Improved detection of amnestic MCI by means of discriminative vector quantization of single-trial cognitive ERP responses

Cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely employed in the study of dementive disorders. The morphology of averaged response is known to be under the influence of neurodegenerative processes and exploited for diagnostic purposes. This work is built over the idea that there is additional information in the dynamics of single-trial responses. We introduce a novel way to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from the recordings of auditory ERP responses. Using single trial responses from a cohort of 25 amnestic MCI patients and a group of age-matched controls, we suggest a descriptor capable of encapsulating single-trial (ST) response dynamics for the benefit of early diagnosis. A customized vector quantization (VQ) scheme is first employed to summarize the overall set of ST-responses by means of a small-sized codebook of brain waves that is semantically organized. Each ST-response is then treated as a trajectory that can be encoded as a sequence of code vectors. A subject's set of responses is consequently represented as a histogram of activated code vectors. Discriminating MCI patients from healthy controls is based on the deduced response profiles and carried out by means of a standard machine learning procedure. The novel response representation was found to improve significantly MCI detection with respect to the standard alternative representation obtained via ensemble averaging (13% in terms of sensitivity and 6% in terms of specificity). Hence, the role of cognitive ERPs as biomarker for MCI can be enhanced by adopting the delicate description of our VQ scheme.

Loose Coupling Based Reference Scheme for Shop Floor-Control-System/Production-Equipment Integration.

Acoplamiento del sistema informático de control de piso de producción (SFS) con el conjunto de equipos de fabricación (SPE) es una tarea compleja. Tal acoplamiento involucra estándares abiertos y propietarios, tecnologías de información y comunicación, entre otras herramientas y técnicas. Debido a la turbulencia de mercados, ya sea soluciones personalizadas o soluciones basadas en estándares eventualmente requieren un esfuerzo considerable de adaptación. El concepto de acoplamiento débil ha sido identificado en la comunidad de diseño organizacional como soporte para la sobrevivencia de la organización. Su presencia reduce la resistencia de la organización a cambios en el ambiente. En este artículo los resultados obtenidos por la comunidad de diseño organizacional son identificados, traducidos y organizados para apoyar en la solución del problema de integración SFS-SPE. Un modelo clásico de acoplamiento débil, desarrollado por la comunidad de estudios de diseño organizacional, es resumido y trasladado al área de interés. Los aspectos claves son identificados para utilizarse como promotores del acoplamiento débil entre SFS-SPE, y presentados en forma de esquema de referencia. Así mismo, este esquema de referencia es presentado como base para el diseño e implementación de una solución genérica de acoplamiento o marco de trabajo (framework) de acoplamiento, a incluir como etapa de acoplamiento débil entre SFS y SPE. Un ejemplo de validación con varios conjuntos de equipos de fabricación, usando diferentes medios físicos de comunicación, comandos de controlador, lenguajes de programación de equipos y protocolos de comunicación es presentado, mostrando un nivel aceptable de autonomía del SFS. = Coupling shop floor software system (SFS) with the set of production equipment (SPE) becomes a complex task. It involves open and proprietary standards, information and communication technologies among other tools and techniques. Due to market turbulence, either custom solutions or standards based solutions eventually require a considerable effort of adaptation. Loose coupling concept has been identified in the organizational design community as a compensator for organization survival. Its presence reduces organization reaction to environment changes. In this paper the results obtained by the organizational de sign community are identified, translated and organized to support the SFS-SPE integration problem solution. A classical loose coupling model developed by organizational studies community is abstracted and translated to the area of interest. Key aspects are identified to be used as promoters of SFS-SPE loose coupling and presented in a form of a reference scheme. Furthermore, this reference scheme is proposed here as a basis for the design and implementation of a generic coupling solution or coupling framework, that is included as a loose coupling stage between SFS and SPE. A validation example with various sets of manufacturing equipment, using different physical communication media, controller commands, programming languages and wire protocols is presented, showing an acceptable level of autonomy gained by the SFS.

