Ausência de mutações no gene da diidropteroato sintetase do pneumocystis jirovecii em pacientes com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) no Brasil

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Análise do polímero PHA em Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinante : superexpressão de phaG, e a contribuição in vivo das enzimas auxiliares envolvidas na beta-oxidação de ácidos graxos insaturados em peroxissomos

Os polímeros do tipo poli-hidroxialcanoatos (PHAs) são poliésteres bacterianos que apresentam as propriedades de termoplásticos e elastômeros biodegradáveis. A síntese deste polímero em plantas de interesse agroindustrial tem sido vista como uma área promissora dentro da biotecnologia de polímeros para a produção em grande escala com baixos custos. Contudo, esta tarefa requer o aprimoramento de diferentes metodologias bioquímicas e moleculares, além de maximizar os processos de extração destes polímeros biológicos. A produção de PHAs em peroxissomos ou no citoplasma de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, por meio da expressão de uma PHA-sintase bacteriana, pode servir como indicador e modulador do fluxo de carbonos que percorre vias biossintéticas como a síntese de novo de ácidos graxos e a β-oxidação. Esta levedura tem sido usada como eucarioto modelo para manipular as rotas envolvidas na síntese de PHAs do tipo MCL (PHA com um número médio de carbonos), um polímero menos cristalino e com menor ponto de fusão quando comparado ao PHA-SCL (PHA com um número pequeno de carbonos). A enzima PhaG (3-hidroxidecanoil-ACP-CoA transacilase) é responsável pela conexão entre a síntese de ácidos graxos e a produção de PHA-MCL em bactérias do gênero Pseudomonas, em meios de cultura contendo uma fonte de carbono nãorelacionada como gliconato, etanol ou acetato. Para tentar estabelecer esta rota metabólica em S. cerevisiae, o presente trabalho avaliou a coexpressão de PhaGPa e PhaC1Pa (PHA-sintase) de P. aeruginosa para a síntese de PHA-MCL a partir de uma fonte de carbono não-relacionada em leveduras. Contudo, a presença de PhaGPa não alterou a composição ou a quantidade de PHA-MCL em relação à cepa controle contendo apenas PhaC1Pa citoplasmática ou direcionada ao peroxissomo, independentemente da fonte de carbono utilizada (rafinose ou ácido oléico). Este resultado permite sugerir que a ligação entre a síntese de ácidos graxos e a produção de PHA-MCL em S. cerevisiae não foi estabelecida, provavelmente devido à ausência de algum passo enzimático que limita o desvio de substratos da síntese de ácidos graxos para a produção de PHA-MCL em organismos que não são capazes de acumular naturalmente este polímero quando cultivados em fontes de carbono não-relacionadas.A levedura S. cerevisiae tem sido usada como um sistema modelo para estudar a β-oxidação de ácidos graxos insaturados em peroxissomos. A produção de PHA-MCL pela expressão de PhaC1Pa em peroxissomos de cepas selvagens e mutantes nulos de S. cerevisiae para as enzimas auxiliares da β-oxidação (Eci1p, Sps19p e Dci1p), multiplicadas em meio de cultivo contendo um ácido graxo insaturado como fonte de carbono, permitiu monitorar o fluxo de carbonos que percorre as vias dependente de isomerase, redutase e di-isomerase. Desta forma, o presente estudo permitiu avaliar a β- oxidação in vivo dos ácidos graxos linoléico conjugado, 9-cis,11-trans-CLA (ácido rumênico) ou 10-cis,13-cis-nonadecadienóico, para determinar a contribuição das vias alternativas na degradação destes substratos pela utilização de cepas selvagens, mutantes nulos e linhagens contendo um plasmídio multicópia para os genes ECI1 (Δ3- Δ2-enoil-CoA isomerase), SPS19 (2,4-dienoil-CoA redutase) e DCI1 (Δ3,5-Δ2,4-dienoil- CoA isomerase). As linhagens selvagens foram capazes de sintetizar PHA-MCL quando cultivadas em ácido rumênico, mas a atividade da enzima Eci1p foi essencial para a degradação deste CLA, indicando que a via dependente de isomerase é a única rota in vivo necessária para a β-oxidação do ácido rumênico em peroxissomos de S. cerevisiae. A contribuição da enzima di-isomerase (Dci1p) para a degradação do ácido 10- cis,13-cis-nonadecadienóico foi avaliada em cepas selvagens, mutantes nulos dci1Δ e linhagens de S. cerevisiae contendo os plasmídeos multicópia. De acordo com o conteúdo e a quantidade de PHA formado, a β-oxidação de ácidos graxos cisinsaturados em um carbono ímpar é, in vivo, independente da di-isomerase. Embora este resultado possa indicar o mesmo padrão de envolvimento de Dci1p na degradação de ácidos graxos cis-insaturados em um carbono ímpar em mitocôndrias de mamíferos, esta via alternativa deve ser mais bem investigada em eucariotos superiores.

