Solar radiation over and under sea ice during the POLARSTERN cruise ARK-XXVI/3 (TransArc) in summer 2011

Arctic sea ice has declined and become thinner and younger (more seasonal) during the last decade. One consequence of this is that the surface energy budget of the Arctic Ocean is changing. While the role of surface albedo has been studied intensively, it is still widely unknown how much light penetrates through sea ice into the upper ocean, affecting sea-ice mass balance, ecosystems, and geochemical processes. Here we present the first large-scale under-ice light measurements, operating spectral radiometers on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) under Arctic sea ice in summer. This data set is used to produce an Arctic-wide map of light distribution under summer sea ice. Our results show that transmittance through first-year ice (FYI, 0.11) was almost three times larger than through multi-year ice (MYI, 0.04), and that this is mostly caused by the larger melt-pond coverage of FYI (42 vs. 23%). Also energy absorption was 50% larger in FYI than in MYI. Thus, a continuation of the observed sea-ice changes will increase the amount of light penetrating into the Arctic Ocean, enhancing sea-ice melt and affecting sea-ice and upper-ocean ecosystems.

The Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act of 1976. First annual report to Congress on the implementation of Public Law 94-413.

Mode of access: Internet.

Untersuchungen über die Darstellung der griechischen Geschichte von 489 bis 413 vor Chr. bei Ephoros Theopomp u.a. autoren ...

Habilitationsschrift--Leipzig.

Dynamic test program for weapons system trainers. Project 413(2) Final report.

"Contract N61339-318."

Report to the General Assembly : House Resolution 413 /

As requested in Illinois House Resolution 413, the Illinois Dept. of Human Services submitted this report on the agency's efforts to assist homeless people who have serious mental illness and developmental disabilities. While the Department did not recommend the creation of seperate Advocacy Program for this population, this report contains the agency's plans for services to homeless persons with mental and developmental disabilities.

Operator, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : printing press, offset, web-fed, motor driven, 208V, 60 hertz, Hess and Barker model 3CX, FSN 3610-617-7566.

Includes index.

Operator, organizational, direct support, general support, and depot maintenance manual : motor-generator PU-724/G (NSN 6125-00-617-1435).

"July 1971."

Organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists (including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools) for motor generator PU-724/G (NSN 6125-00-617-1435).

"May 1978."

Final environmental statement : crude oil transportation systems (proposed under Public Law 95-617, the Public utility regulatory policies act of 1978), Northern Tier Pipeline Company, Northwest Energy Company, Kitimat Pipe Line Ltd., Trans Mountain Oil Pipe Line Corporation /

Bibliography: p. R-1 - R-19, v.3.