ISA S88 / Loose Coupling Based Solution for Production Control Software Reusability

A solution for the problem of reusability of software system for batch production systems is proposed. It is based on ISA S88 standard that prescribes the abstraction of elements in the manufacturing system that is equipment, processes and procedures abstraction, required to make a product batch. An easy to apply data scheme, compatible with the standard, is developed for management of production information. In addition to flexibility provided by the S88 standard, software system reusability requires a solution supporting manufacturing equipment reconfigurability. Toward this end a coupling mechanism is developed. A software tool, including these solutions, was developed and validated at laboratory level, using product manufacturing information of an actual plant.

Dispersión y genes relacionados con la resistencia a insecticidas en Triatoma infestans: su vinculación con el control del vector de la enfermedad de Chagas

Entre las especies transmisoras de la enfermedad de Chagas de mayor importancia a nivel sanitario se destaca Triatoma infestans, considerada el principal vector en América del Sur (entre las latitudes 10° y 46° S). Los programas de control de la transmisión de la enfermedad promueven la eliminación de las poblaciones del vector T. infestans mediante la fumigación con insecticidas en las regiones endémicas. Sin embargo, esta estrategia, presenta dificultades debido en parte a la extensión y variabilidad de las áreas endémicas y por otro lado, al tiempo requerido para prevenir la recuperación de las poblaciones tratadas con insecticidas. La efectividad a largo plazo de las campañas de control es en gran medida dependiente del conocimiento de la estructura de las poblaciones del vector. El análisis de la estructura genética con un enfoque filogeográfico de poblaciones del vector en regiones endémicas de Argentina, mediante secuencias de genes mitocondriales y nucleares descriptas por primera vez para ese fin, permitirá aportar nuevas bases para la comprensión de la dinámica y evolución de las poblaciones del insecto vector y resolver interrogantes sobre procesos como por ejemplo los de dispersión y recolonización de la especie transmisora que afectan en forma directa a la eficiencia de los intentos de control. Los patrones de dispersión de esta especie estarían estrechamente vinculados con la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas. Por lo tanto, esta información podría ser de utilidad para la optimización del diseño de las intervenciones de control a implementar en el área endémica que conducirían a una disminución del impacto que esta enfermedad provoca en la población. Por otra parte, se han observado fallas en el control del vector debido a la existencia de resistencia a los insecticidas piretroides. Entre los mecanismos que confieren resistencia a insecticidas se han descripto los que implican cambios en canales de sodio, conocido como resistencia “knockdown” (Kdr), y aquellos que provocan un aumento de la actividad de enzimas responsables de su metabolismo. Con respecto al último mecanismo, las evidencias sugieren que las enzimas mono-oxigenasas citocromo P450 tienen comunmente un rol primario en la resistencia a insecticidas piretroides. Incrementos en la expresión a nivel de la transcripción de genes de citocromos P450 (CYP450) son frecuentemente considerados responsables de aumentar el metabolismo de insecticidas y parece ser un fenómeno común en la evolución del desarrollo de resistencia en insectos. El estudio de la posible relación de genes CYP450, que proponemos caracterizar en T. infestans, con la resistencia a insecticidas podría aportar nuevas bases para el desarrollo del manejo de esa resistencia. Sin embargo, mientras que existen múltiples genes CYP450 en el genoma de insectos, sólo un gen NADPH citocromo P450 reductasa (CPR) existe en el genoma de cada insecto. Por este motivo, se propone también caracterizar en el vector este gen que codifica para una enzima que actúa en la transferencia de electrones desde la forma reducida de NADPH a los citocromos P450, así como investigar el efecto de su silenciamiento en poblaciones de T. infestans resistentes a insecticidas piretroides. Además, con el propósito de analizar si la existencia de resistencia a insecticidas piretroides puede ser el resultado de la acción de los citocromo P450 y/o de otros factores, se investigará en las poblaciones resistentes la posible existencia de una mutación de un gen de canal de sodio relacionada con resistencia a insecticidas (Kdr) que ha sido descripta para T. infestans. Este estudio proveería información de utilidad para el desarrollo de estrategias alternativas de control que serían de suma importancia en regiones en las que las poblaciones de este vector presentan resistencia a los insecticidas y, por lo tanto, tendría claramente implicancias importantes para el manejo de la resistencia en este vector.

