Pollen abundance in ODP Site 123-765 (Table 1)

Middle Miocene to Holocene pollen assemblages reveal a history of environmental change in northern Australia. Grass pollen appeared, but was rare, in the late Miocene and was consistently present throughout the Pliocene, but did not become abundant until the Pleistocene. Myrtaceae pollen, characteristic of late Cenozoic assemblages in eastern Australia, is poorly represented, and no unequivocal evidence of rain forest was found.

Rentabilidad del engorde a corral de bovinos de carne en la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina

Se determinó la rentabilidad del feedlot bajo distintos escenarios productivos y económicos para la situación de precios del ganado vigentes en 2009 y 2010. La información básica provino de encuestas en feedlots, entrevistas con informantes clave y consulta bibliográfica. La tasa interna de retorno y el valor actual neto se estimaron considerando un costo de oportunidad del capital del 12% anual. El capital total varió en función de la adquisición total o producción parcial de alimentos para el ganado. Los ingresos para 3.000 animales año-1 se incrementaron 50% en 2010 respecto de 2009. Durante 2009, sin compensaciones, no existió rentabilidad al adquirir los alimentos. Se obtuvo rentabilidad sin compensaciones con aumentos del 5, 10 y 15% en inversiones y gastos operativos con producciones de 4.466, 6.214 y 9.670 animales año-1, respectivamente, al adquirir el alimento y con 2.110, 2.430 y 2.880 animales año-1 con producción del mismo. Los precios de la hacienda de 2010 con respecto a los de 2009 aumentaron la rentabilidad tanto al adquirir como al producir alimentos sin dependencia del cobro de compensaciones. Con 2.300 y 1.500 animales año-1 para las situaciones de alimento adquirido y producido, respectivamente, se alcanza rentabilidad con los precios del ganado de 2010. Se comprobó la hipótesis que la rentabilidad depende de la escala productiva y su interrelación con los escenarios contemplados.

Horizontal profiles of longwave and shortwave radiation components over sea ice near Barrow, Alaska during the 2011 melt

An integrated instrument package for measuring and understanding the surface radiation budget of sea ice is presented, along with results from its first deployment. The setup simultaneously measures broadband fluxes of upwelling and downwelling terrestrial and solar radiation (four components separately), spectral fluxes of incident and reflected solar radiation, and supporting data such as air temperature and humidity, surface temperature, and location (GPS), in addition to photographing the sky and observed surface during each measurement. The instruments are mounted on a small sled, allowing measurements of the radiation budget to be made at many locations in the study area to see the effect of small-scale surface processes on the large-scale radiation budget. Such observations have many applications, from calibration and validation of remote sensing products to improving our understanding of surface processes that affect atmosphere-snow-ice interactions and drive feedbacks, ultimately leading to the potential to improve climate modelling of ice-covered regions of the ocean. The photographs, spectral data, and other observations allow for improved analysis of the broadband data. An example of this is shown by using the observations made during a partly cloudy day, which show erratic variations due to passing clouds, and creating a careful estimate of what the radiation budget along the observed line would have been under uniform sky conditions, clear or overcast. Other data from the setup's first deployment, in June 2011 on fast ice near Point Barrow, Alaska, are also shown; these illustrate the rapid changes of the radiation budget during a cold period that led to refreezing and new snow well into the melt season.