Papel dos gangliosídios de células estromais sobre a proliferação e sobrevivência de células precursoras mielóides

A mielopoiese depende do estroma mielossuportivo tanto no que diz respeito a produção de fatores de crescimento como de proteoglicanos de heparan-sulfato. O ambiente intercelular formado entre células do estroma e células progenitoras mielóides possui características ácidas, conferidas por moléculas carregadas negativamente e sensíveis a sialidase. Gangliosídios, glicoesfingolipídios contendo pelo menos uma molécula de ácido siálico, têm sido relacionados à modulação de fatores de crescimento e à diferenciação de células hematopoiéticas. Neste trabalho, estudamos a produção, a distribuição e o papel dos gangliosídios em um modelo experimental in vitro de mielopoiese dependente do estroma derivado de fígado fetal murino AFT-024. Utilizamos como sistema de resposta para o monitoramento da disponibilidade e atividade local de GM-CSF a linhagem celular precursora mielóide FDC-P1, a qual é dependente de GM-CSF para sua sobrevivência e proliferação. O GM3 foi o principal gangliosídio produzido pelo estroma, mas não pelas células mielóides, sendo requerido para que a função mielossuoprtiva do estroma seja ótima. Este gangliosídio foi liberado para o sobrenadante de cultura das células AFT-024 e seletivamente incorporado pelas células progenitoras mielóides, onde foi segregado em rafts e colocalizou-se com a cadeia α do receptor de GM-CSF. Além disso, o gangliosídio GM3 foi encontrado na fração insolúvel de células AFT-024 tratadas com Triton X-100 a 4°C, estando presente também nas frações menos densas do fracionamento em gradiente de sacarose, indicando sua presença em rafts. O GM3 captado pelas células FDC-P1 foi metabolizado, gerando gangliosídios das séries a e b, da mesma forma que o GM3 endógeno. Nestas células, o GM1 é o principal gangliosídio, também sendo encontrado na interface entre estroma e células mielóides, mas com colocalização apenas parcial com a cadeia α do receptor de GM-CSF. As imagens de imunocitoquímica ainda revelaram que o GM1 não apresenta colocalização significante com a cadeia β do receptor de GM-CSF, com o gangliosídio GM3, ou com CD44. Em um outro grupo de experimentos, analisamos o perfil de síntese e shedding de gangliosídios em um estroma derivado de medula óssea, a linhagem celular S17; na linhagem celular GRX, derivada de células estreladas hepáticas isoladas de reação fibro-granulomatosa inflamatória; e em cultivos primários de fibroblasto de pele murinos. Além disso, comparamos a habilidade destes estromas para sustentar a sobrevivência e a proliferação das células precursoras mielóides. A concentração de ácido siálico reflete a capacidade mielossuportiva dos estromas. Embora os diferentes estromas sintetizem os mesmos gangliosídios, existem diferenças no conteúdo relativo de cada gangliosídio. Aparentemente, o GM3 é o principal gangliosídio envolvido na modulação da atividade dos fatores de crescimento. O shedding foi similar ao perfil de síntese de gangliosídios, mas a atividade mielossuportiva dos sobrenadantes foi diferente entre os tipos celulares e em relação a sustentação por contato. No entanto, a proliferação das células FDC-P1 diminuiu em todos os sobrenadantes obtidos de células estromais em que a síntese de gangliosídios foi inibida e onde o gangliosídio GM3 foi neutralizado pelo anticorpo monoclonal anti-GM3. As diferenças encontradas na capacidade de sustentação da proliferação de células progenitoras mielóides por fator de crescimento solúvel ou apresentado podem estar relacionadas a diferenças na concentração de gangliosídios inseridos na membrana plasmática ou liberados para o meio de cultura. Sendo assim propomos que as células do estroma mielossuportivo produzem e secretam os fatores de crescimento necessários e seus cofatores, tais como proteoglicanos de heparan-sulfato. O estroma também fornece gangliosídios, os quais são transferidos do estroma para as célulasalvo, onde geram domínios de membrana específicos contendo complexos macromoleculares que incluem os receptores para fatores de crescimento.

Conjunto ou tanden de moagem.

Curso de Tecnologia Sucroalcooleira. Disciplina de Tecnologia de Produção de Açúcar. Ilustração. Dimensão: 3784x1103. Tamanho: 306Kb.

