De Sveo-Gothis; qui vixerunt sub periodo Erici I.mi. ad Ericum 2.dum: memorans quomodo restituti sunt primum ab Erico, mox tamen ac multos annos ab incertis ducibus vexati, at nunquam vera religione destituti

Variantti A.

De Sveo-Gothis, qui vixerunt sub finem Testamenti Veteris, post praemissa nonnulla de Biarmorum Jumala, expendens quomodo hic verus Deus et Sathanam tunc strinxit circa religionis curam apud paganos, et sibi quosdam alios servavit pios adminiculis variis auctos

Variantti B.

Linea omnes dati generis determinato sub angulo secans in spatio trium dimensionum investigans

Dedikaatio: Fredrika Wilhelmina Stjernvall född Charpentier [ruots.].

Observationes nonnullae super naturam phrenoshematum [!]. Qvas consentiente ampliss: facultate philosophica in Regia Academia Aboënsi, sub praesidio, ... dn. Torst. Rudeen, poës. profess. ord. h. t. facult. phil. decani spectabilis, publici speciminis loco bonis examinandas modestè exhibet Jonas Emzeen, Wermel: ad d. 30 Aprilis anni 1697 loco [et] horis adsuetis

Variantti B.

Nova ratione determinantur loca telluris, ab effectibus parallaxis in transitu planetarum sub sole, dependentia

Arkit: A-B4.

De lingvis sub imperio Sveo-Gothico usitatioribus

Invokaatio: Favente Jehovâ.

Catalogus librorum & instrumentorum chirurgicorum b. m. viri Josephi Pippingsköld, m. d. profess. chirurg. [et] art. obstetr. ad Imp. Acad. Aboëns. nec non imp. coll. med. assessoris, sub hasta d. Oct. XXX & sqq. a. MDCCCXVI

Julkaisuvuosi nimekkeestä.

Trophic cascades in boreal landscapes: top predator protection on tree seedlings and forest grouse

Changes in the abundance of top predators have brought about notable, cascading effects in ecosystems around the world. In this thesis, I examined several potential trophic cascades in boreal ecosystems, and their separate interspecific interactions. The main aim of the thesis was to investigate whether predators in the boreal forests have direct or indirect cascading effects on the lower trophic levels. First, I compared the browsing effects of different mammalian herbivores by excluding varying combinations of voles, hares and cervids from accessing the seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). Additionally, I studied the effect of simulated predation risk on vole browsing by using auditory cues of owls. Moving upwards on the trophic levels, I examined the intraguild interactions between the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and its mesopredator prey, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the pine marten (Martes martes). To look at an entire potential trophic cascade, I further studied the combined impacts of eagles and mesopredators on the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) and the hazel grouse (Tetrastes bonasia), predicting that the shared forest grouse prey would benefit from eagle presence. From the tree species studied, birch appears to be the most palatable one for the mammalian herbivores. I observed growth reductions in the presences of cervids and low survival associated with hares and voles, which suggests that they all weaken regeneration in birch stands. Furthermore, the simulated owl predation risk appeared to reduce vole browsing on birches in late summer, although the preferred grass forage is then old and less palatable. Browsing by voles and hares had a negative effect on the condition and survival of Scots pine, but in contrast, the impact of mammalian herbivores on spruce was found to be small, at least when more preferred food is available. I observed that the presence of golden eagles had a negative effect on the abundance of adult black grouse but a positive, protective effect on the proportion of juveniles in both black grouse and hazel grouse. Yet, this positive effect was not dependent on the abundance foxes or martens, nor did eagles seem to effectively decrease the abundance of these mesopredators. Conversely, the protection effect on grouse could arise from fear effects and also be mediated by other mesopredators. The results of this thesis provide important new information about trophic interactions in the boreal food webs. They highlight how different groups of mammalian herbivores vary in their effects on the growth and condition of different tree seedlings. Lowered cervid abundances could improve birch regeneration, which indirectly supports the idea that the key predators of cervids could cause cascading effects also in Fennoscandian forests. Owls seem to reduce vole browsing through an intimidation effect, which is a novel result of the cascading effects of owl vocalisation and could even have applications for protecting birch seedlings. In the third cascade examined in this thesis, I found the golden eagle to have a protective effect on the reproducing forest grouse, but it remains unclear through which smaller predators this effect is mediated. Overall, the results of this thesis further support the idea that there are cascading effects in the forests of Northern Europe, and that they are triggered by both direct and non‐lethal effects of predation.

La estructura económica del (sub)desarrollo y el equilibrio general o ¿qué ocurrió con la teoría del desarrollo y con las estructuras económicas?

Formerly the concept of economic development involved transforming the productive structures in order to employ the population in higher productivity activities, so that welfare improved. Development implied that economic systems followed development paths (not always in equilibrium) in order to reach more desirable welfare results: Equilibrium was not the main target. More recently, economic strategies emphasize reaching growth within equilibrium paths, thus, preserving economic structures. The latter vision yields incompatible results with the former. This paper revises some issues concerning structural change versus equilibrium targets as a means to reach development.

Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa and import substitution policy

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the process of import substitution in Sub-Saharan Africa. The process of industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa occurred in two phases: a first step, even very early during the colonial regime began around the 1920s and ended in the late forties; a second phase of industrialization began in the late fifties and gained momentum in the sixties, when import substitution was implemented more widely. Although these countries were the last to embark on the strategy of import substitution, they followed the same steps of Latin American countries, and as the structural domestic and external constraints were too strong, the failure of the policy of import substitution arrived early and the negative impact on these economies had a greater magnitude.

leges Visigothorum, libris duodecim : nonnulla sub finem desiderantur ; praemittuntur praefatio et Regum Visigothorum breve chronicon.

DD. de Bethune, in monasterio sancti Remigii Remensis quondam asservatus