981 resultados para [JEL:F1]
Resumo:
Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvitt, minklaisia siskenki ikihmiset kyttvt vanhustenkeskuksessa ja arvioida, mill tavalla he kvelevt. Tutkimus toteutettiin Helsingiss Kustaankartanon vanhustenkeskuksen F1-osastolla maalis-huhtikuussa 2007 osana IKU-pojektia. Tutkimukseen osallistui seitsemn 70 - 94-vuotiasta, itsenisesti ja ilman apuvlineit liikkuvaa naisasukasta. Viisi tutkittavista kytti Pirka-siskenki, yksi sandaaleja ja yksi tohveleita. Tutkimusstrategia oli kvantitatiivis-kvalitatiivinen ja tietoa kerttiin havainnointi- ja arviointilomakkeilla sek videotallentein. Tulokset esitettiin frekvenssein ja prosenttiosuuksina sek kvelyn arviointi laadullisena kuvauksena. Lhes kaikilla asukkailla oli ehj ja terve iho. Melkein kaikilla tutkituista todettiin vaivaisenluu ja levinnyt pki. Vasaravarpaita ja kynsimuutoksia havaittiin alle puolella. Ikihmisten kengist suurin osa oli pituudeltaan sopivia, eik kantakapissa ollut muutoksia. Kahdella oli venymisjlki kengn krkiosassa. Kvelyss oli havaittavissa normaaleja ikntymiseen liittyvi muutoksia, jotka olivat yksilllisi. Osalla asukkaista varvastynt oli heikentynyt ja nilkan liikelaajuus koukistussuuntaan oli pienentynyt sek osalla kvely oli matalaa ja laahaavaa. Osalla ikihmisist kengt olivat huonosti kiinnitetty. Kantapn ja kengn kantaosan vliin ji 1 - 2 cm:n rako, jolloin kengt ei tue jalkatern toimintoja ja kaatumisriski lisntyy. Tulosten mukaan ikihmiset nyttisivt tarvitsevan ohjausta oikeanlaisten siskenkien valinnassa. Kenkien valinnassa keskeist on huomioida yksillliset tarpeet, jotta jokainen ikihminen saa kvell omille jalkaterille sopivilla kengill. Pirka-kenki olisi hyv kehitt ikihmisten tarpeiden mukaisesti. Jalkaterapeutit ja jalkojenhoitajat voivat hydynt tutkimustuloksia antaessa ohjeita siskenkien valinnassa. Koska osalla asukkaista on jalkatern etuosan virheasentoja, jotka vaativat levemmn lestin sek krjen muodon naisten malliin, Pirka-kengss voisi olla naisten koossa kahta erimallista krkiosaa sek leveytt.
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Opinnytetymme tarkoituksena oli tarkastella hoitohenkilstn tyss koettua fyysist kuormitusta, sit aiheuttavia tekijit sek tyympristn vaikutusta koettuun fyysiseen kuormitukseen. Opinnytetymme liittyy Ikihmisten kuntoutumista tukevat hoito- ja toimintaympristt-hankkeeseen ja se toteutettiin puolistrukturoidun kyselylomakkeen avulla Kustaankartanon vanhustenkeskuksen F1-osastolla. Tavoitteenamme oli tuottaa tietoa tyntekijiden toiminta- ja tykyvyst sek tuoda esiin tyympristn liittyvi kehittmisehdotuksia. Kyselyyn vastasi kolmetoista osaston tyntekij. Tuloksista ilmeni valtaosan hoitohenkilstst arvioivan fyysisen kuormittumisensa vhintn kohtalaiseksi. Kuormittavimmiksi tytilanteiksi osoittautuivat liikkumisen, siirtymisen, peseytymisen ja pukeutumisen avustamistilanteet sek potilaan turvallisuudesta huolehtiminen. Apuvlineiden kytt ja parityskentely pidettiin trkein tilanteissa, jotka koettiin fyysisesti kuormittavimpina. Hoitohenkilstn mielest apuvlineiden kyttn vaikuttivat voimakkaimmin apuvlineiden saatavuus ja kytettvyys, ja lisksi asenne apuvlineiden kyttn sek hoitajan tiedot ja taidot niiden kytst. Tyympristss fyysist kuormitusta aiheuttaviksi tekijiksi hoitohenkilst koki wc-tilat, asukashuoneet ja saunatilan, jotka eivt vastausten mukaan soveltuneet hyvin asukkaiden hoitoon. Tyst johtuvaa fyysist kuormitusta voitaisiin hoitohenkilstn mielest tasata kehittmll kyseisi tiloja, apuvlineiden tarpeen arviointia ja apuvlineiden saatavuutta sek yhtenistmll toimintatapoja. Johtoptksin voidaan todeta hoitohenkilstn kokevan itsens fyysisesti kohtalaisen kuormittuneeksi erityisesti aamuvuorossa suurimman kuormituksen kohdistuessa alaselkn. Aamuvuoro sislt runsaasti tytilanteita, jotka koetaan fyysisesti kuormittavimpina ja suoritetaan psntisesti huonoiten asukkaiden hoitoon soveltuvissa tiloissa. Apuvlineiden vhinen kytt voi liitty niiden saatavuuteen sek yhteisen toimintalinjan puuttumiseen ja voi osaltaan aiheuttaa hoitohenkilstlle liiallista fyysist kuormitusta.
