Fatores com influência sobre saúde e conforto de operários em indústria gráfica

O estudo complementa outro, recentemente publicado e que versou, especialmente, sobre as condições de segurança dos operários, em uma grande indústria gráfica, com exame pormenorizado da frequência e causas de acidentes de trabalho, entre eles ocorridos. No presente estudo, adstrito à finalidade de revistar, na mesma indústria. fatores com influência sobre a saúde e o conforto dos operários, os A. A. estendem-se, primeiramente, sobre as condições físicas da atmosfera das diversas oficinas, aquilatadas não só através de inquérito local, visando o insolamento, sistema de ventilação, existência de fontes produtoras de calor, como também através de determinações de temperaturas efetivas e, subsidiàriamente, dos índices fornecidos por práticas de catatermometria sêca e molhada. Indicam os A. A. providências para melhorar a situação de conforto uma vez que as referidas condições físicas da atmosfera nem sempre se mostraram das mais satisfatórias. Fazem referência a causas presentes ou potenciais de poluição atmosférica. E, dando de começo particular relevo às fontes produtoras de poerias e fumos de chumbo nas oficinas de Composição, Fundição, Linotipia e Estereotipia, aludem, desde logo, como fator importante desta poluição, às práticas de limpeza de máquinas e locais, em que se trabalha com liga contendo aquele metal. Revistam como se processa tal limpeza na I. N. e propõem várias correções. Além dessas práticas de limpeza, focalizam, com detalhes, outras oportunidades em que pode haver passagem ao ar dos fumos de sub-óxido de chumbo: a) possivelmente, durante o funcionamento normal de máquinas que trabalham com a liga metálica, sobretudo quando são as temperaturas alcançadas inferiores às que - graças à formação de uma película à superfície do material em estado de fusão - já asseguram obstáculo (na verdade progressivamente crescente) à passagem do tóxico à atmosfera; b) nìtidamente, quando é agitado esse material, como sucede, se não forem alimentadas automáticamente essas máquinas; c)ainda, se não for feito, ao menos em ambiente fechado, o transporte da liga em fusão para os diversos moldes. Embora não dispuzessem, para uma investigação completa, de aparelhamento moderno para coleta de amostras que permitissem a dosagem do chumbo no ar, procuraram os A. A. ter uma visão atual e retrospectiva da possivel ocorrência de saturnismo entre os operários da I.N., através da perquirição, em uma amostra de 113 operários que vinham lidando com o chumbo, do seguinte grupo de sintomas e sinais: orla gengival de Burton, anorexia, nauseas, sabor metálico, constipação, dor epigástrica, cólica intestinal forte, palidez, insônia, cefaléia, tremor e fraqueza dos extensoes antibraquiais, aferida esta pela técnica recomendada por Vigdortschick. Conquanto não tenha sido possivel precisar, exatamente, a época da ocorrência dos sintomas, não deixou de chamar a atenção o fato de, em cotejo com outra amostra de 43 operários não expostos, evidenciar o exame da situação em globo, pelo teste do x², que a exposição ao chumbo teria provavelmente acarretado, para aqueles 113 operários, um conjunto significativo de sintomas e sinais, embora nem todos eles, quando considerados isoladamente, parecessem denunciar associação presente ou passada com a referida exposição. Convindo fazer mais luz sobre o assunto, recorreram os A. A. a prova de laboratório. E, depois de aludirem a várias das que têm sido mais preconizadas, para ao menos indicarem anormalidade na absorção de chumbo, dão as razões por que se deixaram ficar com a dosagem de chumbo na urina. Assinalam os cuidados que tiveram para colheita das amostras individuais de urina (de 100 a 200 ml), na impossibilidade de fazer dosagem em todo o volume eliminado nas 24 horas. Adotaram, para as rferidas análises, o método que empega a ditizona, descrito por Bambach e Burkey, respeitadas todas as exigências referentes à pureza dos reativos, qualidade e limpeza da vidraria e utilizando, para a determinação final de chumbo, o fotômetro de Pulfrich com filtro S 50 e cuba de 20 mm; sempre usaram, ademais, solução padrão de ditizona devidamente calibrada, juntando, a cada série de especimes de urinas examinadas, um tesemunho de água bi-distilada. Os resultados das análises em duas amostras de operários (47 expostos e 27 não expostos ao chumbo) deram médias de eliminação de chumbo (expressas em y por 100 ml) respectivamente de 9,30 ± 0,86 e 5,70 ± 0,75 com os desvios padrões de 5,92 e 3,92. O teste de t, empregado para averiguar se era ou não real a diferença entre as duas médias observadas, deu valor significativo (2,804) mesmo para P = 1%. Um exame mais detido da atividade profissional dos operários, que figuravam nas duas amostras, também escolhidas ao acaso, revelou porém que, tanto em um como no outro grupo, havia alguns que, fora do horário normal de serviço na I.N., exerciam trabalho em oficinas gráficas particulares. Foram assim organizados, para maior precisão, três grupos: a) dos operários expostos ao chumbo, dentro e fora da I.N.; b) dos expostos apenas na I.N.; c) dos não expostos ao tóxico profissional. Comportavam esses grupos, respectivamente 13,29 e 23 operários. Ainda o teste de t revlou diferenças significativas entre as médias de chumbo eliminado na urina (11,66 7,74 e 5,20 y, respectivamente, nos três grupos), quando comparadas a primeira com a segunda; e uma e outracom a terceira. Tomando como termo de referência dados de Kehoe - 10y em 100 ml de urina como taxa média a marcar o limite de segurança para operários expostos ao chumbo, desde que os valores individuais não excedam frequentemente 15y e só raramente 20y (1% nas suas observações) - concluem os A. A. que, para os operários da I.N., só aí em contacto com o tóxico, a taxa média de eliminação mostrou-se relativamente próxima do limiar de segurança, com a agravante de se ter cota acima de 20y em 7% dos operários; parece, assim, recomendavel certo cuidado com esses operários. E, por mais forte razão, para os outros, expostos ao chumbo...

