Variation in trawl geometry due to unequal warp length

Survey standardization procedures can reduce the variability in trawl catch efficiency thus producing more precise estimates of biomass. One such procedure, towing with equal amounts of trawl warp on both sides of the net, was experimentally investigated for its importance in determining optimal trawl geometry and for evaluating the effectiveness of the recent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) national protocol on accurate measurement of trawl warps. This recent standard for measuring warp length requires that the difference between warp lengths can be no more than 4% of the distance between the otter doors measured along the bridles and footrope. Trawl performance data from repetitive towing with warp differentials of 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 20 m were analyzed for their effect on three determinants of flatfish catch efficiency: footrope distance off-bottom, bridle length in contact with the bottom, and area swept by the net. Our results indicated that the distortion of the trawl caused by asymmetry in trawl warp length could have a negative inf luence on flatfish catch efficiency. At a difference of 7 m in warp length, the NOAA 4% threshold value for the 83112 Eastern survey trawl used in our study, we found no effect on the acous-tic-based measures of door spread, wing spread, and headrope height off-bottom. However, the sensitivity of the trawl to 7 m of warp offset could be seen as footrope distances off-bottom increased slightly (particularly in the center region of the net where flatfish escapement is highest), and as the width of the bridle path responsible for flatfish herding, together with the effective net width, was reduced. For this survey trawl, a NOAA threshold value of 4% should be considered a maximum. A more conservative value (less than 4%) would likely reduce potential bias in estimates of relative abundance caused by large differences in warp length approaching 7 m.

Effect of Neonatal Asphyxia on the Impairment of the Auditory Pathway by Recording Auditory Brainstem Responses in Newborn Piglets: A New Experimentation Model to Study the Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage on the Auditory Syste

Introduction Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major perinatal problem that results in severe damage to the brain impairing the normal development of the auditory system. The purpose of the present study is to study the effect of perinatal asphyxia on the auditory pathway by recording auditory brain responses in a novel animal experimentation model in newborn piglets. Method Hypoxia-ischemia was induced to 1.3 day-old piglets by clamping 30 minutes both carotid arteries by vascular occluders and lowering the fraction of inspired oxygen. We compared the Auditory Brain Responses (ABRs) of newborn piglets exposed to acute hypoxia/ischemia (n = 6) and a control group with no such exposure (n = 10). ABRs were recorded for both ears before the start of the experiment (baseline), after 30 minutes of HI injury, and every 30 minutes during 6 h after the HI injury. Results Auditory brain responses were altered during the hypoxic-ischemic insult but recovered 30-60 minutes later. Hypoxia/ischemia seemed to induce auditory functional damage by increasing I-V latencies and decreasing wave I, III and V amplitudes, although differences were not significant. Conclusion The described experimental model of hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets may be useful for studying the effect of perinatal asphyxia on the impairment of the auditory pathway.

O serviço social do Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social - INSS a partir da década de 90: uma análise da implantação da matriz teórico-metodológica

Com a presente dissertação intitulada O Serviço Social do Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social - INSS a partir da década de 90 Uma Análise da implantação da Matriz Teórico-Metodológica, a autora buscou avaliar a concretização de uma nova proposta de trabalho profissional do assistente social do INSS, órgão responsável pela operacionalização da política previdenciária pública brasileira. A ação prioritária desenvolvida na nova proposta volta-se para assegurar o direito e acesso aos serviços e benefícios contribuindo para formação de consciência de proteção ao trabalho. Há um posicionamento dos assistentes sociais na defesa dos direitos sociais e da cidadania e a recusa dos profissionais a serem meros interlocutores institucionais, resgatando o caráter contraditório das políticas sociais na relação capital/trabalho, em favor da luta dos trabalhadores. A realidade brasileira apontou na década de 90, para uma crescente concentração de renda, aumento do desemprego e trabalho informal com o aumento das desigualdades sociais. Houve a adesão do país à política neoliberal configurando uma nova organização do trabalho, marcada por maior precarização e flexibilização das relações de trabalho e uma nova atuação do Estado, sendo realizada a contra-reforma com ênfase nas privatizações, reforma da previdência e do aparelho do Estado, dentre outras ações. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida numa abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Visou analisar a implantação, as ações realizadas, as possibilidades e limites da consolidação da Matriz Teórico-Metodológica adotada pelo Serviço Social do INSS a partir da década de 90, no Brasil, no contexto do neoliberalismo. Houve a concretização da proposta delineada no novo paradigma, conforme conclui a pesquisa. Este processo não se deu de forma homogênea, mas com o envolvimento dos profissionais em todo o Brasil, que se traduziu em desenvolvimento de projetos e ações nacionais. No entanto, a consolidação desse processo exige longo prazo além de um constante aperfeiçoamento teórico metodológico, capacidade técnico-operativa e compromisso ético político do assistente social.

Tuna Fisheries in the Federated States of Micronesia, 1979-90

The management of tuna fisheries in the Federated States of Micronesia since independence in 1979 is reviewed, noting the development, seasonality, and geographic range of the fisheries. The status of stocks, including trends in catch per unit effort and the approach to setting harvest levels for the major species, are also reviewed. Future developments and management aims are discussed.