Resumo:
A minimum cost spanning tree (mcst) problem analyzes the way to efficiently connect individuals to a source when they are located at different places. Once the efficient tree is obtained, the question on how allocating the total cost among the involved agents defines, in a natural way, a confliicting claims situation. For instance, we may consider the endowment as the total cost of the network, whereas for each individual her claim is the maximum amount she will be allocated, that is, her connection cost to the source. Obviously, we have a confliicting claims problem, so we can apply claims rules in order to obtain an allocation of the total cost. Nevertheless, the allocation obtained by using claims rules might not satisfy some appealing properties (in particular, it does not belong to the core of the associated cooperative game). We will define other natural claims problems that appear if we analyze the maximum and minimum amount that an individual should pay in order to support the minimum cost tree. Keywords: Minimum cost spanning tree problem, Claims problem, Core JEL classification: C71, D63, D71.
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This paper analyzes the effects of horizontal mergers on innovation and consumer welfare in a vertically related industry context, in which downstream firms compete for customers with a differentiated final good and can undertake R&D activities to reduce their unit costs. Upstream and downstream horizontal mergers can take place. The results suggest that competition authorities aiming to promote innovation and consumer welfare should treat upstream and downstream mergers differently, since horizontal mergers between upstream firms are detrimental to innovation and consumer welfare. By contrast, policy makers should evaluate the market characteristics under downstream integration. We show that downstream horizontal mergers can be both innovation and consumer welfare enhancing in the short run, when the markets are sufficiently small. Keywords: Horizontal Mergers. Innovation. Vertical Relations. JEL Classification Numbers: L22, L41, O32
Resumo:
Using a database of 2,263 responses to R&D public calls in Catalonia, during the period 20072010, this paper proceeds to analyse the potential interaction of the territorial and policy dimensions with the propensity to apply for, and be awarded, a public R&D subsidy. Controlling for characteristics at the firm and project level, we estimate models using a two-step procedure. In the first step, our results suggest that large firms which export and which belong to high-tech manufactures are more likely to participate in a public R&D call. Furthermore, both urban location and past experience of such calls have a positive effect. Our territorial proxy of information spillovers shows a positive sign, but this is only significant at intra-industry level. Membership of one of the sectors prioritized by the Catalan government, perhaps surprisingly, does not have a significant impact. In the second step, our results show that cooperative projects, SMEs or old firms shows a positive effect on the probability of obtaining a public subsidy. Finally, the cluster policy does not show a clear relationship with the public R&D call, suggesting that cluster policies and R&D subsidies follow different goals. Our results are in line with previous results in the literature, but they highlight the unequal territorial distribution of the firms which apply and the fact that policymakers should interlink the decision criteria for their public call with other policies. Keywords: Evaluation, R&D policies, territorial approach, clusters JEL Classifications: L53, L25, O38
Resumo:
Based on four different public R&D calls from the Catalan government, this article evaluates the propensity of entrants and young firms to apply for R&D public grants and, as compared to their counterparts, their capacity for obtaining subsides. This analysis is particularly relevant since entrants and young firms encounter greater market difficulties. Our sample contains 22,139 firms and corresponds to a merge of two databases: one from the Catalan agency responsible for promoting private innovation (ACC1) and the other from the Mercantile Register. Merging these databases has two advantages. Firstly, participants and non-participants in the public R&D call (InnoEmpresa) are included and, secondly, it provides us with information at firm and project level. The period of observation is between 2006 and 2010, since some explanatory variables are lagged by one period. We apply a two-step methodology. Our results show that entrants and young firms show a lower propensity to apply for R&D subsidies and to obtain R&D public grants. Firm size, exports and participation in a previous call show a positive impact on the likelihood of applying, and firms located in the Barcelona metropolitan area have a greater propensity to apply. Additionally, project quality and R&D cooperative reports presented jointly with other partners have a positive impact on the likelihood of obtaining the R&D subsidy. Finally, firms that have previously obtained an R&D subsidy do not exhibit a greater propensity for obtaining subsequent grants. Keywords: R&D subsidies, entrants and young firms Classification JEL: L53, L25, O38