Difusor de cana-de-açúcar de leito móvel

Curso de Tecnologia Sucroalcooleira. Disciplina de Tecnologia de Produção de Açúcar. Ilustração. Dimensão: 1831x807. Tamanho: 131Kb.

Sistema de recirculação em um difusor

Curso de Tecnologia Sucroalcooleira. Disciplina de Tecnologia de Produção de Açúcar. Ilustração. Dimensão: 2263x1066. Tamanho: 143Kb.

Balanços de massa e energia na análise dos processos químicos

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Principais substâncias químicas do setor sucroalcooleiro

São apresentadas espécies químicas estudadas no setor sucroalcooleiro. A cana-de-açúcar, como vegetal, pertence à família das gramíneas e sua reprodução é através de parte do seu colmo, utiliza água do solo e CO2, em que produz sacarose, na forma de caldo e também utilizamos seu bagaço, que compõe o colmo. A indústria é auto-suficiente devido à geração de energia através do bagaço, o caldo é uma solução aquosa turva e esverdeada e contem em sua maioria água e sacarose, mas também possui muitos colóides que são responsáveis pela turbidez do caldo.

Regulação da mobilização de lipídios e proteinas por hormônios, fontes de carbono e nitrogênio durante o crescimento pos-germinativo em girassol

The mobilization of food reserves in storage tissues and allocation of their hydrolysis products in the growing axis are critical processes for the establishment of seedlings after germination. Therefore, it is crucial for mobilization of reserves to be synchronized with the growing axis, so that photosynthetic activity can be started before depletion of reserves. For this, integrative approaches involving different reserves, different hydrolysis products and interaction between storage and growing axis tissues, either through hormones or metabolites with signaling role, can contribute greatly to the elucidation of the regulation mechanisms for reserve mobilization. In this study, was hypothesized that hormones and metabolites have different actions on reserve mobilization, and there must be a crossed effect of sugars on the mobilization of proteins and amino acids on lipids and starch mobilization in sunflower seedlings. This study was conducted with seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid Helio 253 using in vitro culture system. Seeds were germinated on Germitest® paper and grown on agar-water 4 g/L without addition of nutrients during 9 days after imbibition (DAI) for growth curve. To verify the effect of metabolites and hormones, seedlings were transferred in the 2nd DAI to agar-water 4 g/L supplemented with increasing concentrations of sucrose or L-glutamine, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid or indolebutyric acid. The results of this study confirm that the mobilization of lipids and storage proteins occurs in a coordinated manner during post-germination growth in sunflower, corroborating the hypothesis that the application of external carbon (sucrose) and nitrogen (L-glutamine) sources can delay the mobilization of these reserves in a crossed way. Moreover, considering the changes in the patterns of reserve mobilization and partition of their products in seedlings treated with different growth regulators, it is evident that the effects of metabolites and hormones must involve, at least in part, distinct mechanisms of action

Efeitos da microgravidade em plantas de cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a plant from Poaceae family that has an impressive ability to accumulate sucrose in the stalk, making it a significant component of the economy of many countries. About 100 countries produce sugarcane in an area of 22 million hectares worldwide. For this reason, many studies have been done using sugarcane as a plant model in order to improve production. A change in gravity may be one kind of abiotic stress, since it generates rapid responses after stimulation. In this work we decided to investigate the possible morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular changes resulting from microgravity. Here, we present the contributions of an experiment where sugarcane plants were submitted to microgravity flight using a vehicle VSB-30, a sounding rocket developed by Aeronautics and Space Institute teams, in cooperation with the German Space Agency. Sugarcane plants with 10 days older were submitted to a period of six minutes of microgravity using the VSB-30 rocket. The morphophysiological analyses of roots and leaves showed that plants submitted to the flight showed changes in the conduction tissues, irregular pattern of arrangement of vascular bundles and thickening of the cell walls, among other anatomical changes that indicate that the morphology of the plants was substantially influenced by gravitational stimulation, besides the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, an important signaling molecule in stress conditions. We carried out RNA extraction and sequencing using Illumina platform. Plants subjected to microgravity also showed changes in enzyme activity. It was observed an increased in superoxide dismutase activity in leaves and a decreased in its activity in roots as well as for ascorbate peroxidase activity. Thus, it was concluded that the changes in gravity were perceived by plants, and that microgravity environment triggered changes associated with a reactive oxygen specie signaling process. This work has helped the understanding of how the gravity affects the structural organization of the plants, by comparing the anatomy of plants subjected to microgravity and plants grown in 1g gravity

Influência do sistema anteoxidante da catalase no ciclo do glioxilato durante o estabelecimento pós-germinativo de cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) e de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.)

