土壤有机碳和氮的分布及其对气候变化的响应

碳、氮不仅是生物体必需的营养元素，也是重要的生态元素。大气中温室气体C02、N2O等浓度的增加使得碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其温室气体的减缓排放措施研究成为全球变化研究中的热点问题。 土壤是陆地生态系统的核心，是连接大气圈、水圈、生物圈、岩石圈的纽带;它是陆生生物赖以生存的物质基础，是陆地生态系统中物质与能量交换的重要场所，其在全球碳、氮循环中起着十分重要的作用。一方面，土壤有机碳和氮的含量与分布直接关系到生态系统的生产力和生态系统的规模，同时土壤有机碳和氮的转化与迁移又直接影响到温室气体的组成与含量。而土壤本身又是生态系统中生物与环境相互作用的产物。因此，研究土壤有机碳和氮的分布、转化及其对全球变化的响应对于正确理解碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其对全球变化的响应制定应对策略具有重要意义。 全球变化的陆地样带是从机理上理解陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应，预测全球变化对陆地生态系统的可能影响，实现预警、调节和减少全球变化不良影响，科学地规划和管理陆地生态系统的有效平台。目前，国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)基于不同地区全球变化驱动因素的不同以及全球变化的潜在反馈作用强度的不同，在全球4个关键地区共启动了15条IG8P陆地样带。以水分为主要驱动力的中国东北样带(NECT：Northeast China Transect)即为IGBP的陆地样带之一。 本文以中国东北样带为平台，基于2001年对中国东北样带科学考察所采土壤样品的实测结果和气候资料分析了土壤有机碳和氮的梯度分布及其与土壤、气候等因子之间的关系;借助C02浓度升高和不同土壤湿度的模拟试验探讨了土壤有机碳和氮对气候变化的响应;根据作物残体还田的长期定位试验和盆栽试验研究了作物残体还田对土壤有机碳和氮转化的影响，讨论了农田生态系统通过作物残体还田对减缓温室气体排放的效应。主要结果和结论如下： (1).样带表层土壤有机碳平均为22.3土4.93 g．kg-1，下层土壤有机碳平均为8.9±1.20 g．kg-1。样带表层土壤活性有机碳平均为3.52±0.881 g.kg-1，占表层土壤有机碳的13.1±0.78%;下层土壤活性有机碳平均为1.14±0.250g.kg-l，占下层土壤有机碳的10.9±0.79%。样带土壤活性有机碳与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.993，P<0.001)。 (2).不同生态类型土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量不同。中国东北样带东部(经度126°～131°)为温带针阔混交林山地，植被种类极其丰富，地带性土壤为暗棕壤，并且多为自然土壤，土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量较高。但由于采样区局部地理环境、植被结构及人类干扰程度的不同，土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量变异较大，平均为61.9±13.84 g．kg-1和10. 88±2.236g. kg-1。样带中部（经度119°～126°）为松辽平原栎林草原、农田区和大兴安岭山地草甸草原区，属半湿润向半干旱过渡的气候。该区域主要土壤类型为黑土、黑钙土、盐化或碱化草甸土及风沙土，土壤沙化、碱化严重，土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量明显降低，平均为10.5±1.97 g．kg-l和1. 35±0.327 g．kg-1。样带中西部（经度113°～119°）为内蒙古高原草甸草原和典型草原区域，具有典型的半干旱气候特征。该区地带性土壤为栗钙土，局部丘陵区分布黑钙土，土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量为14.6±1.65 g．kg-1和2.07±0.342g.kg-1。样带西部（经度111°～113°）为内蒙古高原荒漠草原区域，地带性土壤为棕钙土，土壤较为贫瘠，其有机碳和活性有机碳含量最低，平均为7.99±1.51 g．kg-1和0.51±0.216 g．kg-1。从总的趋势看，样带表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的梯度分布趋势一致，都呈现出随经度降低而下降的趋势，局部因土壤退化而出现波动。 (3).样带土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与土壤全量氮、磷、硫、锌及有效氮、磷、钾、锰、锌等均呈显著或极显著相关关系，与土壤PH、容重、持水量及孔隙度也呈显著或极显著相关关系。土壤表层有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间具有正的相关关系，其相关系数为r=0.677（P<0.001）和r=0.712（P<0.001）。但下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间没有显著的相关关系。 (4).样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与经度之间仍具有显著的相关关系（r=0.454，P=0.026; r=0.473，P=0.020）。样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的变异小于表层。不同的生态系统，下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的比率不同。总的来看，土壤活性有机碳含量随深度的增加而下降的幅度大于土壤有机碳。 (5).短期培养条件下，CO2浓度升高及干旱胁迫下，土壤有机碳的变化不大，其变异系数为1.28%;相比较之下，土壤活性有机碳对气候变化比较敏感，其变异系数为29.67%。不同土壤湿度，土壤活性有机碳含量发生变异的幅度因CO2浓度升高而降低。 (6).样带土壤全氮和有效氮与经度呈极显著正相关，其相关系数分别是r=0.695 (P<0.001)和0.636(P<0.001)。土壤表层全氮和有效氮的梯度分布与土壤有机碳的分布基本一致：沿经度呈现东高西低的趋势，局部由于土壤退化而出现低谷。样带除东部山区外，其它各部分土壤有效氮都很低，成为其植被生长的限制因子之一。样带下层土壤全氮和有效氮的含量低于表层，但样带不同部位下层土壤全氮和有效氮下降的幅度不同。总的来看，土壤全氮的剖面分布和土壤有机碳相似，而土壤有效氮则有所不同。 (7).土壤全氮和有效氮是土壤生化环境中两个重要的因子。样带土壤全氮和有效氮和土壤有机碳、全磷、全硫、全锌、土壤活性碳、有效磷、有效钾、有效锰、有效锌、土壤容重、田间持水量土壤总孔度等因子均呈显著或极显著的相关关系。 (8).样带表层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间呈极显著的正相关关系，相关系数分别是0.682(P<0.001)和0.688(P<0.001)。而下层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间的没有显著的相关关系（r=0.241，P=0.256; r=0.366，P=0.079）。土壤有效氮占全氮的比例与年均温呈显著正相关关系（相关系数r=0.390，p=0.044）。 (9).短期培养试验中，CO2浓度加倍和不同土壤湿度对土壤全氮和有效氮的影响没有达到显著水平。整个试验中土壤全氮和有效氮的变异较小（变异系数分别是5.55%和3.84%），但仍能反映一定的变化趋势。 (10)．玉米残体还田能够增加土壤氮素含量，减轻因其作为燃烧材料而造成的氮素损失和对大气的污染;玉米残体施入土壤，增加了土壤微生物氮含量，提高土壤氮活性，有利于土壤氮素养分的协调供应;玉米残体还田能够促进氮素从营养器官向籽粒中转移，提高氮素养分的利用效率。同时，玉米残体还田可以降低土壤NO3--N的累 积，减少肥料氮的损失4.7～5.6%。 (ll)．根据国内外文献和我们连续10年作物残体还田的肥料长期定位试验及盆栽试验结果，从减缓CO2排放、增加土壤碳固存、提高土壤生产力入手，分析了农业生态系统作物残体还田的必要性与可行性，讨论了农田作物残体还田，增加土壤碳固存对于减缓CO2排放、提高土壤生产力的作用与意义。提倡作物残体因地制宜地归还土壤，但作物残体还田后土壤固存与减缓温室气体排放的潜力还需要进一步进行研究。

