964 resultados para 68% probability ranges (cal. BP)
Resumo:
Black Sea Bass (Centropristis striata) in the mid-Atlantic Bight undertake seasonal cross-shelf movements to occupy inshore rocky reefs and hardbottom habitats between spring and fall. Shelf-wide migrations of this stock are well documented, but movements and home ranges of fish during their inshore residency period have not been described. We tagged 122 Black Sea Bass with acoustic transmitters at a mid-Atlantic reef to estimate home-range size and factors that influence movements (>400 m) at a 46.1-km2 study site between May and November 2003. Activity of Black Sea Bass was greatest and most consistent during summer but declined rapidly in September as water temperatures at the bottom of the seafloor increased on the inner shelf. Black Sea Bass maintained relatively large home ranges that were fish-size invariant but highly variable (13.7–736.4 ha), underscoring the importance of large sample sizes in examination of population-level characteristics of mobile species with complex social interactions. On the basis of observed variations in movement patterns and the size of home ranges, we postulate the existence of groups of conspecifics that exhibit similar space-use behaviors. The group of males released earlier in the tagging period used larger home ranges than the group of males released later in our study. In addition, mean activity levels and the probability of movement among acoustic stations varied among groups of fish in a complex manner that depended on sex. These differences in movement behaviors may increase the vulnerability of male fish to passive fishing gears, further exacerbating variation in exploitation rates for this species among reefs.
Resumo:
东海陆架是世界上最宽阔的陆架之一,面积达770 000 km2左右。在末次冰盛期(LGM),东海海平面下降120~130 m左右,绝大部分陆架暴露出海面。而冲绳海槽是第四纪以来一直保持海洋环境的东海深海区。本文以冲绳海槽北部PC-1岩芯为材料,通过分析该孔的孢粉,加上详细的AMS 14C测年,恢复了周边地区24 cal.kaBP以来的古植被,并推测古环境和古气候变化,重点讨论了LGM时期出露大陆架上发育的植被。 PC-1孔(31°27.5′N,128°24.8′E)位于黑潮支流对马暖流东侧,水深590 m,柱长812 cm。孢粉分析按间隔8 cm取样,个别为4~6 cm,共分析了103个孢粉样品。利用9个AMS 14C数据建立年龄标尺,用Calib5.1.0软件进行年龄校正。通过相邻样品深度的线性内插获得每个样品的年龄,采用外延法得到顶部和底部的校正年龄分别为351cal aBP、24 280 cal aBP,孢粉样品的时间分辨率平均为230 a。 根据孢粉百分比和沉积率的变化,可划分出四个带:Ⅰ带(812~715 cm,24.2~21.1 cal. kaBP)、Ⅱ带(715~451 cm,21.1~15.2 cal. kaBP)、Ⅲ带(451~251 cm,15.2~10.8 cal. kaBP)、Ⅳ带(251~0 cm,10.8~0.3 cal. kaBP),分别对应MIS 3末期、末次冰盛期、冰消期和全新世。末次冰盛期草本植物花粉占优势,孢粉沉积率较高,此时草本花粉主要来源于出露的大陆架,其上发育了以蒿属为主的草地植被,气候比较寒冷干燥;冰消期海平面开始回升,松属花粉含量升高,草本植物花粉含量下降;全新世以木本植物花粉占绝对优势,栗属-栲属花粉迅速增加,蕨类孢子含量升高,草本植物花粉含量锐减,孢粉沉积率降低,由于海平面回升,大陆架被淹没,此时孢粉主要来源于日本岛,九州地区生长了以栲属、栎属为主的常绿阔叶与落叶阔叶林,气候温暖湿润。 叶枝杉属花粉在整个岩芯中零星出现。叶枝杉属植物分布于菲律宾吕宋北部至塔斯马尼亚和新西兰气候潮湿的山地林中,该属花粉在岩芯中的出现,可能暗示了黑潮的影响或者是较强的夏季风。 草本植物与松属花粉百分比变化很好的反映了海平面的升降,松属花粉含量较高指示海平面较高。对岩芯中主要类型的花粉百分比进行了频谱分析,显示存在千年尺度的准周期变化,有明显的6.8,3.8,2.2,1.6 ka的周期。 孢粉样品中的炭屑统计表明,末次冰消期炭屑含量最高,可能因为末次冰消期降雨量增加,炭屑可被降水带到沉积地点沉积下来;全新世的炭屑浓度较高,尤其在晚全新世,出现了一个峰值,究其原因可能与气候变化和人类活动有关。
Resumo:
The relative abundance of Bristol Bay red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) is estimated each year for stock assessment by using catch-per-swept-area data collected on the Alaska Fisheries Science Center’s annual eastern Bering Sea bottom trawl survey. To estimate survey trawl capture efficiency for red king crab, an experiment was conducted with an auxiliary net (fitted with its own heavy chain-link footrope) that was attached beneath the trawl to capture crabs escaping under the survey trawl footrope. Capture probability was then estimated by fitting a model to the proportion of crabs captured and crab size data. For males, mean capture probability was 72% at 95 mm (carapace length), the size at which full vulnerability to the survey trawl is assigned in the current management model; 84.1% at 135 mm, the legal size for the fishery; and 93% at 184 mm, the maximum size observed in this study. For females, mean capture probability was 70% at 90 mm, the size at which full vulnerability to the survey trawl is assigned in the current management model, and 77% at 162 mm, the maximum size observed in this study. The precision of our estimates for each sex decreased for juveniles under 60 mm and for the largest crab because of small sample sizes. In situ data collected from trawl-mounted video cameras were used to determine the importance of various factors associated with the capture of individual crabs. Capture probability was significantly higher when a crab was standing when struck by the footrope, rather than crouching, and higher when a crab was hit along its body axis, rather than from the side. Capture probability also increased as a function of increasing crab size but decreased with increasing footrope distance from the bottom and when artificial light was provided for the video camera.