Oilseeds are a high-value natural resource, due to its use as a substitute for petroleum. However, the storage time can reduce seed viability and oil quality. Therefore, scientific efforts have been made to provide a increment of storage time, germination rates and plant establishment of high-value oilseeds. The seedling establishment depends of the plant pass over the functional transition stage, characterized by a metabolic change from heterotrophic condition to autotrophic one. The storage oil mobilization is performed by β-oxidation process and the glyoxylate cycle. Also, the functional transition involves acclimation to photosynthetic condition, which generally includes the participation of antioxidant system and the reactive oxygen species, the latter are produced in various reactions of primary and secondary metabolism. In the present study, Catalase was inhibited during the functional transition of sunflower and safflower, after were performed many analyzes to elucidate the effects caused on the SOD and APX antioxidant systems. Also, were checked the changes in expression pattern of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes markers, ICL and MLS. It was observed that after CAT inhibition, the SOD and APX antioxidant systems allow the seedling establishment. Besides, was verified that both oilseeds can be accelerate the reverse mobilization and the photosynthetic establishment when Catalase activity has dramatically decreased

Análise metagenômica da microbiota de ambientes aquáticos do estado do Rio Grande do Norte - Brasil

The screening for genes in metagenomic libraries from soil creates opportunities to explore the enormous genetic and metabolic diversity of microorganisms. Rivers are ecosystems with high biological diversity, but few were examined using the metagenomic approach. With this objective, a metagenomic library was constructed from DNA soil samples collected at three different points along the Jundiaí-river (Rio Grande do Norte-Brazil). The points sampled are from open area, rough terrain and with the direct incidence of sunlight. This library was analyzed functionally and based in sequence. For functional analysis Luria-Bertani solid medium (LB) with NaCl concentration varied from 0.17M to 0.85M was used for functional analysis. Positives clones resistant to hypersaline medium were obtained. The recombinant DNAs were extracted and transformed into Escherichia coli strain DH10B and survival curves were obtained for quantification of abiotic stress resistance. The sequences of clones were obtained and submitted to the BLASTX tool. Some clones were found to hypothetical proteins of microorganisms from both Archaea and Bacteria division. One of the clones showed a complete ORF with high similarity to glucose-6-phosphate isomerase which participates in the synthesis of glycerol pathway and serves as a compatible solute to balance the osmotic pressure inside and outside of cells. Subsequently, in order to identify genes encoding osmolytes or enzymes related halotolerance, environmental DNA samples from the river soil, from the water column of the estuary and ocean were collected and pyrosequenced. Sequences of osmolytes and enzymes of different microorganisms were obtained from the UniProt and used as RefSeqs for homology identification (TBLASTN) in metagenomic databases. The sequences were submitted to HMMER for the functional domains identification. Some enzymes were identified: alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase, L-ectoina synthase (EctC), transaminase L-2 ,4-diaminobutyric acid (EctB), L-2 ,4-diaminobutyric acetyltransferase (EctA), L-threonine 3 dehydrogenase (sorbitol pathway), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, inositol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chaperones, L-proline, glycine betaine binding ABC transporter, myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase protein of proline simportadora / PutP sodium-and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase These proteins are commonly related to saline environments, however the identification of them in river environment is justified by the high salt concentration in the soil during prolonged dry seasons this river. Regarding the richness of the microbiota the river substrate has an abundance of halobacteria similar to the sea and more than the estuary. These data confirm the existence of a specialized response against salt stress by microorganisms in the environment of the Jundiaí river

Síntese enzimática de ésteres de açúcar: surfactantes e polímeros como novos materiais ambientalmente seguros