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Typically, conflicts in world environmental negotiations are related, amongst other aspects, to the level of polarization of the countries in groups with conflicting interests. Given the predictable relationship between polarization and conflict, it would seem logical to evaluate the degree to which the distribution of countries for example, in terms of their CO2 emissions per capita would be structured through groups which in themselves are antagonistic, as well as their evolution over time. This paper takes the concept of polarization to explore this distribution for the period 1992-2010, looking at different analytic approaches related to the concept. Specifically, it makes a comparative evaluation of the results associated with endogenous multi-polarization measures (i.e. EGR and DER indices), exogenous measures (i.e. Z-K or multidimensional index) and strict bipolarization measures (i.e. Wolfsons measure). Indeed, the interest lies not only in evaluating the global situation of polarization by comparing the different approaches and their temporal patterns, but also in examining the explanatory capacity of the different proxy groups used as a possible reference for designing global environmental policy from a group premise. JEL codes: D39; Q43; Q56. Key words: polarization; carbon emissions; conflict;
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Airports have become platforms that derive revenues from both aeronautical and commercial activities. The demand for these services is characterized by a one-way complementarity in that only air travelers can purchase retail goods at the airport terminals. We analyze a model of optimal airport behavior in which this one-way complementarity is subject to consumer foresight, i.e., consumers may not anticipate in full the ex post retail surplus when purchasing a flight ticket. An airport sets landing fees, and, in addition, also chooses the retail market structure by selecting the number of retail concessions to be awarded. We find that, with perfectly myopic consumers, the airport chooses to attract more passengers via low landing fees, and also sets the minimum possible number of retailers in order to increase the concessions revenues, from which it obtains the largest share of profits. However, even a very small amount of anticipation of the consumer surplus from retail activities changes significantly the airports choices: the optimal airport policy is dependent on the degree of differentiation in the retail market. When consumers instead have perfect foresight, the airport establishes a very competitive retail market, where consumers enjoy a large surplus. This attracts passengers and it is exploited by the airport by charging higher landing fees, which then constitute the largest share of its profits. Overall, the airports profits are maximal when consumers have perfect foresight. Keywords: two-sided markets, platform pricing, one-way demand complementarity, consumer foresight. JEL classification: L1, L2, L93.
Resumo:
The 16p11.2 600 kb BP4-BP5 deletion and duplication syndromes have been associated with developmental delay; autism spectrum disorders; and reciprocal effects on the body mass index, head circumference and brain volumes. Here, we explored these relationships using novel engineered mouse models carrying a deletion (Del/+) or a duplication (Dup/+) of the Sult1a1-Spn region homologous to the human 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus. On a C57BL/6N inbred genetic background, Del/+ mice exhibited reduced weight and impaired adipogenesis, hyperactivity, repetitive behaviors, and recognition memory deficits. In contrast, Dup/+ mice showed largely opposite phenotypes. On a F1 C57BL/6N C3B hybrid genetic background, we also observed alterations in social interaction in the Del/+ and the Dup/+ animals, with other robust phenotypes affecting recognition memory and weight. To explore the dosage effect of the 16p11.2 genes on metabolism, Del/+ and Dup/+ models were challenged with high fat and high sugar diet, which revealed opposite energy imbalance. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the majority of the genes located in the Sult1a1-Spn region were sensitive to dosage with a major effect on several pathways associated with neurocognitive and metabolic phenotypes. Whereas the behavioral consequence of the 16p11 region genetic dosage was similar in mice and humans with activity and memory alterations, the metabolic defects were opposite: adult Del/+ mice are lean in comparison to the human obese phenotype and the Dup/+ mice are overweight in comparison to the human underweight phenotype. Together, these data indicate that the dosage imbalance at the 16p11.2 locus perturbs the expression of modifiers outside the CNV that can modulate the penetrance, expressivity and direction of effects in both humans and mice.