Hermaphroditism in some marine animals

Hermaphroditism, a phenomenon in which one and the same individual produces sperms, the male gamate the ovum, the female gamate, is generally common in plants and lower animals and hence is considered as a primitive character. However, it is rare in higher invertebrates such as insects, spiders, prawns and also in the lower vertebrates to which fishes belong. Prawns and fishes have highly evolved reproductive systems and occur as separate individuals of males and females. Both these groups do have some species which are regurarly hermaphrodites and others which are teratologically hermaphrodites.

Maximins S, a novel group of antimicrobial peptides from toad Bombina maxima

Amphibian skin secretions are rich in antimicrobial peptides acting as important components of innate defense system against invading microorganisms. A novel type of peptide, designated as maximin S, was deduced by random sequencing of 793 clones from a constructed Bombina maxima skin cDNA library. The putative primary structures of maximin S peptides can be grouped into five species, in which maximin S I has 14 amino acid residues and the rest of maximin S peptides (S2-S5) all have 18 amino acid residues. Unlike most of the amphibian antimicrobial peptides so far identified, the newly characterized four maximin S precursors are composed of maximin S I and different combinations of tandem repeated maximin S2-S5 linked by internal peptides. Except maximin S I, the predicted secondary structures of maximin S2-S5 show a similar amphipathic alpha-helical structure. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of partially isolated skin secretions of the toad indicates that most of the deduced maximin S peptides are expressed. Two deduced maximin S peptides (S1, S4) were synthesized and their antimicrobial activities were tested. Maximin S4 only had an antibiotic activity against mycoplasma and had no antibacterial or antifungal activity toward tested strains. Maximin S1 had no activity under the same conditions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

China, India, and the Environment

This work was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2007CB411600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30621092, 30623007), and Bureau of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province.