Excreção urinária de 17-Cetoesteroides neutros no cavalo normal e no cavalo castrado

Total urinary neutral 17-steroids were determined in normal and in castrated horses. One liter of a 15-26 hours urine collection was hydrolysed by refluxing with 10% HC1 (v/v) for ten minutes and extracted with peroxyde-free ethyl ether. The extract was purified by washing with saturated NaHCO³ and KOH solutions. One half of the crude neutral fraction was fractionated with Girard's "T" reagent . The Zimmermann reaction was performed both in the ketonic and in the crude neutral extracts, using alcoholic 2.5N KOH and a 60 minutes period for the colour development in the dark. Optical density measuments were made in a grating Coleman Universal Spectrophotometer at 420 mµ and 520mµ; for the crude neutral fraction a colour correction equation was applied. The aliquot fraction used for colorimety was adjusted for keeping optical density measurements within the range 0.2 to 0.7. Androsterone (mp. 184-184.5°C) with an absorption maximum at 290.5 mµ (Beckman Model DU Spectrophotometer) was used as a reference standard. Table I, ilustrates the results obtained. At the 0.05 probability level there is a significant difference among castrated and normal group means (Fischer's "t" test.) when were used the data obtained from the ketonic fractions; in spite of the use of a colour correction applied for inespecific chromogens, the same results could not be obtained with the crude neutral fractions, Since Girard's reagent fractionation is generaly accepted as the best method for correcting the inespecific chromogen interference in the determination of the 17-ketosteroids by the Zimmermann reaction, we emphasize the value of the results obtained with the ketonic fractions. From these results it appears, as occurs in others mammals, that castrated horses show a lower level of urinary 17-ketosteroids excretion than the normal horses. The significance of the horse testis contribution for the neutral urinary steroid metabolites is discussed. Since horse urine has a low androgenic activity, the fractionation of the neutral 17-ketosteroids must be studied more accurately.

Hemograma do coelho normal e mixomatoso

O autor procurou estabelecer os dados relativos ao hemograma de coelho normal, do biotério do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, encontrando as seguintes médias: hematias 5.186.000 por mm3, leucócitos 10.419 por mm3, e na contagem específica os seguintes valores para Heterófilos 40%, basófilos 2.5%, eosinófilos 0.2%, monócitos 6.5% e linfócitos 50%, e células de Tuerk 0.8%. Pode o autor confirmar o achado de AGOSIN, referente à presença de células morfológicamente semelhantes ás de TUERK, no sangue periférico dos coelhos normais. Realizou ainda, uma revisão bibliográfica do assunto.

Contribution to the normal fecal flora of the hamster: Proteus mirabilis in normal feces of hamster

Proteus mirabilis must be considered a normal inhabitant of the intestine of hamsters. It is also found in the vaginal secretion of females of this animal, when in oestrus.

Mitsuda's reactions: induced by BCG in the normal Rhesus ("Macacca mulatta")