Resumo:
When analyzing the chromosomal polymorphism of D. subobscura natural populations it is assumed that the information provided by wild males and sons of wild females is equivalent. Thus, using both in the analysis it is possible to increase the sample size. However, it is important to verify whether there are significant differences between both groups or not. The aim of this research has been to statistically compare the results of chromosomal polymorphism of both groups. We have used data from Avala Mountain (Serbia) where D. subobscura flies were collected from the 30th May to the 5th June 2011. Avala is located 18 km south of Belgrade and the trapping place is a forest with polydominant communities of Fagetum submontanum Table 1. Number and percentage of adult flies collected in Font Groga (Barcelona, Spain) on 9th October 2013. Males and sons of wild females were crossed with virgin females of the Ksnacht strain. Third instar larvae from F1 were dissected to obtain the salivary glands and the polytene chromosomes were stained and squashed in aceto-orcein solution. No significant differences were observed for any chromosome of the karyotype: A (p-value = 0.485), J (p-value = 0.230), U (p-value =0.572), E (p-value = 0.536), and O (p-value = 0.338). Thus, it seems that the two groups can be grouped together to obtain the chromosomal polymorphism of the population.
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We have developed a practical exercise for undergraduate students whose main aim is to identify, using genetic crosses, a pair of D. melanogaster mutations (miniature and singed). Each student receives a vial with the problem strain containing two unknown mutations. The first step is to observe and describe both mutations. Then, the students carry out genetic crosses between mutant and normal strains: (P) mutant strain normal strain (P) normal strain mutant strain A different offspring is expected in these crosses: in the first one we will obtain normal females and m sn males, whereas in the second all individuals will present normal phenotype. It is possible to deduce that both are sex linked mutations. With this information and to simplify the amount of work, only F1 individuals from the first cross will be used (m+sn+ / m sn m sn / Y chrom.) to obtain the F2 generation. By counting the number of miniature (recombinant type), singed (recombinant type), miniature-singed (parental type) and normal (parental type) flies it is possible to estimate the recombination frequency between both genes. Knowing the phenotype, their chromosomal location (X chromosome) and the genetic distance between both mutations, it is possible to identify them by finding all this information in a Drosophila melanogaster genetic map. Additionally, a statistical analysis can be carried out to compare the number of expected F2 individuals with those observed in the experiment. As the distance between both genes is 15.1 m.u., then the expected percentages for each phenotype would be: normal (42.45%), miniature-signed (42.45%), miniature (7.55%) and singed (7.55%). Multiplying the frequency of each class by the total number of individuals obtained in the F2 it is possible to estimate the expected number of flies for each class. Finally, a 2 test can be computed to ascertain whether there are significant differences between expected and observed number of individuals.
Resumo:
A sequential system for fractionation by ultrafiltration (SSFU) equipped with advanced membranes filters (molecular size cut-off: 5, 10, 30, 50 and 100 kDalton) of the polyethersulfone type was developed for analytical fractionation of humic substances (HS) extracted from aquatic systems or soils. The device consists of five membrane filters (Sartocon Micro) operated by a multi-channel peristaltic pump, enabling an easy handling, working in a closed system and with simple collection of the six obtained fractions (F1>100; F2: 100-50; F3: 50-30; F4:30-10; F5: 10-5 and F6 <5 kDalton). Then, the HS sample (250 mL solution 1.0 mg/mL, pH 5.0 to 6.0) to be fractionated is pumped by pump through the series of membrane filters with a tangential flow of 85 mL/min, initial pressure 0.2 to 0.3 bar and permeation flux through the membranes of 0.8 to 1.4 mL/min. The overall time for fractionation and cleaning of the device is about 10 h and 25 mL of each fraction is obtained.
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Koko nimeke: : predikningar, hldne aff Isaaco B. Rothovio episcopo Abonsi, effter ngra godha wenners begran aff trycket vthgngne ministerio dioecesano til tienst, at the p the hrlighe stora bnedaghar brukas kunna i frsamblingarna.
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In the last two decades, cases of corruption have been unveiled in different countries, raising public awareness and reinforcing a trend in which society expects more from their leaders. Our objective in this paper is to examine the effects of corruption and seigniorage on inflation and growth rates. The model used in this article is an extension of the model used by Huang and Wei (2006). We find interesting results and one of them is that, under some conditions, corruption has a positive impact on the growth rate. JEL classification : D73, E52, E58, E62. Keywords : Corruption; Fiscal Policy; Growth; Monetary Policy; Seigniorage.
Resumo:
A class of three-sided markets (and games) is considered, where value is generated by pairs or triplets of agents belonging to different sectors, as well as by individuals. For these markets we analyze the situation that arises when some agents leave the market with some payoff To this end, we introduce the derived market (and game) and relate it to the Davis and Maschler (1965) reduced game. Consistency with respect to the derived market, together with singleness best and individual anti-monotonicity axiomatically characterize the core for these generalized three-sided assignment markets. These markets may have an empty core, but we define a balanced subclass, where the worth of each triplet is defined as the addition of the worths of the pairs it contains. Keywords: Multi-sided assignment market, Consistency, Core, Nucleolus. JEL Classification: C71, C78