Resumo:
系统获得性抗性(Systematic acquired resistance, SAR)是植物抵御病原菌侵染的最有效手段,利用基因工程技术导入SAR信号发生过程中的关键基因后,植物的SAR基因表达量提高并且对病原菌侵染的反应速度加快,因此植物的抗病性得以增强,与传统的抗病基因工程技术相比它对病原菌没有专一性,许多学者称之为广谱抗病基因工程,该领域已成为目前抗病基因工程研究的热点和前沿。 NDR1和NPR1基因在植物的SAR发生中起着重要的作用,前者功能定位在ROS(reactive oxygen species)的激活和随后的水杨酸(SA)诱导合成之间,突变株病原菌诱导后SA合成能力降低,SAR发生减弱,目前还没有对该基因进行过量表达分析的报道;后者功能定位在SAR信号转导级联反应之中的SA积累和随后的SAR基因表达之间。该突变株在病原菌侵染时不产生病程相关蛋白(PRs),表现为感病,而对照抗病;过量表达该基因的转基因拟南芥对多种病原菌的侵染产生抗性,PR1等PRs蛋白的表达量也提高,异源表达该基因的水稻对白叶枯病的抗性也提高。本研究利用RT-PCR方法从拟南芥中克隆了这两种基因,序列分析表明拟南芥Wassilewskija生态型的NDR1基因与Columbia生态型相比,共有7处碱基不同,引起编码氨基酸变化4处,而NPR1基因与报道的Wassilewskija生态型来源的NPR1基因完全相同。 我们构建了35S启动子驱动的NDR1和NPR1基因的植物组成型高效表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化烟草,PCR和Southern鉴定外源基因已经整合到植物基因组中。抗病性分析显示过量表达NDR1和NPR1基因的烟草对晚疫病和赤星病的抗性都有明显提高,说明这两个基因的在其它植物中异源表达后,都能提高植物对多种病原菌的抗性。 本论文提出了利用这两个基因来培育抗黄萎病棉花的设想,一方面为解决这个“世纪性”难题积累新的资料,另一方面也为其它作物的抗病基因工程提供新的经验。利用35S启动子驱动的NDR1和NPR1基因的植物组成型表达载体分别对陆地棉品种石远321进行花粉管通道法转化。同时,还探讨了这两个基因在棉花中的共转化实验,希望它们的“协同增效”能进一步提高棉花的抗病性。对其中2001年夏天在南京注射所获得的5,000粒种子在三亚进行100 g/ml卡那霉素筛选,初步鉴定分别获得转NDR1和NPR1基因株系26和24棵,PCR进一步鉴定其中分别有12和7棵为转基因阳性,转基因频率分别为0.50%和0.27%,目前利用营养钵蘸根法对其二代进行抗枯、黄萎病鉴定,结果显示有转基因植株对枯、黄萎病的抗性都明显增强,进一步的鉴定正在进行中。2002年初海南注射分别获得转NDR1和NPR1基因以及共转化种子22,000、10,500和12,500粒种子,2002年夏在中国农科院植保所黄萎菌病圃筛选抗黄萎病单株,并利用100 g/ml卡那霉素初步筛选出了一批抗性植株,每种转基因株系随机挑选5株进行PCR鉴定,结果显示为阳性。进一步的抗黄萎病鉴定和筛选以及分子分析正在进行中。 同时,本文还探讨了病原菌诱导型启动子在广谱抗病基因工程应用的可能性。根据烟草的Pr1-a启动子已知序列设计引物,PCR扩增启动子序列后,构建病原菌诱导型NPR1基因植物表达载体,并对棉花进行转化,获得种子11,500粒,利用同上的筛选方法,获得了一致的结果,目前抗黄萎病鉴定、分子检测以及生物学分析正在进行中。 最后,鉴于抗生素标记在转基因植物的应用引起了许多“安全性”争论的事实,还构建了无筛选标记的表达载体对抗虫棉进行转化,这样在生产上可以直接获得抗虫棉抗黄萎病棉花新材料,也为其它作物抗病基因工程积累经验。 本研究还提出了一种较为有效的提取高质量棉花总RNA的方法,与原来一些棉花RNA纯化方法相比,该方法所用都为常规试剂,易于重复,质量高。并且利用获得的总RNA构建了黄萎菌激发子诱导的cDNA文库,滴度测定为1╳107pfμ/μg,插入片段大小在5 00~2 000 bp范围内。 鉴于NPR1基因研究的重要性,本研究还利用简并引物PCR技术从海岛棉和陆地棉的基因组中都分离到了NPR1基因的同源片段,大小都为208 bp,与拟南芥NPR1基因的相应部分的同源性分别为66%和65%,它们之间的同源性为87%,目前该基因的全长正在分离鉴定中。 多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白(PGIPs)在植物的防御反应中起着重要的作用,通过分析已知20余种pgip基因序列的保守区,设计简并引物,PCR扩增海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)7124 cDNA文库,得到一条长561 bp的片段,序列测定后分析确认为pgip基因的一部分。根据此序列和棉花病原菌诱导的cDNA文库载体中已知部分设计RACE引物,扩增后,5’和3’RACE分别得到666bp和906 bp的片段。序列分析表明它具有完整的编码框,产物为330 aa的蛋白质。序列分析该蛋白具有10个串联的LRR(leucine-rich repeat)区,与柑桔(Citrus)和枳(Poncirus)的pgip基因的同源性分别为69.2%和68.7%。进一步PCR扩增得到该基因的全长阅读框,并且获得了相应的基因组片段,序列分析发现该基因没有内含子。这是从棉属植物中克隆的第一个pgip基因。