The reversals of Mitsuda's reactions induced by BCG have been objected to based on the possiblem interference of other determination causes of the phenomenon: tuberculous primo-infections, communicants of unsuspected leprosy, revearsals due to other causes, such as anti-diphteric and anti-tetanic vaccination, etc. In order to study the problem, we have used Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), which were reared in isolation, in an attempt to avoid the referred to interferences. Prior to the experiments, all animals were tested and found negative to radiograph, tuberculin and lepromin tests and were then submitted to the application of BCG vaccine (from 1 to 3 days old), in different doses and by different via. At different times, after the application of BCG, they were again submitted to the radiographic, tuberculin and lepromin tests. In the tables I to IV the experiences were summarised. From the experiments, the following conclusions were reached: 1 - From 12 Rhesus that received BCG 11 showed reversals of the Mitsuda reaction (91.7%). 2 - These reverseals took place both in tests effected shortly after BCG (from 6 days to 2 months), and tests effected much later (from 7 to 12 months after BCG). 3 - Some differences were found in the results, according to the dosis and the application via of the BCG. a) - The testicular and peritonela via (0,02g) were the only that determined strong positive Mitsuda's reactions (+++). b) - By oral via, animals that received high dosis (0.6g and 1.2 g), there resulted uniform and regular reversals, even though of low intensity (+); but from those who got small doses (0.2 g.) one showed no reversals in all tests, and the other presented reversals in the 2nd and 3rd tests only, also with low positivity (+). 4) In the 2nd and 3rd Mitsuda's reactions in the same animals, positivity was always precocious (generally within 48 hours), one getting the impression that there occurs a sensibilization of the animal body by the antigen with the repetition of the tests, even though the intensity of the reaction always remains the same. This precocious reaction (Fernandez type) occurs both shortly and long time after the application of the BCG. Its precocity depends not of the antigen only because the first Mitsuda's reaction after the BCG application occurs after some time and seems not influenced by the control lepromin test effected on the Rhesus before the BCG. 5) On the control group, the animals which received a.a.f. bacilli suspensions (Mycobacterium sp.; M. avium, and M. smegmatis), did not show reverseals of the Mitsuda's reaction. Two Rhesus, however, which received dead BCG (120ºC autoclave 1 hour), one intradermically (0.006 g) and the other orally (1.2 g), did both present reversals of the Mitsuda's reaction, with weak positivity (+). In all animals of the control-group, the allergic reactions were found negative. 6) Strong local inflammatory reactions were observed in the Rhesus that had received living BCG by intradermal via, and in the one submitted to multipunctures, there occurred the formation of a large caseous abcess. 7) The allergic tuberculinic and infratuberculinic reactions appeared dissociated from the Mitsuda's reactions: sometimes they are more precocious, occurring before of the lepromin test; on other occasions they disappear, when the Mitsuda's reactions still persist; and finally, they may be absent, when the latter occur, especially after the oral application of the BCG. 8) In Rhesus which received BCG by testicular and peritonela via, in the infratuberculinic test (0.1 ml of total BCG extract), besides the classic answer, which occurs between 48 and 96 hours, one could observe a delayed answer (15 to 20 days), represented by a non-erythematous nodule, which persists for 11-14 days.

Normal forms for rational difference equations with applications to the global periodicity problem

We propose a classification and derive the associated normal forms for rational difference equations with complex coefficients. As an application, we study the global periodicity problem for second order rational difference equations with complex coefficients. We find new necessary conditions as well as some new examples of globally periodic equations.

Polynomial and linearized normal forms for almost periodic differential systems

"Vegeu el resum a l'inici del document del fitxer adjunt."

Differential effect of culture epimastigotes and blood-form Trypamastigotes on normal mouse splenocyte responsiveness to mitogens

Blood form trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi, produced a strong inhibition of the blastogenic response to T and B cell mitogens, of the C3H/He, C57BLand BALB/cJ strains of mice, while culture epimastigotes of the Y strain kept in a medium that allows parasite growth at 26°. 30° and 37°C produced a strong stimulatory effect that was even higher than the effect of the mitogens alone. Both the inhibitory or the stimulatory effects were dose-dependent. The stimulatory effect of epimastigotes was also temperature-dependent producing increasedstimulation indexes as the temperature of parasite cultures was raised. Metabolically active,living parasites seemed to be necessary for an improved lymphocyte stimulation suggesting a potential role of secreted metabolites as polyclonal activators of mouse lymphocytes.

Mdx myotubes have normal excitability but show reduced contraction-relaxation dynamics.

The pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), characterised by lack of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, is not completely understood. An early event in the degenerative process of DMD muscle could be a rise in cytosolic calcium concentration. In order to investigate whether this leads to alterations of contractile behaviour, we studied the excitability and contractile properties of cultured myotubes from control (C57BL/10) and mdx mice, an animal model for DMD. The myotubes were stimulated electrically and their motion was recorded photometrically. No significant differences were found between control and mdx myotubes with respect to the following parameters: chronaxy and rheobase (0.33 +/- 0.03 ms and 23 +/- 4 V vs. 0.39 +/- 0.07 ms and 22 +/- 2 V for C57 and mdx myotubes, respectively), tetanisation frequency (a similar distribution pattern was found between 5 and 30 Hz), fatigue during tetanus (found in 35% of both types of myotubes) and post-tetanic contracture. In contrast, contraction and relaxation times were longer (P < 0.005) in mdx (36 +/- 2 and 142 +/- 13 ms, respectively) than in control myotubes (26 +/- 1 and 85 +/- 9 ms, respectively). Together with our earlier findings, these results suggest a decreased capacity for calcium removal in mdx cells leading, in particular, to alterations of muscle relaxation.

