and impracticable to the great majority of the bacterial taxonomy laboratories. Several specialized techniques have been applied to taxonomic studies of microorganisms. In the last years, these have included preliminary electrophoretic analysis of soluble proteins and isoenzymes, and subsequently determination of deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and assessment of base sequence homology by means of DNA-RNA hybrid experiments beside others. These various techniques, as expected, have generally indicated a lack of taxonomic information in microbial systematics. There are numberless techniques and methodologies that make bacteria identification and classification study possible, part of them described here, allowing establish different degrees of subspecific and interspecific similarity through phenetic-genetic polymorphism analysis. However, was pointed out the necessity of using more than one technique for better establish similarity degrees within microorganisms. Obtaining data resulting from application of a sole technique isolatedly may not provide significant information from Bacterial Systematics viewpoint

Studies on resistance and response to vancomycin in Enterococcus faecalis: a last resort antibiotic

Dissertation presented to obtain a Ph.D. degree in Biochemistry by Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Universidade Nova de Lisboa.