Sugar esters are substances which possess surfactant, antifungical and bactericidal actions and can be obtained through two renewable sources of raw materials: sugars and vegetable oils. Their excellent biodegradability, allied to lhe fact that they are non toxic, insipid, inodorous, biocompatible, no-ionic, digestible and because they can resist to adverse conditions of temperature, pH and salinity, explain lhe crescent use of these substances in several sections of lhe industry. The objective of this thesis was to synthesize and characterize surfactants and polymers containing sugar branched in their structures, through enzymatic transesterification of vinyl esters and sugars, using alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis as catalyst, in organic medium (DMF).Three types of sugars were used: L-arabinose, D-glucose and sucrose and two types of vinyl esters: vinyl laurate and vinyl adipate. Aiming to reach high conversions from substrates to products for a possible future large scale industrial production, a serie of variables was optimized, through Design of Experiments (DOE), using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).The investigated variables were: (1) enzyme concentration; (2) molar reason of substrates; (3) water/solvent rale; (4) temperature and (5) time. We obtained six distinct sugar esters: 5-0-lauroyl L-arabinose, 6-0-lauroyl D-glucose, 1'-O-lauroyl sucrose, 5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose, 6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose and 1 '-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose, being lhe last three polymerizable. The progress of lhe reaction was monitored by HPLC analysis, through lhe decrease of sugar concentration in comparison to lhe blank. Qualitative analysis by TLC confirmed lhe formation of lhe products. In lhe purification step, two methodologies were adopted: (1) chromatographic column and (2) extraction with hot acetone. The acylation position and lhe chemical structure were determined by 13C-RMN. The polymerization of lhe three vinyl sugar esters was possible, through chemical catalysis, using H2O2 and K2S2O8 as initiators, at 60°C, for 24 hours. IR spectra of lhe monomers and respective polymers were compared revealing lhe disappearance of lhe vinyl group in lhe polymer spectra. The molar weights of lhe polymers were determined by GPC and presented lhe following results: poly (5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose): Mw = 7.2 X 104; PD = 2.48; poly (6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose): Mw = 2.7 X 103; PD = 1.75 and poly (1'-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose): Mw = 4.2 X 104; PD = 6.57. The six sugar esters were submitted to superficial tension tests for determination of the critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which varied from 122 to 167 ppm. Finally, a study of applicability of these sugar esters, as lubricants for completion fluids of petroleum wells was' accomplished through comparative analysis of lhe efficiency of these sugar esters, in relation to three commercial lubricants. The products synthesized in this thesis presented equivalent or superior action to lhe tested commercial products

Caracterização funcional de dois cDNAs de cana-de- açúcar : PKCI e SHAGGY

Flowering is controlled by several environmental and endogenous factors, usually associated with a complex network of metabolic mechanisms. The gene characterization in Arabidopsis model has provided much information about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control flowering process. Some of these genes had been found in rice and maize. However, in sugarcane this processe is not well known. It is known that early flowering may reduce its production up to 60% at northeast conditions. Considering the impact of early flowering in sugarcane production, the aim of this work was to make the gene characterization of two cDNAs previously identified in subtractive cDNA libraries: scPKCI and scSHAGGY. The in silico analysis showed that these two cDNAs presented both their sequence and functional catalytic domains conserved. The results of transgenic plants containing the overexpression of the gene cassette scPKCI in sense orientation showed that this construction had a negative influence on the plant development as it was observed a decrease in plant height and leaf size. For the scPKCI overexpression in antisense orientation it was observed change in the number of branches from T1 transgenic plants, whereas transgenic T2 plants showed slow development during germination and initial stages of development. The other cDNA analyzed had homology to SHAGGY protein. The overexpression construct in sense orientation did not shown any effect on development. The only difference observed it was an increase in stigma structure. These results allowed us to propose a model how these two genes may be interact and affect floweringdevelopment.

Efeito pró-inflamatório de uma lectina purificada da esponja marinha Cliona varians

A galactose and sucrose specific lectin from the marine sponge Cliona varians named CvL was purified by acetone fractionation followed by Sepharose CL 4B affinity chromatography. Models of leukocyte migration in vivo were used to study the inflammatory activity of CvL through of mouse paw oedema and peritonitis. Effect of CvL on peritoneal macrophage activation was analyzed. Effects of corticoids and NSAIDS drugs were also evaluated on peritonitis stimulated by CvL. Results showed that mouse hind-paw oedema induced by sub plantar injections of CvL was dependent dose until 50µg/paw. This CvL dose when administered into mouse peritoneal cavities induced maxima cell migration (9283 cells/µL) at 24 hours after injection. This effect was preferentially inhibited by incubation of CvL with the carbohydrates D-galactose followed by sucrose. Pre-treatment of mice with 3% thioglycolate increases the peritoneal macrophage population 2.3 times, and enhanced the neutrophil migration after 24h CvL injection (75.8%, p<0.001) and no significant effect was observed in presence of fMLP. Finally, Pre-treatment of mice with dexamethason (cytokine antagonist) decreased 65.6%, (p<0.001), with diclofenac (non-selective NSAID) decreased 34.5%, (p<0.001) and Celecoxib (selective NSAID) had no effect on leukocyte migration after submission at peritonitis stimulated by CvL, respectively. Summarizing, data suggest that CvL shows pro-inflammatory activity, inducing neutrophil migration probably by pathway on resident macrophage activation and on chemotaxis mediated by cytokines