A new method for venom extraction from venomous fish, green scat

Scatophagus argus argus (Green Scat) is a pretty aquarium fish. Its hard spines are venomous and can cause painful injury. In this study 60 specimens of Green Scat were collected periodically from coastal waters of Boushehr (south of Iran) from May 2011 to April 2012. Anatomical features of venomous spines were investigated. Scat venom was extracted from the spines in a new manner for keeping the specimens alive. The nature of venom was tested by SDS-PAGE. Ethical issues and animal welfare principles such as rapid and instantaneous anesthetizing, post operation disinfection and fast recovery of the specimens was practiced in order to minimize the complications. This method enhanced the purity and quantity of venom as demonstrated by 12 separated proteins in electrophoresis. New ethical issues were developed to surviving the specimens and prolong viability as well.

Evolutionary implications of avian infectious Bronchitis Virus (AIBV) analysis

For developing efficient vaccines, it is essential to identify which amino acid changes are most important to the survival of the virus. We investigate the amino acid substitution features in the Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (AIBV) antigenic domain o

天然来源具有抗HIV 活性的多肽和蛋白类化合物

　从天然药物中寻找高效低毒的抗HIV/ AIDS 活性化合物和先导化合物是国内外新药研制中非 常活跃的领域之一,也应该是我国近期创制新药的一条捷径。来源于动植物、海洋生物、微生物以及人体等中 的许多天然化合物具有抗HIV 活性。本文仅对天然来源的多肽和蛋白类化合物抗HIV 的研究简要综述。

Genetic diversity of Bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus,1758)) using AFLP markers in Persian Gulf

Platycephalus indicus is a large benthic fish that inhabits temperate and tropical coastal waters of the Indo-West Pacific and found on sand or mud bottom in vary shallow area of estuary and near shore to depth of 25m. This species is dominant species of platycephalidae family, in Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces and mainly is captured by bottom trawl, gillnet and moshta in Hormozgan. This study was designed to evaluate population variation and differentiation of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1785))in the Iranian waters of Persian Gulf using the morphometric and meristic characters and by AFLP marker. . A total 180 fish specimens were collected by gill net from six station(khor mosa, bahrekan, shif, motaf, charak and bandar abbas) that was 30 individual related to every station in Iranian shores of Persian Gulf . 28 morphometric factors and 11meristic specialties were measured and morphometric factors was standardized with Beacham formula. Univariate analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) revealed significant differences with varying degrees between the means for 21 standardized morphometric measurements and 6 meristic counts that showed high significant differences between the six stations sampling. Discriminate function analysis (DFA) or the overall random assignment of individuals into their original groups was for morphometric and meristic characters was 47.9% and 53.9% respectively. The data were subjected to a principle component analysis (PCA) which grouped in eight and four factors for morphometric and meristic charactersrespectively.. Genetic diversity of six populations of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus) was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 118 reproducible bands amplified with ten AFLP primer combinations were obtained from 42 fishes that were collected from six different locations in the northern of Persian Gulf. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 57.06%. Average of Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.200±0.008, and Average of Shannon’s index was 0.300±0.011. The results of AMOVA analysis indicated that 66% of the genetic variation contained within populations and 34% occurred among populations and gene flow was 0.6454.The estimated level of population differentiation asmeasured by average Fst value across all loci was 0.327. Plotting discriminant functions 1 and 2 and UPGMA dendrograms based on Euclidian distance and genetic distance also showed at least five separate populations of bartail flathead in the northern Persian Gulf.

Socio-economic and marketing aspects of Laila and Bottom Long Line fisheries in the Kalpitiya peninsula of Sri Lanka

Surrounding Net Fishery (laila) and Bottom Long Line Fishery which operate in the coastal waters of Kalpitiya Peninsula, compete for the same fish resources, resulting in a fishery dispute between the respective fishermen. Both fisheries target demersal as well as mid pelagic fishes, such as travellys (parava), mullets (galmalu) and barracudas (ulava). As the dispute had an adverse impact on the social harmony in the fishing community of the area, a socio-economic survey was conducted to study the underlying factors and to suggest policy measures to resolve the issue. The laila fishermen were resident fishermen in the Kalpitiya Peninsula while bottom long line fishermen were migratory fishermen from Negombo and Chilaw areas in the west coast of Sri Lanka. The Kalpitiya peninsula is located in the North West coast, some 50 km away from the west coast. Although the educational level and literacy rate of the laila community was below that of the bottom long line community, the laila community was economically better off. The net economic returns from laila fishery were superior to that from bottom long line fishery. The boat owner's and crew's share per operation of laila fishery were Rs.3,736 and Rs.947 respectively. The same figures for bottom long line fishery were Rs.588 and Rs.327 respectively. The resource rent from laila fishery was Rs.5,860, however, and much higher than that for bottom long line fishery (Rs.275), showing that the laila fishery exploits the targeted fish resource at a much higher rate compared to bottom long line fishery. This situation badly affects the equitable distribution of resources between the two fishing communities and results in unequal economic gains. Based on the findings of this study, certain input/output controls are proposed to address this problem, among which is the need to increase license fee for laila fishery units to offset the higher exploitation rate of fish resources.