An atypical 7q11.23 deletion in a normal IQ Williams-Beuren syndrome patient.

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS; OMIM no. 194050) is a multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a hemizygous deletion of 1.55 Mb on chromosome 7q11.23 spanning 28 genes. Haploinsufficiency of the ELN gene was shown to be responsible for supravalvular aortic stenosis and generalized arteriopathy, whereas LIMK1, CLIP2, GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes were suggested to be linked to the specific cognitive profile and craniofacial features. These insights for genotype-phenotype correlations came from the molecular and clinical analysis of patients with atypical deletions and mice models. Here we report a patient showing mild WBS physical phenotype and normal IQ, who carries a shorter 1 Mb atypical deletion. This rearrangement does not include the GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes and only partially the BAZ1B gene. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that hemizygosity of the GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes might be involved in the facial dysmorphisms and in the specific motor and cognitive deficits observed in WBS patients.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in non digestive cancerous and normal tissues.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), immunologically identical to CEA derived from colonic carcinoma, was identified and purified from perchloric acid (PCA) extracts of bronchial and mammary carcinoma. CEA extracted from bronchial and mammary carcinoma was quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion and was found to be in average about 50-75 times less abundant in these tumors than in colonic carcinoma. CEA could also be detected in one normal breast in lactation and at lower concentrations in normal lung (1000-4000 times lower than in colonic carcinoma). The small amounts of CEA present in normal tissues are distinct from the glycoprotein of small mol. wt showing only partial identity with CEA, that we recently identified and extracted in much larger quantities from normal lung and spleen. The demonstration of the presence of CEA in non digestive carcinoma by classical gel precipitation analysis suggests that the CEA detected in the plasma of such patients by radioimmunoassay is also identical to colonic carcinoma CEA. Our comparative study of plasma CEA from bronchial and colonic carcinoma, showing that CEA from both types of patient has the same elution pattern on Sephadex G-200 and gives parallel inhibition curves in the radioimmunoassay, is in favor of this hypothesis. However, it should not be concluded that all positive CEA radioimmunoassay indicate the presence of an antigen identical to colonic carcinoma CEA. A word of warning concerning the interpretation of radioimmunoassay is required by the observation that the addition of mg amounts of PCA extract of normal plasma, cleared of CEA by Sephadex filtration, could interfere in the test and mimic the presence of CEA.

Methionine enkephalin: immunomodulator in normal volunteers, cancer and AIDS patients

Clinical studies of the immunological effects of methionine enkephalin in normal volunteers, cancer, and AIDS patients are summarized. The major immunology changes seen were increases in T cell subsets, natural killer activity, as well as mitogen blastogenesis. Clinically, the cancer and ARC patients did not develop infections.

Effects of hyperglycemia on glucose metabolism before and after oral glucose ingestion in normal men.

The plasma glucose excursion may influence the metabolic responses after oral glucose ingestion. Although previous studies addressed the effects of hyperglycemia in conditions of hyperinsulinemia, it has not been evaluated whether the route of glucose administration (oral vs. intravenous) plays a role. Our aim was to determine the effects of moderately controlled hyperglycemia on glucose metabolism before and after oral glucose ingestion. Eight normal men underwent two oral glucose clamps at 6 and 10 mmol/l plasma glucose. Glucose turnover and cycling rates were measured by infusion of [2H7]glucose. The oral glucose load was labeled by D-[6,6-2H2]glucose to monitor exogenous glucose appearance, and respiratory exchanges were measured by indirect calorimetry. Sixty percent of the oral glucose load appeared in the systemic circulation during both the 6 and 10 mmol/l plasma glucose tests, although less endogenous glucose appeared during the 10 mmol/l tests before glucose ingestion (P &lt; 0.05). This inhibitory effect of hyperglycemia was not detectable after oral glucose ingestion, although glucose utilization was increased (+28%, P &lt; 0.05) due to increased nonoxidative glucose disposal [10 vs. 6 mmol/l: +20%, not significant (NS) before oral glucose ingestion; +40%, P &lt; 0.05 after oral glucose ingestion]. Glucose cycling rates were increased by hyperglycemia (+13% before oral glucose ingestion, P &lt; 0.001; +31% after oral glucose ingestion, P &lt; 0.05) and oral glucose ingestion during both the 6 (+10%, P &lt; 0.05) and 10 mmol/l (+26%, P &lt; 0.005) tests. A moderate hyperglycemia inhibits endogenous glucose production and contributes to glucose tolerance by enhancing nonoxidative glucose disposal. Hyperglycemia and oral glucose ingestion both stimulate glucose cycling.