European antitrust control and standard setting. Bruegel Working Paper 2013/01, February 2012

Standards reduce production costs and increase products’ value to consumers. Standards however entail risks of anti-competitive abuse. After the adoption of a standard, the chosen technology normally lacks credible substitutes. The owner of the patented technology might thus have additional market power relative to locked-in licensees, and might exploit this power to charge higher access rates. In the economic literature this phenomenon is referred to as ‘hold-up’. To reduce the risk of hold-up, standard-setting organisations often require patent holders to disclose their standard-essential patents before the adoption of the standard and to commit to license on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. The European Commission normally investigates unfair pricing abuse in a standard-setting context if a patent holder who committed to FRAND ex-ante is suspected not to abide to it ex-post. However, this approach risks ignoring a number of potential abuses which are likely harmful for welfare. That can happen if, for example, ex-post a licensee is able to impose excessively low access rates (‘reverse hold-up’) or if a patent holder acquires additional market power thanks to the standard but its essential patents are not encumbered by FRAND commitments, for instance because the patent holder did not directly participate to the standard setting process and was therefore not required by the standard-setting organisations to commit to FRAND ex-ante. A consistent policy by the Commission capable of tackling all sources of harm should be enforced regardless of whether FRAND commitments are given. Antitrust enforcement should hinge on the identification of a distortion in the bargaining process around technology access prices, which is determined by the adoption of the standard and is not attributable to pro-competitive merits of any of the involved players.

Standard-setting abuse: the case for antitrust control. Bruegel Policy Brief 2013/01, February 2013

Standards reduce production costs and increase the value of products to consumers; ultimately they significantly contribute to economic development. Standards however entail risks of anti-competitive abuse. After the adoption of a standard, the elimination of competition between technologies can lead to consumer harm. Fair, reasonable, nondiscriminatory (FRAND) commitments made by patent holders have been used to mitigate that risk. The European Commission recognises the importance of standards, but European Union competition policy is still seeking to identify well-targeted and efficient enforcement rules.

The Standard of Proof in EC Merger Control-Conclusions from the Sony BMG Saga. IES WORKING PAPER 4/2008

One of the most important developments in EC competition policy during 2006 was the Court of First Instance’s (CFI) Impala v. Commission judgment annulling the European Commission’s approval of the merger between the music units of Sony and Bertelsmann. It harshly criticized the Commission’s Decision because it found that the evidence relied on was not capable of substantiating the conclusion. This was the first time that a merger decision was annulled for not meeting the requisite legal standard for authorizing the merger. Consequently, the CFI raised fundamental questions about the standard of proof incumbent on the Commission in its merger review procedures. On July 10, 2008, the European Court of Justice overturned Impala, yet it did not resolve the fundamental question underlying the judicial review of the Sony BMG Decision; does the Commission have the necessary resources and expertise to meet the Community Court’s standard of proof? This paper addresses the wider implications of the Sony BMG saga for the Commission’s future handling of complex merger investigations. It argues that the Commission may have set itself an impossible precedent in the second approval of the merger. While the Commission has made a substantial attempt to meet the high standard of proof imposed by the Community Courts, it is doubtful that it will be able to jump the fence again in a similar fashion under normal procedural circumstances.

Quality control practices for compliance with the Federal Laser Product Performance Standard.

"March 1976"--P. [i].

Epidemiology and control of vector-borne diseases /

Bibliography: p. 37-38.

Prevention and control of vector problems.

Mode of access: Internet.